Implication of spatiotemporal distribution of black shales deposited during the Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event-2

Paleontological Research

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 345-358

  Kuroda, Junichiro ^a   Ohkouchi, Naohiko ^a  

^a JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Black shale; Carbon isotopic excursion; Cenomanian Turonian boundary; Oceanic Anoxic Event

Indexed keywords

BLACK SHALE; CARBON ISOTOPE; CENOMANIAN-TURONIAN BOUNDARY; DEPOSITION; MARINE SEDIMENT;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); NORTH AMERICA; TETHYS SEA; WESTERN INTERIOR; WESTERN INTERIOR SEAWAY;

EID: 33750474012     PISSN: 13428144     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2517/prpsj.10.345     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (102)

1. 13C) comme outil stratigraphique. Application à la limite Cénomanien/Turonien en Tunisie centrale. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science, vol. 322, p. 579-586.
2. Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. A. and Pratt, L. M., 1988: Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. Nature, vol. 335, p. 714-717.
3. Arthur, M. A. and Premoli Silva, I., 1982: Development of widespread organic carbon-rich strata in the Mediterranean Tethys. In, Schlanger, S. O. and Cita, M. B. eds., Nature and Origin of Cretaceous Carbon-Rich Facies, p. 754. Academic Press, London.
4. Arthur, M. A., Schlanger, S. O. and Jenkyns, H. C., 1987: The Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event, II. Palaeoceanographic controls on organic-matter production and preservation. In, Brooks, J. and Fleet, A. J. eds., Marine and Petroleum Source Rocks, Geological Society Special Publications, vol. 26, p. 401-420.
5. Barron, E. J., 1983: A warm, equable Cretaceous: the nature of the problem. Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 19, p. 305-338.
6. Bengtson, P., Cobban, W. A., Dodsworth, P., Gale, A. S., Kennedy, W. J., Lamolda, M. A., Matsumoto, T., Reyment, R. A., Seibertz, E. and Tröger, K.-A., 1996: The Turonian stage and substage boundaries. In, Rawson, P. F., Dhondt, A. V., Hancock, J. M. and Kennedy, W. J. eds., Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Cretaceous Stage Boundaries, Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, vol. 66 (supplement), p. 69-79.
7. Bianchi, T. S., Engelhaupt, E., Westman, P., Andren, T., Rolff, C. and Elmgren, R., 2000: Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea: Natural or human-induced? Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 45, p. 716-726.
8. 2 extremes of the Middle Cretaceous (late Albian-Turonian). Paleoceanography, vol. 17, no.4, p. 17.
9. Bowman, A.R. and Bralower, T. J., 2005: Paleoceanographic significance of high-resolution carbon isotope records across the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior and New Jersey coastal plain, USA. Marine Geology, vol. 217, p. 305-321.
10. Bralower, T. J., Fullagar, P. D., Paull, C. K., Dwyer, G. S. and Leckie, R. M., 1997: Mid-Cretaceous strontium-isotope stratigraphy of deep-sea sections. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 109, p. 1421-1442.
11. Capone, D. G., Zehr, J. P., Paerl, H. W., Bergman, B. and Carpenter, E. J., 1997: Trichodesmium: A globally significant marine cyanobacterium. Science, vol. 276, p. 1221-1229.
12. Coccioni, R. and Luciani, V., 2005: Planktonic foraminifers across the Bonarelli Event (OAE2, latest Cenomanian): The Italian record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 224, p. 167-185.
13. Coffin, M. F. and Eldholm, O., 1994: Large igneous provinces: Crustal structure, dimensions and external consequences. Review of Geophysics, vol.32, p. 1-36.
14. Corfield, R. M., Hall, M. A. and Brasier, M. D., 1990: Stable isotope evidence for foraminifera habitats during the development of the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event. Geology, vol. 18, p. 175-178.
15. De Graciansky, P. C., Brosse, E., Deroo, G., Herbin, J. P., Montadert, L., Müller, C., Schaaf, A. and Sigal, J., 1982: Les formations d'âge crétacé de l'Atlantique Nord et leur matière organique, paléo-géographie et milieux de dépôt. La Revue de l'Institut Francais du Pétrole, vol. 37, p. 275-337.
16. Dumitrescu, M. and Brassel, S. C., 2005: Biogeochemical assessment of sources of organic matter and paleoproductivity during the early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event at Shatsky Rise, ODP Leg 198. Organic Geochemistry, vol. 36, p. 1002-1022.
17. Dyhrman, S. T., Chappell, P. D., Haley, S. T., Moffett, J. W., Orchard, E. D., Waterbury, J. B. and Webb, E. A., 2006: Phosphonate utilization by the globally important marine diazotroph Trichodesmium. Nature, vol. 439, p. 68-71.
18. Eldholm, O. and Coffin, M. F., 2000: Large igneous provinces and plate tectonics. In, Richards, M.A., Gordon, R. G. and van der Hilst, R. D. eds., The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions, AGU Geophysics Monograph, vol. 121, p. 309-326.
19. Erba, E., Channell, J. E. T., Claps, M., Jones, C., Larson, R., Opdyke, B., Premoli Silva, I., Riva, A., Salvini, G. and Torricelli, S., 1999: Integrated stratigraphy of the Cismon Apticore (Southern Alps, Italy): a 'reference section' for the Barremian-Aptian interval at low latitudes. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, vol. 29, p. 371-391.
20. Erbacher, J., Thurow, J. W. and Littke, R., 1996: Evolution patterns of radiolaria and organic matter variations: A new approach to identify sea-level changes in mid-Cretaceous pelagic environments. Geology, vol. 24, p. 499-502.
21. Erbacher, J., Huber, B. T., Norris, R. D. and Markey, M. 2001: Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for a Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event. Nature, vol. 409, p. 325-327.
22. Erbacher, J., Friedrich, O., Wilson, P. A., Birch, H. and Mutterlose, J., 2004: Stable organic carbon isotope stratigraphy across Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 of Demerara Rise, western tropical Atlantic. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol. 6, doi:10.1029/2004GCO00850.
23. 2 in the ocean. Nature, vol. 387, p. 272-275.
24. 2 level. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 6, p. 185-198.
25. Fuhrman, J. A. and Capone, D. G., 2000: Nifty nannoplankton. Nature, vol. 412, p. 593-594.
26. Gale, A. S., Jenkyns, H. C., Kennedy, W. J. and Corfield, R. M., 1993: Chemostratigraphy versus biostratigraphy: data from around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 150, p. 29-32.
27. Gradstein, F. M., Agterberg, F. P., Ogg, J. G., Hardenbol, J., Van Veen, P., Thierry, J. and Huang, Z., 1994: A Mesozoic time scale. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99 (B12), p. 24051-24074.
28. Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Smith, A.G., Bleeker, W. and Lourens, L. J., 2004: A new geologic time scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene. Episodes, vol. 27, p. 83-100.
29. Hallam, A. and Wignall, P. B., 1999: Mass extinctions and sea-level changes. Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 48, p. 217-250.
30. Handoh, I. C., 2001: Oceanic Upwelling through the Evolution of the Tropical Atlantic Basin. Ph. D. dissertation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
31. Harries, P. J. and Kauffman, E. G., 1990: Patterns of survival and recovery following the Cenomanian-Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinction in the Western Interior Basin, United States. In, Kauffman, E. G. and Walliser, O. H. eds., Extinction Events in Earth History, p. 277-298. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
32. Hasegawa, T., 1997: Cenomanian-Turonian carbon isotope events recorded in terrestrial organic matter from northern Japan. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, vol. 130, p. 251-273.
33. 2-induced climate. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol. 21, p. 849-859.
34. Herbert, T. D., 1992: Paleomagnetic calibration of Milankovitch cyclicity in Lower Cretaceous sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 112, p. 15-28.
35. Herbin, J. P., Montadert, L. Müller, C., Gomez, R., Thurow, J. W. and Wiedmann, J., 1986: Organic-rich sedimentation at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in oceanic and coastal basins in the North Atlantic and Tethys. In, Summerhayes, C. P. and Shackleton, N. J. eds., North Atlantic Palaeoceanography, Geological Society Special Publications, vol. 21, p. 389-422.
36. Herbin, J. P., Masure, E. and Roucaché, J., 1987: Cretaceous formations from the lower continental rise off Cape Hatteras: organic geochemistry, dinoflagellate cysts, and the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event at Sites 603 (Leg 93) and 105 (Leg 11). In, van Hinte, J. E. and Wise, S. W. eds., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 93, p. 1139-1160. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
37. Hirano, H., 1995: Correlation of the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary between Japan and Western Interior of the United States in relation with oceanic anoxic events. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, vol. 101, p. 13-18. (in Japanese with English abstract)
38. Jenkyns, H. C., 1980: Cretaceous anoxic events: from continents to oceans. Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 137, p. 171-188.
39. Jenkyns, H. C., 1991: Impact of Cretaceous sea level rise and anoxic events on the Mesozoic carbonate platform of Yugoslavia. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 75, p. 1007-1017.
40. Jenkyns, H. C., Forster, A., Schouten, S. and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., 2004: High temperatures in the Late Cretaceous Arctic Ocean. Nature, vol. 432, p. 888-892.
41. Jenkyns, H. C., Gale, A. S. and Corfield, R. M., 1994: Carbon-and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of the English Chalk and Italian Scaglia and its palaeoclimatic significance. Geological Magazine, vol. 131, p. 1-34.
42. Kaiho, K., 1994: Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal extinction events during the last 100 m.y. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 111, p. 45-71.
43. Kaiho, K., and Saito, S. 1994: Oceanic crust production and climate during the last 100 Myr. Terra Nova, vol. 6, p. 376-384.
44. Kawabe, F., Hirano, H. and Takagi, K., 1996: Biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous System in the northern Oyubari area, Hokkaido. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, vol. 102, p. 440-459. (in Japanese with English abstract)
45. Keller, G. and Pardo, A., 2004: Age and paleoenvironment of the Cenomanian-Turonian global stratotype section and point at Pueblo, Colorado. Marine Micropaleontology, vol. 51, p. 95-128.
46. Kolonic, S., Wagner, T., Forster, A., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Walsworth-Bell, B., Erba, E., Turgeon, S., Brumsack, H.-J., Chellai, E. H., Tsikos, H., Kuhnt, W. and Kuypers, M. M. M., 2005: Black shale deposition on the northwest African Shelf during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event: Climate coupling and global organic carbon burial. Paleoceanography, vol. 20, PA1006, doi:10.1029/2003PA000950.
47. Kuhnt, W., Herbin, J. P., Thurow, J. W. and Wiedmann, J., 1990: Distribution of Cenomanian-Turonian organic facies in the western Mediterranean and along the adjacent Atlantic Margin. AAPG Studies in Geology, vol. 30, p. 133-160.
48. Kump, L. R., and Arthur, M. A., 1999: Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: carbonates and organic matter. Chemical Geology, vol. 168, p. 181-198.
49. Kuroda, J., 2005: Anatomy of Cretaceous black shales: paleoceanography of Oceanic Anoxic Event-2 based on lamina-scale geochemical analyses. Ph. D. Dissertation, Graduate School of Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.
50. Kuroda, J., Ohkouchi, N., Ishii, T., Tokuyama, H. and Taira, A., 2005: Lamina-scale analysis of sedimentary components in Cretaceous black shales by chemical compositional mapping: Implications for paleoenvironmental changes during the Oceanic Anoxic Events. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 69, p. 1479-1494.
51. Kuypers, M. M. M., 2001: Mechanisms and biogeochemical implications of the mid-Cretaceous global organic burial events, Ph. D. Dissertation, Geologica Ultraiectina, no. 209, p. 1-135.
52. Kuypers, M. M. M., Blokker, P., Erbacher, J., Kinkel, H., Pancost, R. D., Schouten, S. and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., 2001: Massive expansion of marine Archaea during a mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event. Science, vol. 293, p. 92-94.
53. Kuypers, M. M. M., Lourens, L. J., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Pancost, R. D., Nijenhuis, I. A. and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., 2004a: Orbital forcing of organic carbon burial in the proto-North Atlantic during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 228, p. 465-482.
54. Kuypers, M. M. M., Pancost, R. D., Nijenhuis, I. A. and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., 2002: Enhanced productivity led to increased organic carbon burial in the euxinic North Atlantic basin during the late Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event. Paleoceanography, vol. 17, p. 1-13.
55. 2 concentration during Cretaceous times. Nature, vol. 399, p. 342-345.
56. 2-fixing cyanobacteria supplied nutrient N for Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events. Geology, vol. 32, p. 853-856.
57. Larson, R. L., 1991: Geological consequences of superplumes. Geology, vol. 19, p. 963-966.
58. Leckie, R. M., 1985: Foraminifera of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval, Greenhorn Formation, Rock Canyon Anticline, Pueblo, Colorado. In, Pratt, L. M., Kauffman, E. G. and Zelt, F. B., eds., Fine-Grained Deposits and Biofacies of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, Evidence of Cyclic Sedimentary Process, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Field Trip Guidebook, vol. 4, p. 139-149. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa.
59. Leckie, R. M., Bralower, T. J. and Cashman, R., 2002: Oceanic anoxic events and plankton evolution: Biotic response to tectonic forcing during the mid-Cretaceous. Paleoceanography, vol. 17, PA1041, doi:10.1029/2001PA000623.
60. Luderer, F., 1999: Das Cenoman/Turon Grenzereignis im Tarfaya-Becken (SW Marokko). Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Kiel, Germany.
61. Lüning, S., Kolonic, S., Belhadj, E. M., Belhadj, Z., Cota, L., Barić, G. and Wagner, T., 2004: Integrated depositional model for the Cenomanian-Turonian organic-rich strata in North Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 64, p. 51-117.
62. Meyers, S. R., Sageman, B. B. and Hinnov, L. A., 2001: Integrated quantitative stratigraphy of Cenomanian-Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone Member using evolutive harmonic analysis and stratigraphic modeling. Journal of Sedimentary Research, vol. 71, p. 628-644.
63. 2 fixation by unicellular diazotrophs in the oligotrophic Pacific Ocean. Nature, vol. 430, p. 1027-1031.
64. Nederbragt, A. J. and Fiorentino, A., 1999: Stratigraphy and palaeoceanography of the Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event in Oued Mellegue, northwestern Tunisia. Cretaceous Research, vol. 20, p. 47-62.
65. Nishi, H., Takashima, R., Hatsugai, T., Saito, T., Moriya, K., Ennyu, A. and Sakai, T., 2003: Planktonic foraminiferal zonation in the Cretaceous Yezo Group, Central Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol. 21, p. 867-886.
66. Norris, R. D. and Wilson, P. A., 1998: Low latitude sea surface temperatures for the mid-Cretaceous and the evolution of planktic foraminifera. Geology, vol. 26, p. 823-826.
67. Ohkouchi, N., Kashiyama, Y., Kuroda, J., Ogawa, N. O. and Kitazato, H., 2006: An importance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria as a primary producer during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Biogeosciences, vol. 3, p. 467-478.
68. Ohkouchi, N., Kawamura, K., Kajiwara, K., Wada, E., Okada, M., Kanamatsu, T. and Taira, A., 1999: Sulfur isotope records around Livello Bonarelli (Northern Apennines, Italy) black shale at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Geology, vol. 27, p. 535-538.
69. Ohkouchi, N., Kawamura, K., Wada, E. and Taira, A. 1997: High abundances of hopanols and hopanic acids in Cretaceous black shales. Ancient Biomolecules, vol. 1, p. 183-192.
70. Ohkouchi, N., Kuroda, J., Okada, M. and Tokuyama, H., 2003: Why Cretaceous black shales have high C/N ratios: Implicatios from SEM-EDX observations for Livello Bonarelli black shales at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Frontier Research on Earth Evolution, vol. 1, p. 239-241.
71. Pearl, H. W., 1996: A comparison of cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. Phycologia, vol. 35, p. 25-35.
72. Perez-Infante, J., Farrimond, P. and Furrer, M., 1996: Global and local controls influencing the deposition of the La Luna Formation (Cenomanian-Carnpanian), western Venezuela. Chemical Geology, vol. 130, p. 271-288.
73. Philip, J., Babinot, J. F., Tronchetti, G., Fourcade, E., Azema, J., Guiraud, R., Bellion, Y., Ricou, L. E., Vrielynck, B., Boulin, J., Cornée, J. J. and Herbin, J. P., 1993: Late Cenomanian palaeoenvironments (94-92 Ma). In, Dercourt, J., Ricou, L. E. and Vrielynck, B., eds., Atlas Tethys Palaeoenvironmental Maps, Explanatory Notes, p. 153-178. Gauthier-Villars, Paris.
74. Philip, J., Babinot, J. F., Tronchetti, G., Fourcade, E., Ricou, L. E., Guiraud, R., Bellion, Y., Herbin, J. P., Combes, P. J., Cornée, J. J. and Decourt, J., 2000: Late Cenomanian. In, Dercourt, J., Ricou, L. E. and Vrielynck, B., eds., Atlas Peri-Tethys, Palaeogeographical Maps. Map 14, CCGM/CGMW, Paris.
75. Pratt, L. M., 1985: Isotopic studies of organic matter and carbonate in rocks of the Greenhorn marine cycle. In, Pratt, L. M., Kauffman, E. G. and Zelt, F. B., eds., Fine-Grained Deposits and Biofacies of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, Evidence of Cyclic Sedimentary Process, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Field Trip Guidebook, vol. 4, p. 38-48. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa.
76. Premoli Silva, I. and Sliter, W. V., 1986: Late Aptian and Cenomanian-Turonian planktonic foraminifers from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 585, Leg 89, East Mariana Basin. In, Moberly, R., Schlanger, S. O. et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 89, p. 297-309. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
77. Premoli Silva, I., Erba, E., Salvini, G., Locatelli, C. and Verga, D., 1999: Biotic changes in Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events of the Tethys. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, vol. 29, p. 352-370.
78. Price, G. D. and Hart, M. B., 2002: Isotopic evidence for early to mid-Cretaceous ocean temperature variability. Marine Micropaleontology, vol. 46, p. 45-58.
79. Raup, D. M. and Sepkoski, J. J., Jr., 1986: Periodic extinction of families and genera. Science, vol. 231, p. 833-836.
80. Rullkötter, j., Littke, R., Radke, M., Disko, U., Horsfield, B. and Thurow, J., 1992: Petrography and geochemistry of organic matter in Triassic and Cretaceous deep-sea sediments from the Wombat and Exmouth plateaus and nearby abyssal plains off Northwest Australia. In, von Rad, U., Haq, B. U. et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 122, p. 317-333. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
81. Sageman, B. B. and Lyons, T. W., 2004: Geochemistry of fine-grained sediments and sedimentary rocks. In, MacKenzie, F. T. ed., Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks, Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 7, p. 115-158. Elsevier, Oxford.
82. Sageman, B. B., Meyers, S. R. and Arthur, M. A., 2006: Orbital time scale and new C-isotope record for Cenomanian-Turonian boundary stratotype. Geology, vol. 34, p. 125-128.
83. Sageman, B. B., Rich, J., Arthur, M.A., Birchfield, G. E. and Dean, W. E., 1997: Evidence for Milankovitch periodicities in Cenomanian-Turonian lithologic and geochemical cycles, Western Interior USA. Jornal of Sedimentary Research, vol. 67, p. 286-302.
84. Sageman, B., Rich, J., Savrda, C. E., Bralower, T., Arthur, M. A. and Dean, W. E., 1998: Multiple Milankovitch cycles in the Bridge Creek Limestone (Cenomanian-Turonian), Western Interior basin. In, Dean, W. E. and Arthur, M. A., eds., Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway USA, Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology, vol. 6, p. 153-171. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa.
85. 13 C excursion. In, Brooks, J. and Fleet, A. J., eds., Marine and Petroleum Source Rocks, Geological Society Special Publications, p. 371-399.
86. Schlanger, S. O. and Jenkyns, H. C., 1976: Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geologie en Mijnbouw, vol. 55, p. 179-184.
87. Scotese, C. R. and Golonka, J., 1992: Paleogeographic Atlas. University of Texas, Arlington.
88. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1986: Site 585. In, Moberly, R., Schlanger, S. O. et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 89, p. 29-155. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
89. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1990: Site 762. In, Haq, B. U., von Rad, U., O'Connell, S. et al., Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, vol. 122, p. 213-288. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
90. Shipboard Scientific Party, 2002: Sites 1207 and 1213. In, Bralower, T. J., Premoli-Silva, I., Malone, M. J. et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, vol. 198 [CD-ROM]. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
91. Simons, D.-J.H. and Kenig, F., 2001: Molecular fossil constraints on the water column structure of the Cenomanian-Turonian Western Interior Seaway, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 169, p. 129-152.
92. Snow, L. J., Duncan, R. A. and Bralower, T. J., 2005: Trace element abundances in the Rock Canyon Anticline, Pueblo, Colorado, marine sedimentary section and their relationship to Caribbean plateau construction and Oxygen Anoxic Event 2. Paleoceanography, vol. 20, PA3005, doi:10.1029/2004PA001093.
93. Tajika, E., 1998: Climate change during the last 150 million years: Reconstruction from a carbon cycle model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 160, p. 695-707.
94. Takashima, R., Kawabe, F., Nishi, H., Moriya, K. Wani, R. and Ando, H., 2004: Geology and stratigraphy of forearc basin sediments in Hokkaido, Japan: Cretaceous environmental events on the north-west Pacific margin. Cretaceous Research, vol. 25, p. 365-390.
95. Thurow, J., Moullade, M., Brumsack, H.-J., Masure, E., Taugourdeau-Lantz, J. and Dunham, K., 1988: The Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event (CTBE) at Hole 641A, ODP Leg 103 (compared with the CTBE interval at Site 398). In, Boillot, G., Winterer, E. L. et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 103, p. 587-634. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
96. Tsikos, H., Jenkyns, H. C., Walsworth-Bell, B., Petrizzo, M. R., Forster, A., Kolonic, S., Erba, E., Premoli Silva, I., Baas, M., Wagner, T. and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., 2004: Carbon-isotope stratigraphy recorded by the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event: correlation and implications based on three key localities. Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 161, p. 711-719.
97. 13C curve for Western and Central Europe: the role of organic and inorganic carbon fluxes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 160, p. 91-104.
98. Wagner, T., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Hofmann, P. and Beckmann, B., 2004: Euxinia and primary production in Late Cretaceous eastern equatorial Atlantic surface waters fostered orbitally driven formation of marine black shales. Paleoceanography, vol. 19, PA3009, doi:10.1029/ 2003PA000898.
99. Wang, C.S., Hu, X. M., Jansa, L., Wan, X. O. and Tao, R., 2001: The Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event in southern Tibet. Cretaceous Research, vol. 22, p. 481-490.
100. Whitman, J. M., Baltuck, M., Haggerty, J. A. and Dean, W., 1986: Turbidite sedimentology and history of the East Mariana Basin. In, Moberly, R., Schlanger, S. O. et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 89, p. 365-387. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
101. Wilson, P. A. and Norris, R. D., 2001: Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period. Nature, vol. 419, p. 425-429.
102. Wonders, A. A. H., 1992: Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, Leg 122, Exmouth Plateau, Australia. In, von Rad, U., Haq, B. U. et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 122, p. 587-599. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).