Breaking the silence: Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for communication and motor control

Psychophysiology

Volumn 43, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 517-532

  Birbaumer, Niels ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain computer interface; Brain machine interface; EEG; Invasive brain measures; Locked in syndrome

Indexed keywords

BODY MOVEMENT; BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE; CONFERENCE PAPER; ELECTRODE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EPILEPSY; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LOCKED IN SYNDROME; MOTOR CONTROL; NONHUMAN; PARALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEIZURE; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SPINAL CORD INJURY; STROKE; VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT;

EID: 33750449696     PISSN: 00485772     EISSN: 14698986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00456.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (123)

1. Albert, S., Rabkin, J., Del Bene, M., Tider, M., & Mitsumoto, H. (2005). Wish to die in end-stage ALS. Neurology, 65, 68-74.
2. Bandura, A. (1969). Social learning of moral judgements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 11, 275-279.
3. Berger, H. (1929). Ueber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 87, 527-570.
4. Birbaumer, N. (1977). Operant enhancement of EEG-theta activity: Aspiration and reality. In J. Beatty & H. Legewie (Eds.), Biofeedback and Behavior (pp. 135-146). New York: Plenum Press.
5. Birbaumer, N. (1999). Slow cortical potentials: Plasticity, operant control, and behavioral effects. The Neuroscientist, 5, 74-78.
6. Birbaumer, N., Elbert, T., Canavan, A., & Rockstroh, B. (1990). Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior. Physiological Reviews, 70, 1-41.
7. Birbaumer, N., Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., & Lutzenberger, W. (1986). Biofeedback of slow cortical potentials in attentional disorders. In W. C. McCallum, R. Zappoli, & F. Denoth (Eds.), Cerebral psychophysiology: Studies in event-related potentials (pp. 440-442). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
8. Birbaumer, N., Flor, H., Cevey, B., Dworkin, B., & Miller, N. E. (1994). Behavioral treatment of scoliosis and kyphosis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 6, 623-628.
9. Birbaumer, N., Flor, H., Lutzenberger, W., & Elbert, T. (1995). Chaos and order in the human brain. In G. Karmos & M. Molnar (Eds.), Perspectives of event-related potentials research (EEG Suppl. 44) (pp. 450-459). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
10. Birbaumer, N., Ghanayim, N., Hinterberger, T., Iversen, I., Kotchoubey, B., Kübler, A., et al. (1999). A spelling device for the paralysed. Nature, 398, 297-298.
11. Birbaumer, N., Hinterberger, T., Kübler, A., & Neumann, N. (2003). The thought-translation-device (TTD): Neurobehavioral mechanisms and clinical outcome. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 11, 120-123.
12. Birbaumer, N., & Kimmel, H. (Eds.). (1979). Biofeedback and self-regulation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Birbaumer, N., Roberts, L., Lutzenberger, W., Rockstroh, B., & Elbert, T. (1992). Area-specific self-regulation of slow cortical potentials on the sagittal midline and its effects on behavior. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 84, 353-361.
14. Birbaumer, N., Strehl, U., & Hinterberger, T. (2004). Brain-computer interfaces for verbal communication. In G. Dhillon & K. Horch (Eds.), Neuroprosthetics: Theory and practice (pp. 1146-1157). Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific Publishing.
15. Birbaumer, N., Weber, C., Buch, E., Neuper, C., & Cohen, L. (in press). Oscillatory brain-computer-interfaces (BCI) for communication and in chronic stroke. Progress in Brain Research.
16. Braitenberg, V., & Schüz, A. (1991). Anatomy of the cortex. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.
17. Braun, C., Schweizer, R., Elbert, T., Birbaumer, N., & Taub, E. (2000). Differential activation in somatosensory cortex for different discrimination tasks. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 446-450.
18. Breitbart, W., Rosenfeld, B., & Penin, H. (2000). Depression, hopelessness, and desire for hastened death in terminally ill patients with cancer. JAMA, 284, 2907-2911.
19. Brunner, C., Graimann, B., Huggins, J. E., Levine, S. P., & Pfurtscheller, G. (2005). Phase relationships between different subdural electrode recordings in man. Neuroscience Letters, 375, 69-74.
20. Carmena, J. M., Lebedev, M. A., Crist, R. E., O'Doherty, J. E., Santucci, D. M., Dimitrov, D. F., et al. (2003). Learning to control a brain-machine interface for reaching and grasping by primates. PLoS Biology, 1, E42.
21. Chapin, J. K., Moxon, K. A., Markowitz, R. S., & Nicolelis, M. A. L. (1999). Real-time control of a robot arm using simultaneously recorded neurons in the motor cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 664-670.
22. Coyle, S., Ward, T., Markham, C., & McDarby, G. (2004). On the suitability of near infrared (NIR) systems for next-generation brain-computer interfaces. Physiological Measurement, 25, 815-822.
23. Cuthbert, B., Kristeller, J., Simons, R., Hodes, R., & Lang, P. J. (1981). Strategies of arousal control: Biofeedback, meditation, and motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 110, 518-546.
24. DeCharms, R. C., Maeda, F., Glover, G. H., Ludlow, D., Pauly, J. M., Soneji, D., et al. (2005). Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 102, 18626-18631.
25. Donoghue, J. P. (2002). Connecting cortex tomachines: Recent advances in brain interfaces. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 1085-1088.
26. Duque, J., Hummel, F., Celnik, P., Murase, N., Mazzocchio, R., & Cohen, L. G. (2005). Transcallosal inhibition in chronic subcortical stroke. Neuroimage, 28, 940-946.
27. Dworkin, B. R. (1993). Learning and physiological regulation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
28. Dworkin, B. R., & Miller, N. E. (1986). Failure to replicate visceral learning in the acute curarized rat preparation. Behavioral Neuroscience, 100, 299-314.
29. Dworkin, B., Miller, N. E., Dworkin, S., Birbaumer, N., Brines, M., Jonas, S., et al. (1985). Behavioral method for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 82, 2493-2497.
30. Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., Lutzenberger, W., & Birbaumer, N. (Eds.). (1984). Self-regulation of the brain and behavior. New York: Springer.
31. Engel, B. T. (1981). Clinical biofeedback: A behavioral analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 5, 397-400.
32. Farwell, L. A., & Donchin, E. (1988). Talking off the top of your head: Toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 70, 510-523.
33. Fetz, E. E. (1969). Operant conditioning of cortical unit activity. Science, 163, 955-958.
34. Flor, H., & Birbaumer, N. (1993). Comparison of the efficacy of EMG biofeedback, cognitive behavior therapy, and conservative medical interventions in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 61, 653-658.
35. Gallese, V., Keysers, C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2004). A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 396-403.
36. Gastaut, H. (1952). Electrocorticographic study of the reactivity of rolandic rhythm. Review Neurologique (Paris), 87, 176-182.
37. Gastaut, H., Terzian, H., & Gastaut, Y. (1952). Study of a little electroencephalographic activity: Rolandic arched rhythm. Marseille Medical, 89, 296-310.
38. Georgopoulos, A. P., Schwartz, A. B., & Kettner, R. E. (1986). Neuronal population coding of movement direction. Science, 233, 1416-1419.
39. Graimann, B., Huggins, J. E., Levine, S. P., & Pfurtscheller, G. (2004). Toward a direct brain interface based on human subdural recordings and wavelet-packet analysis. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 51, 954-962.
40. Haggard, P., Clark, S., & Kalogeras, J. (2002). Voluntary action and conscious awareness. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 382-385.
41. Hill, N. J., Lal, T. N., Schröder, M., Hinterberger, T., Widman, G., Elger, C. E., et al. (in press) Classifying event-related desynchronization in EEG, ECoG and MEG signals. In G. Dornhege, et al. (eds.), Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI). MIT Press.
42. Hinterberger, T., Birbaumer, N., & Flor, H. (2005). Assessment of cognitive function and communication ability in a completely locked-in patient. Neurology, 64, 1307-1308.
43. Hinterberger, T., Kübler, A., Kaiser, J., Neumann, N., & Birbaumer, N. (2003). A brain-computer interface (BCI) for the locked-in: Comparison of different EEG classifications for the thought translation device. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114, 416-425.
44. Hinterberger, T., Veit, R., Strehl, U., Trevorrow, T., Erb, M., Kotchoubey, B., et al. (2003). Brain areas activated in fMRI during self regulation of slow cortical potentials (SCPs). Experimental Brain Research, 152, 113-122.
45. Hinterberger, T., Veit, R., Wilhelm, B., Weiskopf, N., Vatine, J.-J., & Birbaumer, N. (2005). Neuronal mechanisms underlying control of a brain-computer interface. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 3169-3181.
46. Hinterberger, T., Weiskopf, N., Veit, R., Wilhelm, B., Betta, E., & Birbaumer, N. (2004). An EEG-driven brain-computer interface combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 51, 971-974.
47. Hochberg, L. R., Mukand, J. A., Polykoff, G. I., Friehs, G. M., & Donoghue, J. P. (2005). Braingate neuromotor prosthesis: Nature and use of neural control signals. Program No. 520.17. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. Available at: http://sfn.scholarone.com/itin2005/.
48. Holland, J., & Skinner, B. F. (1961). The analysis of behavior. New York: MacGraw-Hill.
49. Hölzl, R., & Whitehead, W. (Eds.). (1983). Psychophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. New York: Plenum Press.
50. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt. Reprint: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.
51. Kaiser, J., Lutzenberger, W., Preissl, H., Ackermann, H., & Birbaumer, N. (2000). Right-hemisphere dominance for the processing of sound-source lateralization. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 6631-6639.
52. Kamiya, J. (Ed.). (1971). Biofeedback and self-control: An Aldine reader on the regulation of bodily processes and consciousness. Chicago: Aldine.
53. Kennedy, P. R., & Adams, K. D. (2003). A decision tree for brain-computer interface devices. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 11, 148-150.
54. Kennedy, P. R., Bakay, R. A. E., Moore, M. M., Adams, K., & Goldwaithe, J. (2000). Direct control of a computer from the human central nervous system. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 8, 198-202.
55. Kennedy, P. R., Kirby, M. T., Moore, M. M., King, B., & Mallory, A. (2004). Computer control using human intracortical local field potentials. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 12, 339-344.
56. Kotchoubey, B., Lang, S., Bostanov, V., & Birbaumer, N. (2002). Is there a mind? Electrophysiology of the unconscious. News in Physiological Sciences, 17, 38-42.
57. Kotchoubey, B., Lang, S., Mezger, G., Schmalohr, D., Schneck, M., Semmler, A., Bostanov, B., & Birbaumer, N. (2005). Information processing in severe disorders of consciousness: Vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 2441-2453.
58. Kotchoubey, B., Strehl, U., Uhlmann C, Holzapfel, S, König, M., Fröscher, W., et al. (2001). Modification of slow cortical potentials in patients with refractory epilepsy: A controlled outcome study. Epilepsia, 42, 406-416.
59. Kübler, A., Kotchoubey, B., Kaiser, J., Wolpaw, J., & Birbaumer, N. (2001). Brain-computer communication: Unlocking the locked-in. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 358-375.
60. Kübler, A., Neumann, N., Kaiser, J., Kotchoubey, B., Hinterberger, T., & Birbaumer, N. (2001). Brain-computer communication: Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials for verbal communication. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 1533-1539.
61. Kübler, A., Nijboer, F., Mellinger, J., Vaughan, T. M., Pawelzik, H., Schalk, G., et al. (2005). Patients with ALS can use sensorimotor rhythms to operate a brain-computer interface. Neurology, 64, 1775-1777.
62. Kübler, A., Winter, S., & Birbaumer, N. (2003). The thought translation device: Slow cortical potential biofeedback for verbal communication in paralyzed patients. In M. Schwartz & F. Andrasik (Eds.), Biofeedback: A practitioner's guide (3rd ed, pp. 471-481). New York: Guilford Press.
63. Kübler, A., Winter, S., Ludolph, A. C., Hautzinger, M., & Birbaumer, N. (2005). Severity of depressive symptoms and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 19, 182-193.
64. Lal, T. N., Schröder, M., Hill, J. N., Hinterberger, T., Mellinger, J., Rosenstiel, W., et al. (2006). A brain computer interface with on-line feedback based on magnetoencephalography. Manuscript submitted for publication.
65. Lal, T. N., Schröder, M., Hill, J. N., Rosenstiel, W., Elger, C. E., Schölkopf, B., et al. (2005). Methods towards invasive human brain computer interfaces. In L. K. Soul, Y. Weiss, & L. Bottou (Eds.), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (vol. 17, pp. 737-744). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Lal, T. N., Schröder, M., Hinterberger, T., Weston, J., Bogdan, M., Birbaumer, N., et al. (2004). Support vector channel selection in BCI. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 51, 1003-1010.
67. Lang, P., Bradley, M., & Cuthbert, B. (1999). International Affective Picture System. Gainesville, Fl: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
68. Leuthardt, E. C., Schalk, G., Wolpaw, J. R., Ojemann, J. G., & Moran, D. W. (2004). A brain-computer interface using electrocorticographic signals in humans. Journal of Neural Engineering, 1, 63-71.
69. Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W., & Pearl, D. K. (1983). Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential). The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain, 106, 623-642.
70. Lotze, M., Braun, C., Birbaumer, N., Anders, S., & Cohen, L. G. (2003). Motor learning elicited by voluntary drive. Brain, 126, 866-872.
71. Lotze, M., Grodd, W., Birbaumer, N., Erb, M., Huse, E., & Flor, H. (1999). Does use of a myoelectric prosthesis prevent cortical reorganization and phantom limb pain? Nature Neuroscience, 2, 501-502.
72. Lotze, M., Montoya, P., Erb, M., Hülsmann, E., Flor, H., Klose, U., et al. (1999). Activation of cortical and cerebellar motor areas during executed and imagined hand movements: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 491-501.
73. Lulé, D., Gramm, R., Kurt, A., Kassubek, J., Diekmann, V., Birbaumer, N., et al. (in press). The functional anatomy of motor execution and imagery in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Journal of Neurology.
74. Lulé, D., Kurt, A., Jürgens, R., Kassubek, J., Diekmann, V., Kraft, E., et al. (2005). Emotional responding in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 252, 1517-1524.
75. Lutzenberger, W., Birbaumer, N., Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., Bippus, W., & Breidt, R. (1980). Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials in normal subjects and in patients with frontal lobe lesions. In H. H. Kornhuber & L. Deecke (Eds.), Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behavior and clinical use (pp. 427-430). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
76. Lutzenberger, W., Roberts, L. E., & Birbaumer, N. (1993). Memory performance and area-specific self-regulation of slow cortical potentials: Dual-task interference. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 15, 217-226.
77. McGrady, A., Olson, P., & Kroon, J. (1995). Biobehavioral treatment of essential hypertension. In M. Schwartz (Ed.), Biofeedback (2nd ed, pp. 445-467). New York: Guilford.
78. Miller, N. (1969). Learning of visceral and glandular responses. Science, 163, 434-445.
79. Mulholland, T., & Evans, C. R. (1966). Oculomotor functions and the electroencephalographic alpha activation cycle. Nature, 211, 1278-1279.
80. Murase, N., Duque, J., Mazzocchio, R., & Cohen, L. G. (2004). Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Annals of Neurology, 55, 400-409.
81. Musallam, S., Corneil, B. D., Greger, B., Scherberger, H., & Andersen, R. A. (2004). Cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics. Science, 305, 258-262.
82. Neumann, N., Hinterberger, T., Kaiser, J., Leins, U., Birbaumer, N., & Kübler, A. (2004). Automatic processing of self-regulation of slow cortical potentials: Evidence from brain-computer communication in paralysed patients. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 628-635.
83. Neuper, C., Müller, G. R., Kübler, A., Birbaumer, N., & Pfurtscheller, G. (2003). Clinical application of an EEG-based brain-computer interface: A case study in a patient with severe motor impairment. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114, 399-409.
84. Nicolelis, M. A. L. (2001). Actions from thoughts. Nature, 409, 403-407.
85. Nicolelis, M. A. (2003). Brain-machine interfaces to restore motor function and probe neural circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 417-422.
86. Nicolelis, M. A. L., Birbaumer, N., & Mueller, K.-L. (2004). Brain-computer interfaces. Guest editorial. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 51, 877-880.
87. Norris, F. H. (1992). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The clinical disorder. In R. A. Smith (Ed), Handbook of Amyottrophic Lateral Sclerosis (pp. 3-38). New York: Marcel Dekker.
88. Perelmouter, J., & Birbaumer, N. (2000). A binary spelling interface with random errors. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 8, 227-232.
89. Pfurtscheller, G., Mueller, G. R., Pfurtscheller, J., Gerner, H. J., & Rupp, R. (2003). Thought"-control of functional electric stimulation to restore hand grasp in a patient with tetraplegia. Neuroscience Letters, 382, 169-174.
90. Pfurtscheller, G., Neuper, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2005). Human brain-computer interface (BCI). In A. Riehle & E. Vaadia (Eds.), Motor cortex in voluntary movements. A distributed system for distributed functions (pp. 367-401). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
91. Pfurtscheller, B., Neuper, C., Muller, G. R., Obermaier, B., Krausz, G., Schlogl, A., et al. (2003). Graz-BCI: State of the art and clinical applications. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 11, 177-180.
92. Piccione, F., Giorgi, F., Tonin, P., Priftis, K., Giore, S., Silvani, S., et al. (2006). P300-based brain computer interface: Reliability and performance in healthy and paralysed participants. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117, 531-537.
93. Quill, T. E. (2005). ALS, depression, and desire for hastened death: (How) are they related? Neurology, 65, 1.
94. Riehle, A., & Vaadia, E. (Eds.). (2005). Motor cortex in voluntary movements. A distributed system for distributed functions. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
95. Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T., Birbaumer, N., & Lutzenberger, W. (1989). Slow brain potentials and behavior (2nd ed). Baltimore, MD: Urban & Schwarzenberg.
96. Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T., Birbaumer, N., Wolf, P., Düchting- Röth, A., Reker, M., et al. (1993). Cortical self-regulation in patients with epilepsies. Epilepsy Research, 14, 63-72.
97. Schalk, G., McFarland, D. J., Hinterberger, T., Birbaumer, N., & Wolpaw, J. R. (2004). BCI2000: A general-purpose brain-computer interface (BCI) system. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 51, 1034-1043.
98. Schneider, F., Rockstroh, B., Heimann, H., Lutzenberger, W., Mattes, R., Elbert, T., et al. (1992). Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials in psychiatric patients: Schizophrenia. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation, 17, 277-292.
99. Schröder, M., Lal, T. N., Hinterberger, T., Bodgan, M., Hill, N. J., Birbaumer, N., et al. (in press). Robust EEG channel selection across subjects for brain-computer interfaces. EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing.
100. Schwartz, A. B., Taylor, D. M., & Tillery, S. I. H. (2001). Extraction algorithms for cortical control of arm prosthetics. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11, 701-708.
101. Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness. Freeman, San Francisco.
102. Sellers, E. W., & Donchin, E. A. (2006). A P300 based brain-computer interface: Initial tests by ALS patients. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117, 538-548.
103. Serruya, M. D., Hatsopoulos, N. G., Paninski, L., Fellows, M. R., & Donoghue, J. P. (2002). Instant neural control of a movement signal. Nature, 416, 141-142.
104. Singer, W., & Gray, Ch. (1994/1995). Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 555-586.
105. Sitaram, R., Guan, C., Zhang, H., Thulasidas, M., Hoshi, Y., & Birbaumer, N. (in press). A brain-computer interface using multichannel near infrared spectroscopy. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.
106. Skinner, F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan.
107. Sterman, M. B. (1977). Sensorimotor EEG operant conditioning: Experimental and clinical effects. The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 12, 63-92.
108. Sterman, M. B. (1981). EEG biofeedback: Physiological behavior modification. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 5, 405-412.
109. Sterman, M. B., & Clemente, C. D. (1962a). Forebrain inhibitory mechanisms: Cortical synchronization induced by basal forebrain stimulation. Experimental Neurology, 6, 91-102.
110. Sterman, M. B., & Clemente, C. D. (1962b). Forebrain inhibitory mechanisms: Sleep patterns induced by basal forebrain stimulation in the behaving cat. Experimental Neurology, 6, 103-117.
111. Sterman, M. B., & Friar, L. (1972). Suppression of seizures in an epileptic following sensorimotor EEG feedback training. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 33, 89-95.
112. Strehl, U., Leins, U., Goth, G., Klinger, C., & Birbaumer, N. (in press). Physiological regulation of slow cortical potentials - A new treatment for children with ADHD. Pediatrics.
113. Taylor, D. M., Tillery, S. I., & Schwartz, A. B. (2002). Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices. Science, 296, 1829-1832.
114. Tregoubov, M., & Birbaumer, N. (2005). On the building of binary spelling interfaces for augmentative communication. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 52, 300-305.
115. Walter, W. G. (1964). The contingent negative variation. An electrical sign of significance of association in the human brain. Science, 146, 434.
116. Ward, N. S., & Cohen, L. G. (2004). Mechanisms underlying recovery of motor function after stroke. Archives of Neurology, 61, 1844-1848.
117. Weiskopf, N., Klose, U., Birbaumer, N., & Mathiak, K. (2005). Single-shot compensation of image distortions and BOLD contrast optimization using multi-echo EPI for real-time fMRI. NeuroImage, 24, 1068-1079.
118. Weiskopf, N., Mathiak, K., Bock, S. W., Scharnowski, F., Veit, R., Grodd, W., et al. (2004). Principles of a brain-computer-interface (BCI) based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 51, 966-970.
119. Weiskopf, N., Scharnowsi, F., Veit, R., Goebel, R., Birbaumer, N., & Mathiak, K. (2005). Self-regulation of local brain activity using realtime functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Journal of Physiology, Paris, 98, 357-373.
120. Weiskopf, N., Veit, R., Erb, M., Mathiak, K., Grodd, W., Goebel, R., et al. (2003). Physiological self-regulation of regional brain activity using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): Methodology and exemplary data. NeuroImage, 19, 577-586.
121. Wilhelm, B., Jordan, M., & Birbaumer, N. (2006). Communication in locked-in syndrome: Effects of imagery on salivary pH. Neurology, 67, 534-535.
122. Wolpaw, J. R., Birbaumer, N., McFarland, D., Pfurtscheller, G., & Vaughan, T. (2002). Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control. Clinical Neurophysiology, 113, 767-791.
123. Wolpaw, J. R., & McFarland, D. J. (2004). Control of a two-dimensional movement signal by a noninvasive brain-computer interface in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101, 17849-17854.