Postmagmatic sulphur loss in the Skaergaard Intrusion: Implications for the formation of the Platinova Reef

Lithos

Volumn 92, Issue 1-2, 2006, Pages 198-221

  Andersen, Jens C Ø ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gold; Platinova Reef; Platinum group elements; Silicate sulphide liquid immiscibility; Skaergaard Intrusion; Sulphur saturation

Indexed keywords

HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; LITHOLOGY; MAGMA; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENT;

ARCTIC; GREENLAND; SKAERGAARD INTRUSION;

EID: 33750448660     PISSN: 00244937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.033     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Andersen, J.C.Ø., 1996. The Skaergaard Intrusion and the Platinova gold and palladium deposit, Kangerlussuaq area, East Greenland. PhD thesis, Copenhagen University.
2. Andersen J.C.Ø., Rasmussen H., Nielsen T.F.D., and Rønsbo J.G. The Triple Group and the Platinova gold and palladium reefs in the Skaergaard Intrusion: stratigraphic and petrographic relations. Economic Geology 93 (1998) 488-509
3. Andersen J.C.Ø., Power M.R., and Momme P. Platinum-group elements in the Palaeogene North Atlantic Igneous Province. In: Cabri L.J. (Ed). The Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Mineral Beneficiation of Platinum-Group Elements vol. 54 (2002), Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy, and Petroleum. CIM Special Volume, Montréal, Québec 637-667 ISBN 1-894475-27-5
4. Bird D.K., Rogers R.D., and Manning C.E. Mineralized fracture systems of the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland. Geoscience 16 (1986) 1-65
5. Bird D.K., Brooks C.K., Gannicott R.A., and Turner P.A. A gold-bearing horizon in the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Economic Geology 86 (1991) 1083-1092
6. Bird D.K., Arnason J.G., Brandriss M.E., Nevle R.J., Radford G., Bernstein S., Gannicott R.A., and Kelemen P.B. A gold-bearing horizon in the Kap Edvard Holm Complex, East Greenland. Economic Geology 90 (1995) 1288-1300
7. Blank H.R., and Gettings M.E. Subsurface form and extent of the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. EOS, Transactions-American Geophysical Union 54 (1973) 507
8. Borisov A., and Palme H. Experimental determination of the solubility of Au in silicate melts. Mineralogy and Petrology 56 (1996) 297-312
9. Borisov A., and Palme H. Experimental determination of the solubility of platinum in silicate melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 (1997) 4349-4357
10. Borisov A., and Palme H. Solubilities of noble metals in Fe-containing silicate melts as derived from experiments in Fe-free systems. American Mineralogist 85 (2000) 1665-1673
11. Boudreau A.E., and Meurer W.P. Chromatographic separation of the platinum-group elements, gold, base metals and sulfur during degassing of a compacting and solidifying igneous crystal pile. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 134 (1999) 174-185
12. Bowen N.L. The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks (1928), Princeton University Press, Princeton 332 pp.
13. Brooks C.K., and Gleadow A.J.W. A fission-track age for the Skaergaard Intrusion and the age of East Greenland basalts. Geology 5 (1977) 539-540
14. Brooks C.K., and Nielsen T.F.D. Early stages in the differentiation of the Skaergaard magma as revealed by a closely related suite of dike rocks. Lithos 11 (1978) 1-14
15. Brooks C.K., Larsen L.M., and Nielsen T.F.D. Importance of iron-rich tholeiitic magmas at divergent plate margins: a reappraisal. Geology 19 (1991) 269-272
16. Brooks C.K., Keays R.R., Lambert D.D., Frick L.R., and Nielsen T.F.D. Re-Os isotope geochemistry of Tertiary picritic and basaltic magmatism of East Greenland: constraints on plume-lithosphere interactions and the genesis of the Platinova Reef, Skaergaard Intrusion. Lithos 47 (1999) 107-126
17. Buddington A.F., and Lindsley D.H. Iron-titanium oxide minerals and their synthetic equivalents. Journal of Petrology 5 (1964) 310-357
18. Butcher A.R., Pirrie D., Prichard H.M., and Fisher P. Platinum-group mineralization in the Rum layered Intrusion, Scottish Hebrides, UK. Journal of the Geological Society 156 (1999) 213-216
19. Cawthorn R.G., and Meyer F.M. Petrochemistry of the Okiep copper district basic intrusive bodies, Northwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Economic Geology 88 (1993) 590-605
20. Cawthorn R.G., and Walsh K.L. The use of phosphorus contents in yielding estimates of the proportion of trapped liquid in cumulates of the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex. Mineralogical Magazine 52 (1988) 81-89
21. Chayes F. On estimating the magnitude of the Hidden Zone and the compositions of the residual liquids of the Skaergaard Layered Series. Journal of Petrology 11 (1970) 1-14
22. Chayes F. Ratio Correlation: A Manual for Students of Petrology and Geochemistry (1971), University of Chicago Press, Chicago 99 pp.
23. Gaetani G.A., and Grove T.L. Partitioning of moderately siderophile elements among olivine, silicate melt, and sulfide melt: constraints on core formation in the Earth and Mars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 (1997) 1829-1846
24. Ghiorso M.S., and Sack R.O. Chemical mass-transfer in magmatic processes: 4. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 119 (1995) 197-212
25. Goles G.G., Hering C., and Vincent E.A. Evolution of Co, Sc and Cr abundances in the Skaergaard magmatic liquids. EOS, Transactions-American Geophysical Union 55 (1974) 459
26. Haughton D.R., Roeder P.L., and Skinner B.J. Solubility of sulfur in mafic magmas. Economic Geology 69 (1974) 451-467
27. Henderson P. Inorganic Geochemistry (1982), Pergamon Press, Oxford 353 pp.
28. 39Ar dating of the Skaergaard Intrusion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 146 (1997) 645-658
29. Holzheid A., and Lodders K. Solubility of copper in silicate melts as function of oxygen and sulfur fugacities, temperature, and silicate composition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 (2001) 1933-1951
30. Hoover J.D. The chilled marginal gabbro and other contact rocks of the Skaergaard Intrusion. Journal of Petrology 30 (1989) 441-476
31. Hoover J.D. Petrology of the marginal border series of the Skaergaard Intrusion. Journal of Petrology 30 (1989) 399-439
32. Hulbert L.J., Duke J.M., Ekstrand O.R., Scoates R.F.J., Theriault R.J., LeCheminant M.J., Gunn A.G., and Grinenko L.N. Metallogenic and geochemical evolution of cyclic Unit 1, lower Eastern Layered Series, Rhum. In: Foster R.P. (Ed). Mineral Deposit Modelling in Relation to Crustal Reservoirs of Ore-Forming Elements (1992), Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London
33. Hunter R.H., and Sparks R.S.J. The differentiation of the Skaergaard Intrusion. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 95 (1987) 451-461
34. Irvine T.N., Andersen J.C.Ø., and Brooks C.K. Included blocks (and blocks within blocks) in the Skaergaard Intrusion: geological relations and the origins of rhythmic modally graded layers. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110 (1998) 1398-1447
35. Karup-Møller S., and Makovicky E. The phase system Cu-Pd-S at 900 degrees, 725 degrees, 550 degrees, and 400 degrees C. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte 1999 (1999) 551-567
36. Larsen R.B., and Tegner C. Pressure conditions for the solidification of the Skaergaard Intrusion: eruption of East Greenland flood basalts in less than 300.000 years. Lithos (2006) (this volume)
37. Larsen L.M., Watt W.S., and Watt M. Geology and petrology of the Lower Tertiary plateau basalts of the Scoresby Sund region, East Greenland. Bulletin of the Greenland Geological Survey 157 (1989) (164 pp.)
38. Li C., Maier W.D., and de Waal S.A. The role of magma mixing in the genesis of the PGE mineralization in the Bushveld Complex: thermodynamic calculations and new interpretations. Economic Geology 96 (2001) 653-662
39. Lindsley D.H., Brown G.M., and Muir I.D. Conditions of the ferrowollastonite-ferohedenbergite inversion in the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Special Paper-Mineralogical Society of America 2 (1969) 193-201
40. Maier W.D., and Barnes S.-J. Unusually high concentrations of magnetite at Caraíba and other Cu-sulfide deposits in the Curaçá valley, Bahia, Brazil. Canadian Mineralogist 34 (1996) 717-731
41. Maier W.D., Barnes S.-J., Gartz V., and Andrews G. Pt-Pd reefs in magnetities of the Stella layered intrusion, South Africa: a world of new exploration opportunities for platinum group elements. Geology 31 (2003) 885-888
42. Makovicky M., Makovicky E., and Rose-Hansen J. Experimental studies on the solubility and distribution of platinum group elements in base-metal sulphides in platinum deposits. In: Gallagher M.J., Ixer R.A., Neary C.R., and Prichard H.M. (Eds). Metallogeny of Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks (1986), The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London 415-425
43. Makovicky M., Makovicky E., Rose-Hansen J., and Barnes S.-J. Skaergaard Intrusion in a test tube - current results. In: Pasava J., Kribek B., and Zak K. (Eds). Mineral Deposits (1995), Rotterdam, Balkema 145-147
44. Mavrogenes J.A., and O'Neill H.S.C. The relative effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the solubility of sulfide in mafic magmas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (1999) 1173-1180
45. McBirney A.R. Differentiation of the Skaergaard Intrusion. Nature 253 (1975) 691-694
46. McBirney A.R. The Skaergaard Layered Series: I. Structure and average composition. Journal of Petrology 30 (1989) 363-397
47. McBirney, A.R., 1989b. Geological Map of the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland, 1 : 20 000. University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
48. McBirney A.R. The Skaergaard Layered Series: Part V. Included trace elements. Journal of Petrology 39 (1998) 255-276
49. Miller Jr. J.D. Geochemical evaluation of platinum group element (PGE) mineralization in the Sonju Lake Intrusion, Finland, Minnesota. Information Circular-Minnesota Geological Survey 44 (1999) 32 pp.
50. Miller Jr. J.D., and Andersen J.C.Ø. Attributes of Skaergaard-type PGE reefs. In: Boudreau A.E. (Ed). 9th International Platinum Symposium Abstracts (2002) 305-308
51. Momme P., Tegner C., Brooks C.K., and Keays R.R. The behaviour of platinum-group elements in basalts from the East Greenland rifted margin. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 143 (2002) 133-153
52. Morse S.A., Lindsley D.H., and Williams R.J. Concerning intensive parameters in the Skaergaard Intrusion. American Journal of Science 280A (1980) 159-170
53. Mountain B.W., and Wood S.A. Solubility and transport of platinum-group elements in hydrothermal solutions: thermodynamic and physical chemical constraints. In: Prichard H.M., Potts P.J., Bowles J.F.W., and Cribb S.J. (Eds). Geo-Platinum vol. 87 (1987), Elsevier Applied Science, London 57-82
54. Nakajima Y., and Hafner S.S. Exsolution in augite from the Skaergaard Intrusion. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 72 (1980) 101-110
55. Naslund H.R. Petrology of the Upper Border Series of the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Journal of Petrology 25 (1984) 185-212
56. Nielsen T.F.D. The palladium potential of the Skaergaard Intrusion, South-East Greenland. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2001/23 (2001) 39 pp.
57. Nielsen T.F.D. The shape and volume of the Skaergaard Intrusion, Greenland: implications for mass balance and bulk composition. Journal of Petrology 45 (2004) 507-530
58. Nielsen, T.F.D., Rasmussen, H., Rudashevsky, N.S., Kretser, Yu.L., Rudashevsky, V.N., 2003a. PGE and sulphide phases of the precious metal mineralisation of the Skaergaard Intrusion: Part 1. Sample 90-23A, 807. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2003/47, 1-20.
59. Nielsen, T.F.D., Rasmussen, H., Rudashevsky, N.S., Kretser, Yu.L., Rudashevsky, V.N., 2003b. PGE and sulphide phases of the precious metal mineralisation of the Skaergaard Intrusion: Part 2. Sample 90-24, 1057. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2003/48, 1-20.
60. Nielsen, T.F.D., Rasmussen, H., Rudashevsky, N.S., Kretser, Yu.L., Rudashevsky, V.N., 2003c. PGE and sulphide phases of the precious metal mineralisation of the Skaergaard Intrusion: Part 3. Sample 90-18, 1010. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2003/52, 1-25.
61. Nielsen, T.F.D., Rasmussen, H., Rudashevsky, N.S., Kretser, Yu.L., Rudashevsky, V.N., 2003d. PGE and sulphide phases of the precious metal mineralisation of the Skaergaard Intrusion: Part 4. Sample 90-23A, 806. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2003/53, 1-18.
62. Nielsen, T.F.D., Rasmussen, H., Rudashevsky, N.S., Kretser, Yu.L., Rudashevsky, V.N., 2003e. PGE and sulphide phases of the precious metal mineralisation of the Skaergaard Intrusion: Part 5. Sample 90-23A, 808. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2003/54, 1-16.
63. Nobugai K., Tokonami M., and Morimoto N. A study of subsolidus relations of the Skaergaard pyroxenes by analytical electron microscopy. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 67 (1978) 111-118
64. Norton D., and Taylor Jr. H.P. Quantitative simulation of the hydrothermal systems of crystallizing magmas on the basis of transport theory and oxygen isotope data; an analysis of the Skaergaard Intrusion. Journal of Petrology 20 (1979) 421-486
65. Osborn E.F. Role of oxygen pressure in the crystallization and differentiation of basaltic magma. American Journal of Science 257 (1959) 609-647
66. Paster T.P., Schauwecker D.S., and Haskin L.A. The behavior of some trace elements during solidification of the Skaergaard Layered Series. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 38 (1974) 1549-1577
67. Poulson S.R., and Ohmoto H. An evaluation of the solubility of sulfide sulfur in silicate melts from experimental data and natural samples. Chemical Geology 85 (1990) 57-75
68. Prendergast M.D. Layering and Precious Metals Mineralization in the Rincón del Tigre Complex, Eastern Bolivia. Economic Geology 95 (2000) 113-130
69. Ripley E.M., Brophy J.G., and Li C.S. Copper solubility in a basaltic melt and sulfide liquid/silicate melt partition coefficients of Cu and Fe. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 (2002) 2791-2800
70. Rudashevsky N.S., McDonald A.M., Cabri L.J., Nielsen T.F.D., Stanley C.J., Kretser Yu.L., and Rudashevsky V.N. Skaergaardite, PdCu, a new platinum-group intermetallic mineral from the Skaergaard Intrusion, Greenland. Mineralogical Magazine 68 (2004) 615-632
71. Sato M., and Valenza M. Oxygen fugacities of the Layered Series of the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. American Journal of Science 280A (1980) 134-158
72. Severson M.J., Miller Jr. J.D., Peterson D.M., Green J.C., and Hauck S.A. Mineral potential of the Duluth Complex and related intrusions. In: Miller Jr. J.D., et al. (Ed). Geology and Mineral Potential of the Duluth Complex and Related Rocks of Northeastern Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations vol. 58 (2002), University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 164-200
73. Stewart B.W., and DePaolo D.J. Isotopic studies of processes in mafic magma chambers: II. The Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 104 (1990) 125-141
74. Taylor H.P., and Forester R.W. An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of the Skaergaard Intrusion and its country rocks: a description of a 55-M.Y. old fossil hydrothermal system. Journal of Petrology 20 (1979) 355-419
75. Tegner C. Iron in plagioclase as a monitor of the differentiation of the Skaergaard Intrusion. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 128 (1997) 45-51
76. Toplis M.J., and Carroll M.R. Differentiation of ferro-basaltic magmas under conditions open and closed to oxygen: implications for the Skaergaard Intrusion and other natural systems. Journal of Petrology 37 (1996) 837-858
77. Turner, P.A., 1986. The sulfide mineralogy and the behavior of S and certain trace elements in the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Masters thesis, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. 79 pp.
78. Vincent E.A., and Crocket J.H. Studies in the geochemistry of gold: I. The distribution of gold in rocks and minerals of the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 18 (1960) 130-142
79. Vincent E.A., and Smales A.A. The determination of palladium and gold in igneous rocks by radioactivation analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 9 (1956) 154-160
80. Wager L.R. The major element variation of the Layered Series of the Skaergaard Intrusion and a re-estimation of the average composition of the Hidden Layered Series and of the successive residual magmas. Journal of Petrology 1 (1960) 364-398
81. Wager L.R., and Brown G.M. Layered Igneous Rocks (1968), Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 588 pp.
82. Wager L.R., and Deer W.A. Geological investigations in East Greenland: Part III. The petrology of the Skaergaard Intrusion, Kangerdlugssuaq, East Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 105 4 (1939) 352 pp.
83. Wager L.R., Vincent E.A., and Smales A.A. Sulphides in the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Economic Geology 52 (1957) 855-903
84. Wager L.R., Vincent E.A., and Smales A.A. The behaviour of sulphur during fractionation of basic magma. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 14 (1958) 165-166
85. Wood S.A. Thermodynamic calculations of the volatility of the platinum group elements (PGE): the PGE content of fluids at magmatic temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51 (1987) 3041-3050
86. Wood S.A. The aqueous geochemistry of the platinum-group elements with applications to ore deposits. In: Cabri L.J. (Ed). The Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Mineral Beneficiation of Platinum-Group Elements vol. 54 (2002), Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy, and Petroleum. CIM Special Volume, Montréal, Québec 211-250 ISBN 1-894475-27-5