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4
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0038758912
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Rüchardt, C.; Beckhaus, H.-D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1980, 19, 429.
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(1980)
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
, vol.19
, pp. 429
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Rüchardt, C.1
Beckhaus, H.-D.2
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5
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33750487242
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note
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The conventional argument requires the assumption of an intrinsic, constant C-H bond energy for all alkanes. From this assumption, it follows that measured bond strengths differ from this value (BE) because the resulting radicals are stabilized by substituent groups. The intrinsic C-H bond energy in alkanes is effectively defined as the bond strength in methane. The corresponding definition for an intrinsic C-C bond energy would be that in ethane.
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8
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24044461596
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Neutral thermochemical data
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Mallard, W. G., Linstrom, P. J., Eds.: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 . National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD
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Afeefy, H. Y.; Liebman, J. F.; Stein, S. E. Neutral Thermochemical Data. In NIST Chemistry WebBook: Mallard, W. G., Linstrom, P. J., Eds.: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 (http://webbook.nist.gov). National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD. 2005.
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(2005)
NIST Chemistry WebBook
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Afeefy, H.Y.1
Liebman, J.F.2
Stein, S.E.3
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9
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33750462472
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note
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Specifically, Schleyer found that there was only a 0.7 kcal/mol difference between his estimates of BE(C-C) for ethane and cyclohexane.
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11
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0037453558
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Matsunaga, N.; Rogers, D. W.; Zavitsas, A. A. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 3158.
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(2003)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.68
, pp. 3158
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Matsunaga, N.1
Rogers, D.W.2
Zavitsas, A.A.3
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13
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0346150271
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Coote, M. L.; Pross, A.; Radom, L. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4689.
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(2003)
Org. Lett.
, vol.5
, pp. 4689
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Coote, M.L.1
Pross, A.2
Radom, L.3
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14
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33750489827
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note
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3 vs C-H BDEs can simply be attributed to differences in the heats of formation of the parent alkanes; however, any attempt to link BDEs to radical stabilization energies requires separately assessing the effect of alkyl substitution on the stability of the alkane and radical (i.e., analyzing the BE and NB terms in eqs 1 and 2).
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16
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0000158516
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Because all intramolecular interactions are treated as stabilizing, this assumption leads to the prediction that gauche-butane is more stable than anti-butane. Pitzer and Catalano realized this contradiction and suggested that a steric term be used to correct the overestimation of stabilization in gauche-butane. However, it does not seem logical that hydrogens with a 1,5 relationship (i.e., those on the methyl groups of propane) would have a stabilizing effect, whereas those with a 1,6 relationship (i.e., those on the methyl groups of gauche-butane) would have a sharply destabilizing effect, despite the fact that the distances are fairly similar. Further evidence of problems with this assumption can be seen in its predictions about the methane/methane van der Waals complex. At the C-C distance (3.35 Å) where MP2/6-311+G(2df, 2pd) calculations predict the onset of repulsion (i.e., interaction energy = 0), Pitzer's and Catalano's interaction potential predicts over 1.5 kcal/mol of attraction (>3 times the known complexation energy) because no repulsive terms are included to balance the attraction. See Rowley. R. L.; Pakkanen, T. J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110, 3368.
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(1999)
J. Chem. Phys.
, vol.110
, pp. 3368
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Rowley, R.L.1
Pakkanen, T.2
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22
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0001677845
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Bauld, N. L.; Cessac, J.; Holloway, R. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 8140.
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(1977)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
, vol.99
, pp. 8140
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Bauld, N.L.1
Cessac, J.2
Holloway, R.L.3
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24
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0032495782
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Gronert, S.; Azizian, K.; Friedman, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3220.
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(1998)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
, vol.120
, pp. 3220
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Gronert, S.1
Azizian, K.2
Friedman, M.3
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29
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0001190197
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Brocks, J.; Beckhaus, H.-D.; Beckwith, A. L. J.; Ruchardt, C. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 1935.
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(1998)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.63
, pp. 1935
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Brocks, J.1
Beckhaus, H.-D.2
Beckwith, A.L.J.3
Ruchardt, C.4
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30
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33750462070
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note
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An electrostatic analysis of the system based on the NPA charges indicates that electrostatic repulsion is only a minor contributor to the repulsion observed in Figure I. Neopentane itself would also suffer to some extent from electrostatic repulsion.
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32
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33750468407
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note
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3 system is at the QCISD(T)/6-31+(d, p) level.
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33
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0000057634
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Values from 1.2 Å (see ref 31) to 1.45 Å have been reported: Allinger, N. L.; Hirsch, J. A.; Miller, M. A.; Tyminski, I. J.; Van Catledge, F. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 5773.
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(1968)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
, vol.90
, pp. 5773
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Allinger, N.L.1
Hirsch, J.A.2
Miller, M.A.3
Tyminski, I.J.4
Van Catledge, F.A.5
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34
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33750446409
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note
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The high spin state appears to exaggerate the repulsive nature of the hydrogen/hydrogen interaction. Using this potential energy surface, a van der Waals radius of over 1.6 Å is indicated for the hydrogen atom. In contrast, the geometries of methane/methane van der Waals complexes suggest a more conventional van der Waals radius for the hydrogen atom. The model of neopentane employing four methyl groups in a quintet state did not suffer to a great extent from this problem, and the potential energy surface predicts a van der Waals radius of about 2 Å for the methyl group.
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36
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0022100099
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Rüchardt has made related arguments based on geometries: Ruchardt, C.; Beckhaus, H.-D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1985, 24, 529.
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(1985)
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
, vol.24
, pp. 529
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Ruchardt, C.1
Beckhaus, H.-D.2
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37
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33750490846
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note
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One could fit the equations by allowing BE to be a variable (while setting the NB terms to a single, constant value), but the available data would require that BE balance the changes in RS (i.e., alkyl substitution would provide nearly equal stabilization to the radical and parent alkane and, therefore, have only a minor effect on the dissociation energy). In any case, allowing BE to be a variable eliminates any possibility of equating BDEs with radical stabilization energies.
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