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The scan head has two separate z piezos. one for scan oft sets and coarse approach Z steps and another for scanning the z direction only. The tip approached the surface in tip-retract mode. The scan head would take one course z step with the z-scan piezo fully retracted. After the course z step was performed, the z-scan piezo is extended with a low gain ensuring that the tip moves at a low speed. If the tip extended into the surface, the approach would then stop. If no normal force change was detected, indicating the presence of the surface, the tip would be fully retracted again and another course Z step taken. This is repeated until the substrate surface is found; if faster approach modes are used, the metal tip will be blunted or other wise damaged leading to inconsistent contact areas and current measurements.
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