North African immigrants in Europe and political violence

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 731-747

  Pargeter, Alison ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750346754     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10576100600701990     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Asbab nashat al-Afghan al-Arab. The reasons behind the creation of the Afghan Arabs. Dr. Nashat Hamid Abdel al-Majid. 7 October 2001. Available at (www.islamoneline.net).
2. Roy, O: Globalised Islam. The Search for a New Ummah. Hurst and Co (London) 2004, p. 297
3. Mohamed Darif: The Moroccan Combatant Group. Análisis. ARI No. 51/ 2004. Available at (http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/analisis/465.asp).
4. W. Laqueur. No End to War (New York: Continuum, 2003), 52.
5. Interview with members of the Parti Algérien pour la Démocratie et le Socialisme (PADS). Ellen Ray and Lenora Foerstal, Algeria: Theocracy by Terror? (October 1998). Available at (http://www.covertaction.org/content/view/109/75/).
6. BBC The Phantom Victory. The Power of Nightmares. Episode 2. Aired 27 October 2004. Transcript available at (http://web.telia.com).
7. O. Roy. Globalised Islam. The Search for a New Ummah. (London: Hurst and Co., 2004), 298.
8. Laquer, 60.
9. M. Sageman. Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 144-145.
10. The GIA, for example, used London as a propaganda center through the publication of its magazine Al-Ansar. Ironically the magazine was run and edited by a Syrian and a Jordanian (Abu Qatada) who provided an ideological justification for the violent activities of the GIA.
11. For a detailed description of the training undertaken in France see the chapter "Des Camps en France" in La Tentation du Jihad, D. Pujadas and A. Salam (Paris, Lattes 1995).
12. G. Kepel. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (London: I B Taurus, 2004), 267.
13. M. Allam. Bin Ladin in Italia (Milano: Mondadori, 2002), 179.
14. Special Immigration Appeals Commission. "B" Versus Secretary of State for the Home Department. Appeal No: SC/9/2002. 29 October 2003. Available at (http://www.courtservice.gov.uk/judgments/siac/outcomes/ Sc92002B.htm).
15. Kusat al-Afghan al-Arab min al-Duhoul ila Afghanistan hata al-Khourouj al-Ahir ma' a Taleban [The Story of the Afghan Arabs from Entering Afghanistan Until the Last Exodus with the Taliban]. Extract from chapter 16 of a book written by an anonymous Al Qaeda ideologist and serialized in Al Sharq Al Awsat newspaper. Issue 9522. 23 December 2004.
16. Abu Hamza al-Masri yarwi li al-Hayat kusat al-Intiqal ila Britania wa toba [Abu Hamza al-Masri tells Al-Hayat the story of moving to Britain and repenting]. Camille Tawil Al Hayat. 2 December 2001. Issue 14140.
17. Interview with Libyan Islamist. London, December 2004.
18. Rahilat al-Hilaq baine Kabul wa Kandahar [The Journey of Death between Kabul and Kandahar]. Al Sharq al-Awsat. 1 July 2001.
19. Ibid.
20. Interview with Algerian radical. London July 2004.
21. Kusat al-Afghan al-Arab min al-Duhoul ila Afghanistan hata al-Khourouj al-Ahir ma' a Taleban [The Story of the Afghan Arabs from Entering Afghanistan Until the Last Exodus with the Taliban]. Extract from chapter 16 of a book written by an anonymous Al Qaeda ideologist and serialized in Al Sharq Al Awsat newspaper. Issue 9522. 23 December 2004.
22. From Mujahid to Activist: An Interview with a Libyan Veteran of the Afghan Jihad. Spotlight on Terror. The James town Foundation, 22 March 2005. Vol. III Issue 2.
23. See the LIFG website (www.almuqatila.com).
24. From Mujahid to Activist.
25. Kusat al-Afghan al-Arab min al-Duhoul ila Afghanistan hata al-Khourouj al-Ahir ma' a Taleban [The Story of the Afghan Arabs from Entering Afghanistan Until the Last Exodus with the Taliban]. Extract from chapter 8 of a book written by an anonymous Al Qaeda ideologist and serialized in Al Sharq Al Awsat newspaper. Issue 9514. 15 December 2004.
26. O. Roy. 305.
27. Jocelyne Cesari, "Muslim Minorities in theWest: The Silent Revolution," in John Esposito and Francois Burgat, ed., Modernizing Islam: Religion in the Public Sphere in the Middle East and in Europe (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 251-269, 2003), available at (http://euroislam.info/pages/pubs.html).
28. Interview with Libyan Islamist. London. October 2004.
29. See the LIFG's website at (http://www.almuqatila.com/index1.htm).
30. Interviews with Algerian radicals, London and various Italian cities, 2003-2004.
31. The Leaders of Al Qadea Speak about HolyWar against Italy: La Repubblica. 13 July 2002.
32. Interviews with various North African Islamists in the U.K. and Italy, 2003-2004.
33. Interview with Tunisian Islamist, London. July 2004.
34. Dr. Joroen Gunning. Terrorist Networks in Europe.Muslims in Europe post 9/11. Transcript of conference at St Anthony's College Oxford. April 2003. Available at (http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/princeton/index.shtml).
35. Algeria and Terrorism: A Complex Web. Strategic Comments, International Institute of Strategic Studies 9(6) (August 2003).
36. See O. Roy, Globalised Islam.
37. PBS. Inside the TerrorNetwork:WHo were they? Undated.Available at (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/network/personal/ whowere.html).
38. Special Immigration Appeals Commission. Appeal No: SC/2/2002. 29 October 2003 and Appeal No: SC/12/2002. 29 October 2003.
39. Special Immigration Appeals Commission. Appeal No: SC/4/2002. 29 October 2003.
40. Terrorism Cases in the UK: An Interview With Mudassar Arani. By Mahan Abedin Jamestown Foundation. Spotlight On Terror. 2(11) (5 October 2004). Available at (http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php? volume_id=402&issue_id=3097&article_id=2368644).
41. Special Immigration Appeals Commission. Appeal No: SC/7/2002. 29 October 2003.
42. Driss Bennani: Attentats deMadrid: Sur la piste des présumés coupables. Telquel Magazine. Issue 120. Undated. Available at (www.telquel-online.com).
43. Much of the information contained in the following sections of this article (as well as in some parts of the former sections) is drawn on interviews conducted with members of North African immigrant communities in Italy and the U.K. and on a number of completed questionnaires that were circulated around the community. Due to the difficulties in accessing these communities, especially the illegal elements, and in discussing the highly sensitive topics covered in this research, finding a truly representative sample was extremely challenging. However, through a careful approach that guaranteed the respondents complete anonymity, the author was able to conduct interviews with a significant number of individuals ranging from radical Islamists to non-practicing parts of the community. As such, although the information may appear to be somewhat anecdotal, the author is satisfied that those interviewed genuinely represented a selection of the views held by various parts of these communities.
44. Interviews with North African Islamists. 2004.
45. Interview with Libyan Islamist London. January 2004.
46. Interview with Libyan mosque director. Manchester. October 2004.
47. Interview with Algerian representative of Islamic Centre. Milan. April 2003.
48. Ibid.
49. Interview with Tunisian representative of Islamic Centre. Rome. June 2003.
50. Interview with Algerian Afghan veteran. London. April 2004.
51. Interview with Sheikh Rachid Ghannouchi. London. August 2004.
52. Interview with Libyan community leader. London. August 2004.
53. Interview with North African imam. London. March 2004.
54. MCB Community Guidelines to Imams and BritishMuslim Organisations. 31 March 2004. Available at (http://www.mcb.org.uk/).
55. Interviews with North African Islamists, London. March 2004.
56. Kepel, Jihad.
57. Interview with the Director of a mosque in Naples. June 2003.
58. Interview with North African community leader. August 2004.
59. Kepel, The War for Muslim Minds.
60. Kepel, Jihad
61. Interview with Libyan mosque director. Manchester. October 2004.
62. Interview with Libyan moderate community leader. Manchester. October 2004.
63. Interview with Moroccan Islamist. April 2004.
64. Interview with Algerian illegal immigrant. Verona. August 2004.
65. Written correspondence in the form of a questionnaire. August 2004.
66. Written correspondence in the form of a questionnaire. September 2004.
67. Written correspondence in the form of a questionnaire. July 2004.
68. Interview with Moroccan immigrant. Genoa. April 2003.
69. Written correspondence in the form of a questionnaire. July 2004.
70. Written correspondence in the form of a questionnaire. August 2004.
71. Written correspondence in the form of a questionnaire. July 2004.
72. These immigrants often come from under developed regions in North Africa, that is, provincial or rural areas such as the east of Algeria or Libya. These are areas known for being extremely conservative and religious and the societies there are particularly closed.
73. Magdi Allam. Bin Ladin in Italia: (Mondadori 2002), 77. Translation: Author's own.
74. Interview with Algerian immigrants. Finsbury Park. 2004.
75. Interview with Moroccan illegal immigrant. London. November 2004.