Scavenging of ultrafine particles by rainfall at a boreal site: Observations and model estimations

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 6, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 4739-4754

  Andronache, C ^a   Gronholm T ^b   Laakso, L ^b   Phillips, Y ^c   Venalainen A ^d  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^c PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOREAL FOREST; BOUNDARY LAYER; CLIMATE MODELING; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS; COAGULATION; PARTICLE SIZE; RAINFALL; SCAVENGING (CHEMISTRY);

EURASIA; EUROPE; FINLAND; NORTHERN EUROPE; SCANDINAVIA;

EID: 33750284146     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-4739-2006     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Aalto, P., Hämeri, K., Becker, E., Weber, R., Salm, J., Mäkelä, J. M., Hoell, C., O'Dowd, C. D., Karlsson, H., Hansson, H.-C., Väkevä, M., Koponen, I. K., Buzorius, G., and Kulmala, M.: Physical characterization of aerosol particles during nucleation events, Tellus, 53B, 344-358, 2001.
2. Agusti-Panareda, A., Gray, S. L., and Methven, J.: Numerical modeling study of boundary-layer ventilation by a cold front over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18304, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005555, 2005.
3. Alam, A., Shi, J. P., and Harrison, R. M.: Observations of new particle formation in urban air, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D3), 4093, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD001417, 2003.
4. Allen, A. G., Grenfell, J. L., Harrison, R. M., James, J., and Evans, M. J.: Nanoparticle formation in marine air masses: Contrasting behavior of the open ocean and coastal environments, Atmos. Res., 51, 1-14, 1999.
5. Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 955-966, 2001.
6. Andronache, C.: Estimated variability of below-cloud aerosol removal by rainfall for observed aerosol size distributions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 131-143, 2003, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/131/2003/.
7. Andronache, C.: Diffusion and electric charge contributions to below-cloud wet removal of atmospheric ultra-fine aerosol particles, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 1467-1482, 2004.
8. Atlas, D. and Ulbrich, C. W.: Path and area integrated rainfall measurement by microwave attenuation in the 1-3 cm band, J. Appl. Meteorol., 16, 1322-1331, 1977.
9. Birmilli, W. and Wiedensohler, A.: New particle formation in the continental boundary layer: Meteorological and gas phase parameter influence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3325-3328, 2000.
10. Byrne, M. A. and Jennings, S. G.: Scavenging of sub-micrometer aerosol particles by water drops, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 14, 2099-2105, 1993.
11. Chate, D. M. and Pranesha, T. S.: Field studies of scavenging of aerosols by rain events, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 695-706, 2004.
12. Covert, D. S., Kapustin, V. N., Quinn, P. K., and Bates, T. S.: New particle formation in the marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20581-20589, 1992.
13. Crutzen, P. J. and Lawrence, M. G.: The Impact of Precipitation Scavenging on the Transport of Trace Gases: A 3-Dimensional Model Sensitivity Study, J. Atmos. Chem., 37, 1, doi: 10.1023/A:1006322926426, 81-112, 2000.
14. Dana, M. T. and Hales, J. M.: Statistical aspects of the washout of polydisperse aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 10, 45-50, 1976.
15. Davenport, H. M. and Peters, L. K.: Field studies of atmospheric particulate concentration changes during precipitation, Atmos. Environ., 12, 997-1008, 1978.
16. Flossmann, A.: Interaction of aerosol particles and clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 879-887, 1998.
17. Fuchs, N. A.: The mechanics of aerosols, Pergamon Press Ltd, pp. 408, 1964.
18. Garrett, T. J. and Hobbs, P. V.: Long-range transport of continental aerosols over the Atlantic ocean and their effects on cloud structures, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2977-2984, 1995.
19. Greenfield, S.: Rain scavenging of radioactive particulate matter from the atmosphere, J. Meteorol., 14, 115-125, 1957.
20. Grover, S. N., Pruppacher, H. R., and Hamielec, A. E.: A numerical determination of the efficiency with which spherical aerosol particles collide with spherical water drops due to inertial impaction and phoretic and electric forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1655-1663, 1977.
21. Harrison, R. G. and Carslaw, K. S.: Ion-aerosol-cloud processes in the lower atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41(3), 1012, doi:10.1029/2002RG000114, 2003.
22. Harris, S. and Maricq, M.: Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 749-764, 2001.
23. Houze, R. A.: Cloud dynamics, Academic Press, pp. 573, 1993.
24. Hyvönen, S., Junninen, H., Laakso, L., Dal Maso, M., Grönholm, T., Bonn, B., Keronen, P., Aalto, P., Hiltunen, V., Pohja, T., Launiainen, S., Hari, P., Mannila, H., and Kulmala, M.: A look at aerosol formation using data mining techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3345-3356, 2005, http://www.atmos- chem-phys.net/5/3345/2005/.
25. Jacobson, M. Z.: Analysis of aerosol interactions with numerical techniques for solving coagulation, nucleation, condensation, dissolution, and reversible chemistry among multiple size distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4366, doi:10.1029/2001JD002044, 2002.
26. Jylhä, K.: Empirical scavenging coefficients of radioactive substances released from Chernobyl, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 263-270, 1991.
27. Kerminen, V.-M. and Wexler, A. S.: The occurrence of sulfuric acid-water nucleation in plumes: Urban environment, Tellus, 48B, 65-82, 1996.
28. Komppula, M., Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D06204, doi:10.1029/ 2004JD005200, 2005.
29. Kulmala, M., Toivonen, A., Mäkelä, J. M., and Laaksonen, A.: Analysis of the growth of nucleation mode particles observed in Boreal forest, Tellus, 50B, 449-462, 1998.
30. Kulmala, M., Pirjola, L., and Mäkelä, M.: Stable sulfate clusters as sources of new atmospheric particles, Nature, 404, 66-69, 2000a.
31. Kulmala, M., Rannik, Ü., Pirjola, L., et al.: Characterization of atmospheric trace gas and aerosol concentrations at forest sites in southern and northern Finland using back trajectories, Boreal Env. Res., 5, 315-336, 2000b.
32. Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A. Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143-176, 2004.
33. Laakso, L., Grönholm, T., Rannik, Ü., Kosmale, M., Fiedler, V., Vehkamäki, H., and Kulmala, M.: Ultrafine particle scavenging coefficients calculated from 6 years field measurements, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3605-3613, 2003a.
34. Laakso, L., Hussein, T., Aarnio, P., Komppula, M., Hiltunen, V., Viisanen, Y., and Kulmala, M.: Diurnal and annual characteristics of particle mass and number concentrations in urban, rural and Arctic environments in Finland, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2629-2641, 2003b.
35. Laakso, L., Petäjä, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Kulmala, M., Patatero, J., Hörrak, U., Tammet, H., and Joutsensaari, J.: Ion production rate in a boreal forest based on ion, particle and radiation measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1933-1943, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1933/ 2004/.
36. Lawrence, G. M., von Kuhlmann, R., Salzmann, M., and Rasch, P. J.: The balance of effects of deep convective mixing on tropospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 18, 1940, doi:10.1029/2003GL017644, 2003.
37. Mäkelä, J. M., Dal Maso, M., Pirjola, L., Keronen, P., Laakso, L., Kulmala, M., and Laaksonen, A.: Characteristics of the atmospheric particle formation events observed at a boreal forest site in southern Finland, Boreal Env. Res., 5, 299-313, 2000.
38. Maria, S. S. and Russell, L. M.: Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Below-Cloud Scavenging by Suburban New Jersey Precipitation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(13) 4793-4800, 2005.
39. Marshall, J. S. and Palmer, W. M.: The distribution of raindrop with size, J. Meteorol., 5, 165-166, 1948.
40. Martin, G. M., Johnson, D. W., and Spice, A.: The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1823-1842, 1994.
41. Martinsson, B. G., Frank, G., Cederfelt, S. I., et al.: Droplet nucleation and growth in orographic clouds in relation to aerosol population, Atmos. Res., 50, 289-315, 1999.
42. McGann, B. T. and Jennings, S. G.: The efficiency with which drizzle and precipitation sized drops collide with aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 3/4, 791-799, 1991.
43. Niewiadomski, M.: A passive pollutant in a three-dimensional field of convective clouds: numerical simulations, Atmos. Environ., 20, 139-145, 1986.
44. O'Dowd, C., McFiggins, G., Creasey, D. J., Pirjola, L., Hoell, C., Smith, M. H., Allan, B. J., Plane, J. M. C., Heard, D. E., Lee, J. D., Pilling, M. J., and Kulmala, M.: On the photochemical production of new particles in the coastal boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1707-1710, 1999.
45. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 954, 1998.
46. Raes, F., van Dingenen, R., Cuevas, E., Van Velthoven, P. F. J., and Prospero, J. M.: Observations of aerosols in the free troposphere and marine boundary layer of the subtropical Northeast Atlantic: Discussion of processes determining their size distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21 315-21 328, 1997.
47. Rasch, P. J., Feichter, J., Law, K., et al.: A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: results from the WCRP Cambridge Workshop of 1995, Tellus, 52B, 1025-1056, 2000.
48. Rutledge, S. A. and Hobbs, P. V.: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. VIII: A model for the feeder-seeder process in warm frontal rainbands, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185-1206, 1983.
49. Schumann, T.: Aerosol and hydrometeor concentrations and their chemical composition during winter precipitation along mountain slope - III. Size-differentiated in-cloud scavenging efficiencies, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 3/4, 809-824, 1991.
50. Scott, B. C.: Theoretical estimates of the scavenging coefficient for soluble aerosol particles as a function of precipitation type, rate, and altitude, Atmos. Environ., 16, 7, 1753-1762, 1982.
51. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Wiley, New York, 1326 pp., 1998.
52. Slinn, W. G. N. and Hales, J. M.: A reevaluation of the role of thermophoresis as a mechanism of in- and below-cloud scavenging, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1465-1471, 1971.
53. Slinn, W. G. N.: Some approximations for the wet and dry removal of particles and gases from the atmosphere, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 7, 513-543, 1977.
54. Slinn, W. G. N.: Precipitation scavenging, in: Atmospheric Sciences and Power Production - 1979, chap. 11, Division of Biomedical Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 1983.
55. Snider, J. R. and Brenguier, J. L.: Cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet measurements during ACE-2, Tellus B, 52, 828-842, 2000.
56. Sparmacher, H., Fulber, K., and Bonka, H.: Below-cloud scavenging of aerosol particles: Particle-bound radionuclide - Experimental, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 4, 605-618, 1993.
57. Svenningsson, B., Hansson, H.-C., Martinsson, B., et al.: Cloud droplet nucleation scavenging in relation to the size and hygroscopic behavior of aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 16, 2463-2475, 1997.
58. Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Berg, O. H., et al.: A closure study of submicrometer aerosol particle hygroscopic behavior, Atmos. Res., 50, 205-240, 1999.
59. Ten Brink, H. M., Schwartz, S. E., and Daum, P. H.: Efficient scavenging of aerosol sulfate by liquid-water clouds, Atmos. Environ., 21, 9, 2035-2052, 1987.
60. Tinsley, B. A., Rohrbaugh, R. P., Hei, M., and Beard, K. V.: Effects of image charges on scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets and on droplet charging and possible ice nucleation processes, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2118-2134, 2000.
61. Tremblay, A.: Cumulus cloud transport, scavenging and chemistry: observations and simulations, Atmos. Environ., 21, 2345-2364, 1987.
62. Tripathi, S. N. and Harrison, R. G.: Scavenging of Radioactive Aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5817-5821, 2001.
63. Tost, H., Jöckel, P., Kerkweg, A., Sander, R., and Lelieveld, J.: Technical note: A new comprehensive SCAVenging submodel for global atmospheric chemistry modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 565-574, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem- phys.net/6/565/2006/.
64. Twohy, C. H., Durkee, P. A., Huebert, B. J., and Charlson, R. J.: Effects of aerosol particles on the microphysics of coastal stratiform clouds, J. Climate, 8, 773-783, 1995.
65. Vesala, T., Haataja, J., Aalto, P., Altimir, N., Buzorius, G., et al.: Long-term field measurements of atmosphere - surface interactions in boreal forest ecology, micrometeorology, aerosol physics and atmospheric chemistry. Trends in Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer, 4, 17-35, 1998.
66. Wang, P. K. and Pruppacher, H. R.: An experimental determination of the efficiency with which aerosol particles are collected by water drops in subsaturated air, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1664-1669, 1977.
67. Wang, P. K., Grover, S. N., and Pruppacher, H. R.: On the effect of electric charges on the scavenging of aerosol particles by clouds and small raindrops, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1735-1743, 1978.
68. Weber, J. R., McMurry, P. H., Mauldin, L., et al.: A study of new particle formation and growth involving biogenic and trace gas species measured during ACE1, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16385-16396, 1998.
69. Wiedensohler, A., Covert, D. S., Swietlicki, E., Aalto, P., Heintzenberg, J., and Leek, C.: Occurrence of an ultrafine particle mode less than 20 nm in diameter in the marine boundary layer during Arctic summer and autumn, Tellus, 48B, 213-222, 1996.
70. Yu, F. and Turco, R.: From molecular clusters to nanoparticles: Role of ambient ionization in tropospheric aerosol formation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4797-4814, 2001.
71. Zhang, G., Vivekanandan, J., and Brandes, E.: A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements, IEEE Transact. Geosci. Rem. Sens., 39, 830-841, 2001.
72. Zhang, L., Michelangeli, D. V., and Taylor, P. A.: Numerical studies of aerosol scavenging by low-level, warm stratiform clouds and precipitation, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4653-4665, 2004.