Global and regional distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and recombinants in 2004

AIDS

Volumn 20, Issue 16, 2006, Pages

  Hemelaar, Joris ^a,c   Gouws, Eleanor ^b   Ghys, Peter D ^b   Osmanov, Saladin ^a  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^b UNAIDS   (Switzerland)

^c MAGDALEN COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Circulating recombinant form; Distribution; Genetic variability; HIV; Molecular epidemiology; Recombinants; Subtypes

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VIRAL GENETICS; VIRUS RECOMBINANT;

HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC; VARIATION (GENETICS); WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 33750253231     PISSN: 02699370     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000247564.73009.bc     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2004: changing history. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
2. UNAIDS. 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2006.
3. Thomson MM, Perez-Alvarez L, Najera R. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 genetic forms and its significance for vaccine development and therapy. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2:461-471.
4. Robertson DL, Anderson JP, Bradac JA, Carr JK, Foley B, Funkhouser RK, et al. HIV-1 nomenclature proposal. Science 2000; 288:55-56.
5. Korber B, Gaschen B, Yusim K, Thakallapally R, Kesmir C, Detours V. Evolutionary and immunological implications of contemporary HIV-1 variation. Br Med Bull 2001; 58:19-42.
6. Casado G, Thomson MM, Sierra M, Najera R. Identification of a novel HIV-1 circulating ADG intersubtype recombinant form (CRF19_cpx) in Cuba. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40:532-537.
7. Osmanov S, Pattou C, Walker N, Schwardlander B, Esparza J, WHO-UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization. Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 29:184-190.
8. Tscherning C, Alaeus A, Fredriksson R, Bjorndal A, Deng H, Littman DR, et al. Differences in chemokine coreceptor usage between genetic subtypes of HIV-1. Virology 1998; 241:181-188.
9. Renjifo B, Fawzi W, Mwakagile D, Hunter D, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, et al. Differences in perinatal transmission among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotypes. J Human Virol 2001; 4:16-25.
10. Yang C, Li M, Newman RD, Shi YP, Ayisi J, van Eijk AM, et al. Genetic diversity of HIV-1 in western Kenya: subtype-specific differences in mother-to-child transmission. AIDS 2003; 17:1667-1674.
11. Tapia N, Franco S, Puig-Basagoiti F, Menendez C, Alonso PL, Mshinda H, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype on mother-to-child transmission. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:607-613.
12. Kaleebu P, French N, Mahe C, Yirrell D, Watera C, Lyagoba F, et al. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:1244-1250.
13. Alaeus A, Lidman K, Bjorkman A, Giesecke J, Albert J. Similar rate of disease progression among individuals infected with HIV-1 genetic subtypes A-D. AIDS 1999; 13:901-907.
14. Koch WH, Sullivan PS, Roberts C, Francis K, Downing R, Mastro TD, et al. Evaluation of United States-licensed human immunodeficiency virus immunoassays for detection of group M viral variants. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1017-1020.
15. Swanson P, de Mendoza C, Joshi Y, Golden A, Hodinka RL, Soriano V, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genetic diversity on performance of four commercial viral load assays: LCx HIV RNA Quantitative, AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR v1.5, VERSANT HIV-1 RNA 3.0, and NucliSens HIV-1 QT. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3860-3868.
16. Hanna GJ, Balaguera HU, Freedberg KA, Werner BG, Steger Craven KA, Craven DE, et al. Drug-selected resistance mutations and non-B subtypes in antiretroviral-naive adults with established human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:986-991.
17. Palmer S, Alaeus A, Albert J, Cox S. Drug susceptibility of subtypes A,B,C,D, and E human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates. AIDS Res Human Retroviruses 1998; 14:157-162.
18. Pieniazek D, Rayfield M, Hu DJ, Nkengasong J, Wiktor SZ, Downing R, et al. Protease sequences from HIV-1 group M subtypes A-H reveal distinct amino acid mutation patterns associated with protease resistance in protease inhibitor-naive individuals worldwide. AIDS 2000; 14:1489-1495.
19. Frater AJ, Dunn DT, Beardall AJ, Ariyoshi K, Clarke JR, McClure MO, et al. Comparative response of African HIV-1-infected individuals to highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002; 16:1139-1146.
20. Esparza J, Bhamarapravati N. Accelerating the development and future availability of HIV-1 vaccines: why, when, where, and how? Lancet 2000; 355:2061-2066.
21. Garber DA, Silvestri G, Feinberg MB. Prospects for an AIDS vaccine: three big questions, no easy answers. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4:397-413.
22. Pantaleo G, Koup RA. Correlates of immune protection in HIV-1 infection: what we know, what we don't know, what we should know. Nat Med 2004; 10:806-810.
23. Wei X, Decker JM, Wang S, Hui H, Kappes JC, Wu X, et al. Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1. Nature 2003; 422:307-312.
24. McMichael AJ, Phillips RE. Escape of human immunodeficiency virus from immune control. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:271-296.
25. Nyambi PN, Nadas A, Mbah HA, Burda S, Williams C, Gorny MK, et al. Immunoreactivity of intact virions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reveals the existence of fewer HIV-1 immunotypes than genotypes. J Virol 2000; 74:10670-10680.
26. Cao H, Mani I, Vincent R, Mugerwa R, Mugyenyi P, Kanki P, et al. Cellular immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clades: relevance to HIV-1 vaccine trials in Uganda. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:1350-1356.
27. Currier JR, Dowling WE, Wasunna KM, Alam U, Mason CJ, Robb ML, et al. Detection of high frequencies of HIV-1 cross-subtype reactive CD8 T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected Kenyans. AIDS 2003; 17:2149-2157.
28. UNAIDS. 2004 Report on the global AIDS epidemic: 4th global report. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2004.
29. Walker N, Grassly NC, Garnett GP, Stanecki KA, Ghys PD. Estimating the global burden of HIV/AIDS: what do we really know about the HIV pandemic? Lancet 2004; 363:2180-2185.
30. Los Alamos National Laboratory. HIV databases. Available at: http://www.hiv.lanl.gov. Accessed: 15 January 2006.
31. UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance. Guidelines for Second Generation HIV Surveillance. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2000.
32. UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance. Guidelines for conducting HIV sentinel serosurveys among pregnant women and other groups. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2003.
33. World Health Organisation. The global HIV drug resistance surveillance network. Available at: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/hivaids/network/en/ index.html. Accessed: 15 January 2006.
34. McMichael AJ, Hanke T. HIV vaccines 1983-2003. Nat Med 2003; 9:874-880.