메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 47, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 2257-2279

Cyclicity in the main and upper zones of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Crystallization from a zoned magma sheet

Author keywords

Convection; Differentiation; Isotopes; Layered intrusion; Magma; Mineral chemistry

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLIZATION; CYCLICITY; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; MAFIC ROCK; MAGMA ASSIMILATION; MAGMA CHEMISTRY; MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION; MAGNETITE; OLIVINE; PLAGIOCLASE; PYROXENE;

EID: 33750216998     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egl043     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (165)

References (68)
  • 2
    • 22244446489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magmatic stratigraphy in the Bushveld northern lobe: Continuous geophysical and mineralogical data from the 2950 m Bellevue drillcore
    • Ashwal, L. D., Webb, S. J. & Knoper, M. W. (2005). Magmatic stratigraphy in the Bushveld northern lobe: Continuous geophysical and mineralogical data from the 2950 m Bellevue drillcore. South African Journal of Geology 108, 199-232.
    • (2005) South African Journal of Geology , vol.108 , pp. 199-232
    • Ashwal, L.D.1    Webb, S.J.2    Knoper, M.W.3
  • 3
    • 0001495634 scopus 로고
    • Pyroxenes of the Bushveld Intrusion, South Africa
    • Atkins, F. B. (1969). Pyroxenes of the Bushveld Intrusion, South Africa. Journal of Petrology 10, 222-249.
    • (1969) Journal of Petrology , vol.10 , pp. 222-249
    • Atkins, F.B.1
  • 4
    • 0022859268 scopus 로고
    • The effect of trapped liquid crystallization on cumulus mineral compositions in layered intrusions
    • Barnes, S. J. (1986). The effect of trapped liquid crystallization on cumulus mineral compositions in layered intrusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 93, 524-531.
    • (1986) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , vol.93 , pp. 524-531
    • Barnes, S.J.1
  • 5
    • 0000709090 scopus 로고
    • The formation of late magmatic oxide ores
    • Bateman, A. M. (1951). The formation of late magmatic oxide ores. Economic Geology 46, 404-426.
    • (1951) Economic Geology , vol.46 , pp. 404-426
    • Bateman, A.M.1
  • 6
    • 0034996338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precise U-Pb titanite age constraints on the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Buick, I. S., Maas, R. & Gibson, R. (2001). Precise U-Pb titanite age constraints on the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Journal of the Geological Society, London 158, 3-6.
    • (2001) Journal of the Geological Society, London , vol.158 , pp. 3-6
    • Buick, I.S.1    Maas, R.2    Gibson, R.3
  • 7
    • 0028683778 scopus 로고
    • The importance of synmagmatic deformation in the formation of Merensky Reef potholes in the Bushveld Complex
    • Carr, H. W., Groves, D. I. & Cawthorn, R. G. (1994). The importance of synmagmatic deformation in the formation of Merensky Reef potholes in the Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology 89, 1398-1410.
    • (1994) Economic Geology , vol.89 , pp. 1398-1410
    • Carr, H.W.1    Groves, D.I.2    Cawthorn, R.G.3
  • 8
    • 0039022855 scopus 로고
    • Variations in Cr content of magnetite from the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex - Evidence for heterogeneity and convection currents in magma chambers
    • Cawthorn, R. G. & McCarthy, T. S. (1980). Variations in Cr content of magnetite from the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex - evidence for heterogeneity and convection currents in magma chambers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 46, 335-343.
    • (1980) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.46 , pp. 335-343
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1    McCarthy, T.S.2
  • 9
    • 0022268022 scopus 로고
    • Incompatible trace element behavior in the Bushveld Complex
    • Cawthorn, R. G. & McCarthy, T. S. (1985). Incompatible trace element behavior in the Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology 80, 1016-1026.
    • (1985) Economic Geology , vol.80 , pp. 1016-1026
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1    McCarthy, T.S.2
  • 10
    • 0001221729 scopus 로고
    • Vanadiferous magnetite deposits of the Bushveld Complex
    • In: Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S. (eds). Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa
    • Cawthorn, R. G. & Molyneux, T. G. (1986). Vanadiferous magnetite deposits of the Bushveld Complex. In: Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S. (eds) Mineral Deposits of South Africa. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, pp. 1251-1266.
    • (1986) Mineral Deposits of South Africa , pp. 1251-1266
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1    Molyneux, T.G.2
  • 11
    • 0032407367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emplacement and crystallization time for the Bushveld Complex
    • Cawthorn, R. G. & Walraven, F. (1998). Emplacement and crystallization time for the Bushveld Complex. Journal of Petrology 39, 1669-1687.
    • (1998) Journal of Petrology , vol.39 , pp. 1669-1687
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1    Walraven, F.2
  • 12
    • 0023767668 scopus 로고
    • The use of phosphorus contents in yielding estimates of the proportion of trapped liquid in cumulates of the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex
    • Cawthorn, R. G. & Walsh, K. L. (1988). The use of phosphorus contents in yielding estimates of the proportion of trapped liquid in cumulates of the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex. Mineralogical Magazine 52, 81-89.
    • (1988) Mineralogical Magazine , vol.52 , pp. 81-89
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1    Walsh, K.L.2
  • 13
    • 0035104712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connectivity between western and eastern limbs of the Bushveld Complex
    • Cawthorn, R. G. & Webb, S. J. (2001). Connectivity between western and eastern limbs of the Bushveld Complex. Tectonophysics 330, 195-209.
    • (2001) Tectonophysics , vol.330 , pp. 195-209
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1    Webb, S.J.2
  • 14
    • 0025955961 scopus 로고
    • Major addition of magma at the Pyroxenite Marker in the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Cawthorn, R. G., Meyer, P. S. & Kruger, F. J. (1991). Major addition of magma at the Pyroxenite Marker in the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Journal of Petrology 32, 739-763.
    • (1991) Journal of Petrology , vol.32 , pp. 739-763
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1    Meyer, P.S.2    Kruger, F.J.3
  • 16
    • 0028193262 scopus 로고
    • Large igneous provinces: Crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences
    • Coffin, M. F. & Eldholm, O. (1994). Large igneous provinces: Crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences. Reviews of Geophysics 32, 1-36.
    • (1994) Reviews of Geophysics , vol.32 , pp. 1-36
    • Coffin, M.F.1    Eldholm, O.2
  • 17
    • 0030423050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Bushveld Complex
    • In: Cawthorn, R. G. (ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • Eales, H. V. & Cawthorn, R. G. (1996). The Bushveld Complex. In: Cawthorn, R. G. (ed.) Layered Intrusions. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 181-230.
    • (1996) Layered Intrusions , pp. 181-230
    • Eales, H.V.1    Cawthorn, R.G.2
  • 18
    • 0002119536 scopus 로고
    • The cyclic unit beneath the CGI chromitite (UGIFW unit) at RPM Union Section Platinum Mine - Rosetta Stone of the Bushveld Upper Critical Zone?
    • Eales, H. V., de Klerk, W. J., Butcher, A. R. & Kruger, F. J. (1990). The cyclic unit beneath the CGI chromitite (UGIFW unit) at RPM Union Section Platinum Mine - Rosetta Stone of the Bushveld Upper Critical Zone? Mineralogical Magazine 54, 23-43.
    • (1990) Mineralogical Magazine , vol.54 , pp. 23-43
    • Eales, H.V.1    de Klerk, W.J.2    Butcher, A.R.3    Kruger, F.J.4
  • 19
    • 33750205088 scopus 로고
    • Variation in plagioclase compositions across magnetitite layers in the eastern Bushveld Complex
    • University of Cape Town, Honours thesis
    • Fox, N. (1982). Variation in plagioclase compositions across magnetitite layers in the eastern Bushveld Complex. University of Cape Town, Honours thesis.
    • (1982)
    • Fox, N.1
  • 20
    • 0029479155 scopus 로고
    • Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes IV. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures
    • Ghiorso, M. S. & Sack, R. O. (1995). Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes IV. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 119, 197-212.
    • (1995) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , vol.119 , pp. 197-212
    • Ghiorso, M.S.1    Sack, R.O.2
  • 21
    • 0019923494 scopus 로고
    • Crystallization of apatite in natural magmas under high pressure hydrous conditions, with particular reference to 'orogenic' rock series
    • Green, T. H. & Watson, E. B. (1982). Crystallization of apatite in natural magmas under high pressure hydrous conditions, with particular reference to 'orogenic' rock series. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 79, 96-105.
    • (1982) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , vol.79 , pp. 96-105
    • Green, T.H.1    Watson, E.B.2
  • 22
    • 0025525704 scopus 로고
    • Platinum-group element behavior in the lower part of the Upper Zone, Eastern Bushveld Complex - Implications for the formation of the main magnetite layer
    • Harney, D. M. W., Merkle, R. K. W. & von Gruenewaldt, G. (1990). Platinum-group element behavior in the lower part of the Upper Zone, Eastern Bushveld Complex - implications for the formation of the main magnetite layer. Economic Geology 85, 1777-1789.
    • (1990) Economic Geology , vol.85 , pp. 1777-1789
    • Harney, D.M.W.1    Merkle, R.K.W.2    von Gruenewaldt, G.3
  • 23
    • 1542533278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of plagioclase composition as an indicator of magmatic processes in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex
    • Harney, D. M. W., von Gruenewaldt, G. & Merkle, R. K. W. (1996). The use of plagioclase composition as an indicator of magmatic processes in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex. Mineralogy and Petrology 56, 91-103.
    • (1996) Mineralogy and Petrology , vol.56 , pp. 91-103
    • Harney, D.M.W.1    von Gruenewaldt, G.2    Merkle, R.K.W.3
  • 25
    • 49549138621 scopus 로고
    • Crystallization sequences in the Muskox intrusion and other layered intrusions. 2. Origin of chromitite layers and similar deposits of other magmatic ores
    • Irvine, T. N. (1975). Crystallization sequences in the Muskox intrusion and other layered intrusions. 2. Origin of chromitite layers and similar deposits of other magmatic ores. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 39, 991-1008.
    • (1975) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.39 , pp. 991-1008
    • Irvine, T.N.1
  • 26
    • 0021072505 scopus 로고
    • The J-M Platinum-Palladium Reef of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: II. Origin by double-diffusive convective magma mixing and implications for the Bushveld Complex
    • Irvine, T. N., Keith, D. W. & Todd, S. G. (1983). The J-M Platinum-Palladium Reef of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: II. Origin by double-diffusive convective magma mixing and implications for the Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology 78, 1287-1334.
    • (1983) Economic Geology , vol.78 , pp. 1287-1334
    • Irvine, T.N.1    Keith, D.W.2    Todd, S.G.3
  • 28
    • 27744487716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immiscible iron- and silica-rich melts in basalt petrogenesis documented in the Skaergaard intrusion
    • Jakobsen, J. K., Veksler, I. V., Tegner, C. & Brooks, C. K. (2005). Immiscible iron- and silica-rich melts in basalt petrogenesis documented in the Skaergaard intrusion. Geology 33, 885-888.
    • (2005) Geology , vol.33 , pp. 885-888
    • Jakobsen, J.K.1    Veksler, I.V.2    Tegner, C.3    Brooks, C.K.4
  • 29
    • 0022268034 scopus 로고
    • The geochemistry of titanomagnetite in magnetite layers and their host rocks of the Eastern Bushveld Complex
    • Klemm, D. D., Henckel, J., Dehm, R. & von Gruenewaldt, G. (1985). The geochemistry of titanomagnetite in magnetite layers and their host rocks of the Eastern Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology 80, 1075-1088.
    • (1985) Economic Geology , vol.80 , pp. 1075-1088
    • Klemm, D.D.1    Henckel, J.2    Dehm, R.3    von Gruenewaldt, G.4
  • 30
    • 0000399464 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of magnesium and iron between orthopyroxene and calcic pyroxene in natural mineral assemblages
    • Kretz, R. (1963). Distribution of magnesium and iron between orthopyroxene and calcic pyroxene in natural mineral assemblages. Journal of Geology 71, 773-785.
    • (1963) Journal of Geology , vol.71 , pp. 773-785
    • Kretz, R.1
  • 31
    • 0028578584 scopus 로고
    • The Sr-isotopic stratigraphy of the western Bushveld Complex
    • Kruger, F. J. (1994). The Sr-isotopic stratigraphy of the western Bushveld Complex. South African Journal of Geology 97, 393-398.
    • (1994) South African Journal of Geology , vol.97 , pp. 393-398
    • Kruger, F.J.1
  • 32
    • 29544441093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Filling the Bushveld Complex magma chamber: Lateral expansion, roof and floor interaction, magmatic unconformities, and the formation of giant chromitite, PGE and T-V-magnetitite deposits
    • Kruger, F. J. (2005). Filling the Bushveld Complex magma chamber: lateral expansion, roof and floor interaction, magmatic unconformities, and the formation of giant chromitite, PGE and T-V-magnetitite deposits. Mineralium Deposita 40, 451-472.
    • (2005) Mineralium Deposita , vol.40 , pp. 451-472
    • Kruger, F.J.1
  • 33
    • 0023479757 scopus 로고
    • Diffusion of trace elements during bottom crystallization of double-diffusive convection systems: The magnetitite layers of the Bushveld Complex
    • Kruger, F. J. & Smart, R. (1987). Diffusion of trace elements during bottom crystallization of double-diffusive convection systems: The magnetitite layers of the Bushveld Complex. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 34, 133-142.
    • (1987) Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research , vol.34 , pp. 133-142
    • Kruger, F.J.1    Smart, R.2
  • 34
    • 0023494642 scopus 로고
    • Strontium isotopic evidence against magma addition in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex
    • Kruger, F. J., Cawthorn, R. G. & Walsh, K. L. (1987). Strontium isotopic evidence against magma addition in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 84, 51-58.
    • (1987) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.84 , pp. 51-58
    • Kruger, F.J.1    Cawthorn, R.G.2    Walsh, K.L.3
  • 35
    • 0030395402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of mineralizations in the Bushveld Complex and some other layered intrusions
    • In: Cawthorn, R. G. (ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • Lee, C. A. (1996). A review of mineralizations in the Bushveld Complex and some other layered intrusions. In: Cawthorn, R. G. (ed.) Layered Intrusions. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 103-145.
    • (1996) Layered Intrusions , pp. 103-145
    • Lee, C.A.1
  • 36
    • 0027847185 scopus 로고
    • Pressure increase, the formation of chromitite layers and the development of the Ultramafic Series in the Stillwater Complex
    • Lipin, B. R. (1993). Pressure increase, the formation of chromitite layers and the development of the Ultramafic Series in the Stillwater Complex. Journal of Petrology 34, 955-976.
    • (1993) Journal of Petrology , vol.34 , pp. 955-976
    • Lipin, B.R.1
  • 38
    • 0004267082 scopus 로고
    • 2nd edn. Boston, MA: Jones & Bartlett
    • McBirney, A. R. (1993). Igneous Petrology. 2nd edn. Boston, MA: Jones & Bartlett, pp. 508.
    • (1993) Igneous Petrology , pp. 508
    • McBirney, A.R.1
  • 39
    • 77957043813 scopus 로고
    • Crystallization and layering of the Skaergaard intrusion
    • McBirney, A. R. & Noyes, M. N. (1979). Crystallization and layering of the Skaergaard intrusion. Journal of Petrology 20, 487-554.
    • (1979) Journal of Petrology , vol.20 , pp. 487-554
    • McBirney, A.R.1    Noyes, M.N.2
  • 40
    • 0022912829 scopus 로고
    • Compositional variation of Co-rich pentlandite: Relation to the evolution of the Upper Zone of the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Merkle, R. K. W. & von Gruenewaldt, G. (1986). Compositional variation of Co-rich pentlandite: Relation to the evolution of the Upper Zone of the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Canadian Mineralogist 24, 529-546.
    • (1986) Canadian Mineralogist , vol.24 , pp. 529-546
    • Merkle, R.K.W.1    von Gruenewaldt, G.2
  • 41
    • 0031772608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magma replenishment, and the significance of poikilitic textures, in the Lower Main Zone of the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Mitchell, A. A., Eales, H. V. & Kruger, F. J. (1998). Magma replenishment, and the significance of poikilitic textures, in the Lower Main Zone of the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Mineralogical Magazine 62, 435-450.
    • (1998) Mineralogical Magazine , vol.62 , pp. 435-450
    • Mitchell, A.A.1    Eales, H.V.2    Kruger, F.J.3
  • 42
    • 0009519902 scopus 로고
    • X-ray data and chemical analyses of some titanomagnetite and ilmenite samples from the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Molyneux, T. G. (1972). X-ray data and chemical analyses of some titanomagnetite and ilmenite samples from the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Mineralogical Magazine 48, 863-871.
    • (1972) Mineralogical Magazine , vol.48 , pp. 863-871
    • Molyneux, T.G.1
  • 43
    • 0001180803 scopus 로고
    • A geological investigation of the Bushveld Complex in Sekhukhuneland and part of the Steelpoort valley
    • Molyneux, T. G. (1974). A geological investigation of the Bushveld Complex in Sekhukhuneland and part of the Steelpoort valley. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 77, 329-338.
    • (1974) Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa , vol.77 , pp. 329-338
    • Molyneux, T.G.1
  • 44
    • 0021561134 scopus 로고
    • Cation diffusion in plagioclase feldspar
    • Morse, S. A. (1984). Cation diffusion in plagioclase feldspar. Science 225, 504-505.
    • (1984) Science , vol.225 , pp. 504-505
    • Morse, S.A.1
  • 46
    • 0022080170 scopus 로고
    • The nature and origin of titaniferous magnetite-rich layers in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex: A review and synthesis
    • Reynolds, I. M. (1985a). The nature and origin of titaniferous magnetite-rich layers in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex: A review and synthesis. Economic Geology 80, 1089-1108.
    • (1985) Economic Geology , vol.80 , pp. 1089-1108
    • Reynolds, I.M.1
  • 47
    • 0022268029 scopus 로고
    • Contrasted mineralogy and textural relationships in the uppermost titaniferous magnetite layers of the Bushveld Complex in the Bierkraal area north of Rustenburg
    • Reynolds, I. M. (1985b). Contrasted mineralogy and textural relationships in the uppermost titaniferous magnetite layers of the Bushveld Complex in the Bierkraal area north of Rustenburg. Economic Geology 80, 1027-1048.
    • (1985) Economic Geology , vol.80 , pp. 1027-1048
    • Reynolds, I.M.1
  • 48
    • 0022180003 scopus 로고
    • Strontium isotope evidence for preserved density stratification in the Main Zone of the Bushveld Complex
    • Sharpe, M. R. (1985). Strontium isotope evidence for preserved density stratification in the Main Zone of the Bushveld Complex. Nature 316, 119-126.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.316 , pp. 119-126
    • Sharpe, M.R.1
  • 49
    • 0020646550 scopus 로고
    • The origin of rhyolite and plagiogranite in oceanic crust: An experimental study
    • Spulber, S. D. & Rutherford, M. J. (1983). The origin of rhyolite and plagiogranite in oceanic crust: An experimental study. Journal of Petrology 24, 1-25.
    • (1983) Journal of Petrology , vol.24 , pp. 1-25
    • Spulber, S.D.1    Rutherford, M.J.2
  • 50
    • 0031397919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron in plagioclase as a monitor of the differentiation of the Skaergaard intrusion
    • Tegner, C. (1997). Iron in plagioclase as a monitor of the differentiation of the Skaergaard intrusion. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 128, 45-51.
    • (1997) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , vol.128 , pp. 45-51
    • Tegner, C.1
  • 51
    • 0032948785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assimilation of crustal xenoliths in a basaltic magma chamber: Sr and Nd isotopic constraints from the Hasvik Layered Intrusion, Norway
    • Tegner, C., Robins, B., Reginiussen, H. & Grundvig, S. (1999). Assimilation of crustal xenoliths in a basaltic magma chamber: Sr and Nd isotopic constraints from the Hasvik Layered Intrusion, Norway. Journal of Petrology 40, 363-380.
    • (1999) Journal of Petrology , vol.40 , pp. 363-380
    • Tegner, C.1    Robins, B.2    Reginiussen, H.3    Grundvig, S.4
  • 52
    • 23844495213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The thermodynamics of iron and magnesium partitioning between olivine and liquid: Criteria for assessing and predicting equilibrium in natural and experimental systems
    • Toplis, M. J. (2005). The thermodynamics of iron and magnesium partitioning between olivine and liquid: Criteria for assessing and predicting equilibrium in natural and experimental systems. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 149, 22-39.
    • (2005) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , vol.149 , pp. 22-39
    • Toplis, M.J.1
  • 53
    • 0029509019 scopus 로고
    • An experimental study of the influence of oxygen fugacity on Fe-Ti oxide stability, phase relations, and mineral-melt equilibria in ferro-basaltic systems
    • Toplis, M. J. & Carroll, M. R. (1995). An experimental study of the influence of oxygen fugacity on Fe-Ti oxide stability, phase relations, and mineral-melt equilibria in ferro-basaltic systems. Journal of Petrology 36, 1137-1170.
    • (1995) Journal of Petrology , vol.36 , pp. 1137-1170
    • Toplis, M.J.1    Carroll, M.R.2
  • 54
    • 0036820015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental study of element partitioning between magnetite, clinopyroxene and iron-bearing silicate liquids with particular emphasis on vanadium
    • Toplis, M. J. & Corgne, A. (2002). An experimental study of element partitioning between magnetite, clinopyroxene and iron-bearing silicate liquids with particular emphasis on vanadium. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 144, 22-37.
    • (2002) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , vol.144 , pp. 22-37
    • Toplis, M.J.1    Corgne, A.2
  • 55
    • 0028250130 scopus 로고
    • The role of phosphorus in crystallization processes of basalt: An experimental study
    • Toplis, M. J., Libourel, G. & Carroll, M. R. (1994). The role of phosphorus in crystallization processes of basalt: An experimental study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 797-810.
    • (1994) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.58 , pp. 797-810
    • Toplis, M.J.1    Libourel, G.2    Carroll, M.R.3
  • 57
    • 0343489887 scopus 로고
    • On the phase change orthopyroxene-pigeonite and the resulting textures in the Main and Upper Zones of the Bushveld Complex in the eastern Transvaal
    • In: Visser, D. J. L. & von Gruenewaldt, G. (eds). Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa
    • von Gruenewaldt, G. (1970). On the phase change orthopyroxene-pigeonite and the resulting textures in the Main and Upper Zones of the Bushveld Complex in the eastern Transvaal. In: Visser, D. J. L. & von Gruenewaldt, G. (eds) Symposium on the Bushveld Igneous Complex and Other Layered Intrusions. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, pp. 67-73.
    • (1970) Symposium on the Bushveld Igneous Complex and Other Layered Intrusions , pp. 67-73
    • von Gruenewaldt, G.1
  • 58
    • 0345213819 scopus 로고
    • A petrological and mineralogical investigation of the rocks of the Bushveld Igneous Complex in the Tauteshoogte-Roossenekal area of the eastern Transvaal
    • University of Pretoria, D.Sc. thesis
    • von Gruenewaldt, G. (1971). A petrological and mineralogical investigation of the rocks of the Bushveld Igneous Complex in the Tauteshoogte-Roossenekal area of the eastern Transvaal. University of Pretoria, D.Sc. thesis.
    • (1971)
    • von Gruenewaldt, G.1
  • 59
    • 0002699789 scopus 로고
    • The Main and Upper zones of the Bushveld Complex in the Roossenekal area, Eastern Transval
    • von Gruenewaldt, G. (1973). The Main and Upper zones of the Bushveld Complex in the Roossenekal area, Eastern Transval. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 76, 207-227.
    • (1973) Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa , vol.76 , pp. 207-227
    • von Gruenewaldt, G.1
  • 60
    • 0028591439 scopus 로고
    • Ilmenite-apatite enrichments in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex: A major titanium-rock phosphate resource
    • von Gruenewaldt, G. (1993). Ilmenite-apatite enrichments in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex: A major titanium-rock phosphate resource. International Geology Review 35, 987-1000.
    • (1993) International Geology Review , vol.35 , pp. 987-1000
    • von Gruenewaldt, G.1
  • 61
    • 0022268031 scopus 로고
    • Exsolution features in titanomagnetites from massive magnetitite layers and their host rocks of the Upper Zone, eastern Bushveld Complex
    • von Gruenewaldt, G., Klemm, D. D., Henckel, J. & Dehm, R. M. (1985). Exsolution features in titanomagnetites from massive magnetitite layers and their host rocks of the Upper Zone, eastern Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology 80, 1049-1061.
    • (1985) Economic Geology , vol.80 , pp. 1049-1061
    • von Gruenewaldt, G.1    Klemm, D.D.2    Henckel, J.3    Dehm, R.M.4
  • 62
    • 0001172602 scopus 로고
    • The major element variation of the layered series of the Skaergaard intrusion and a re-estimation of the average composition of the hidden series and of successive residual magmas
    • Wager, L. R. (1960). The major element variation of the layered series of the Skaergaard intrusion and a re-estimation of the average composition of the hidden series and of successive residual magmas. Journal of Petrology 1, 364-398.
    • (1960) Journal of Petrology , vol.1 , pp. 364-398
    • Wager, L.R.1
  • 63
    • 0007780580 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of adcumulus growth in the layered series of the Skaergaard intrusion
    • In: Fisher, D. J., Frueh, A. J., Hurlbert, C. S. & Tilley, C. E. (eds)
    • Wager, L. R. (1963). The mechanism of adcumulus growth in the layered series of the Skaergaard intrusion. In: Fisher, D. J., Frueh, A. J., Hurlbert, C. S. & Tilley, C. E. (eds) Symposium on Layered Intrusions. Mineralogical Society of America, Special Paper 1, 1-9.
    • (1963) Symposium on Layered Intrusions. Mineralogical Society of America, Special Paper , vol.1 , pp. 1-9
    • Wager, L.R.1
  • 66
    • 22244468219 scopus 로고
    • Stratigraphy of the upper part of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, in the western Transvaal
    • Walraven, F. & Wolmarans, L. G. (1979). Stratigraphy of the upper part of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, in the western Transvaal. Annals of the Geological Survey of South Africa 13, 109-114.
    • (1979) Annals of the Geological Survey of South Africa , vol.13 , pp. 109-114
    • Walraven, F.1    Wolmarans, L.G.2
  • 67
    • 0010658654 scopus 로고
    • The geology of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, the largest repository of magmatic ore deposits in the world
    • Willemse, J. (1969a). The geology of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, the largest repository of magmatic ore deposits in the world. Economic Geology Monograph 4, 1-22.
    • (1969) Economic Geology Monograph , vol.4 , pp. 1-22
    • Willemse, J.1
  • 68
    • 0000336255 scopus 로고
    • The vanadiferous magnetic iron ore of the Bushveld Igneous Complex
    • Willemse, J. (1969b). The vanadiferous magnetic iron ore of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. Economic Geology Monograph 4, 187-208.
    • (1969) Economic Geology Monograph , vol.4 , pp. 187-208
    • Willemse, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.