Intervention in a 'divided world': Axes of legitimacy

European Journal of International Law

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 743-769

  Berman, Nathaniel ^a  

^a BROOKLYN LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750184461     PISSN: 09385428     EISSN: 14643596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ejil/chl025     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Translation of Osama bin Laden speech, broadcast on Al Jazeera television network on 3 November 2001, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1636782.stm
2. Remarks by President George W. Bush, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020919-7.html.
3. Baba Galleh Jallow, Of Iraqi Freedom, Democratic Contagion and Giant Mistakes, The Independent (Banjul), 24 March 2003.
4. Ibid.
5. Schwarzenberger, 'The Rule of Law and the Disintegration of the International Society', 33 AJIL (1939) 56.
6. See, e.g, A. Cassesse, International Law in a Divided World (1986);
7. R. Higgins, Conflicts of Interest: International Law in a Divided World (1965);
8. Lissitzyn, 'International Law in a Divided World', 542 Int'l. Conciliation (1963) 1.
9. See, e.g., Vagts, 'Hegemonic International Law', 95 AJIL (2001) 843;
10. UN GA Res. 103, A/Res/34/103 (14 Dec. 1979). The 1979 GA Res. 103, entitled, 'Inadmissibility of Hegemonism in International Relations,' probably marks something of a high-water mark of 1970s Third Worldism in international fora.
11. Cassesse, supra note 6, at 160-163.
12. I have explored this phenomenon in detail in 'Legitimacy through Defiance: From Goa to Iraq', 23 Wisc. J. Int'l. L. (2005) 93.
13. Bin Laden, supra note 1.
14. Ibid.
15. 'Manifesto for the Defense of the West', Le Temps (4 Oct. 1935), at 1 (all translations mine unless otherwise noted).
16. 'Manifesto for the Respect of International Law', Le Populaire (5 Oct. 1935), at 1.
17. Editorial, 'An Overshadowed Assembly', Times of London, (3 October 1938), at 5.
18. For some versions of these plans, see 'Summary of the Franco-British Suggestions', 16 League of Nations OJ (August 1935) 1620
19. 'Note of the Committee of Five to the Ethiopian and Italian Representatives', September 1935, in Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs (ed.), Documents Relating to the Italo-Ethiopian Conffict (1936), at 54;
20. Text of the Suggestions for an Agreed Settlement of the Conflict, December 1935, in Ibid., at 173. See also the ambivalent response of leading international lawyers to the proposals, for example, Scelle, 'La Politique extérieure française et la S.D.N.', 10 Année politique française et étrangère (1935), at 292-293;
21. Rousseau, 'Le Conflit Italo-Ethiopien (ch. III)', 45 Revue Générale de droit international ublic (1938), at 61-62.
22. Compare the US justification of the invasion of the Dominican Republic, 1965, with the Soviet justification of the invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968. See Meeker, 'The Dominican Situation in International Law', 53 Dep't of State Bull. (1965) 60;
23. 'Pravda Article Justifying Invasion of Czechoslovakia', 7 ILM (1968) 1323. The US justification relied heavily on the OAS, as an international community based on the substantive value of anti-communism; the Soviet justification relied heavily on the Warsaw Pact, as a community based on the substantive value of Marxism-Leninism. Both at least implicitly acknowledged the formal illegality of their actions under the Charter. It should perhaps be noted here that the 'United Nations' originated as such a partial international community: the coalition of forces arrayed against the Axis Powers.
24. See, e.g., an editorial in the newspaper, La République, published a short time after Munich. Under the title, 'From Munich to Our Colonial Empire', the editorial declared: 'Our own Central Europe is the African continent. Our country is too great for quarrels between Germans and Slavs ever-resurgent in the Balkans.' Quoted in Ageron, 'A propos d'une prétendu politique de 'repli impérial' dans la France des années 1938-1939', 12 Revue d'histoire maghrebine (1978) 225.
25. See, e.g., The Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report (2000) 186.
26. See, e.g., Slaughter, 'Good Reasons for Going Around the U.N.', International Herald Tribune, 19 March 2003, available at http://www.wws.princeton.edu/slaughter/Commentary/GoodReasons.pdf.
27. See, e.g., Leitner, 'Les problèmes généraux du 'Peaceful Change', in Fédération universitaire internationale, Problèmes du 'Peaceful Change' (1936) 78;
28. Kunz, 'The Problem of Revision in International Law', 33 AJIL (1939) 54.
29. See, e.g., Lissitzyn, supra note 6, at 68-69.
30. See, e.g., Cassesse supra note 6, at 123-164.
31. See contra Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations ('the Brahimi Report') (2000), available at http://www.un.org/peace/reports/ peace_operations/.
32. I discuss this at length in 'Beyond Colonialism and Nationalism? Ethiopia, Czechoslovakia, and "Peaceful Change"', 6 Nordic JIL (1996) 421.
33. Teissonière, 'Faut-il résister aux violents?' 49 La Paix par le Droit (1938) 13.
34. Quoted in A. Rose, Surrealism and Communism (1991) 132.
35. See Meeker and Pravda articles, supra note 16.
36. Simma, 'NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects', 10 EJIL (1999) 11. Simma rejects the legal soundness of this position.
37. Bush, supra note 2.
38. Ibid.
39. 'Vers une « loi du Kosovo, » niserbe niyougoslave,' Le Monde, 17 August 1999 (author's translation, emphasis in the original).
40. The relevant portion of Regulation 1 reads: 'The laws applicable in the territory of Kosovo prior to 24 March 1999 shall continue to apply in Kosovo insofar as they do not conflict with [internationally recognized human rights standards], the fulfilment of the mandate given to UNMIK under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999), or the present or any other regulation issued by UNMIK'. UNMIK/REG/1999/1 Section 3 (25 July 1999).
41. UN SC Res. 1244, S/RES/1244(1999).
42. I have explored this 'alliance' in detail elsewhere. See, e.g., Berman, '"But the Alternative is Despair": European Nationalism and the Modernist Renewal of International Law', 106 Harv. L. Rev. (1993) 1792.
43. 'Constitutional Framework for Provisional Self-Government', UNMIK/REG/ 2001/9 (15 May 2001), available at http://www.unmikonline.org/ constframework.htm.
44. See Berman, supra note 34, at 1874-1897.
45. See ibid.
46. See also Berman, 'Modernism, Nationalism, and the Rhetoric of Reconstruction', in M. Loriaux and C. Lynch (eds), Law and Moral Action in World Politics (1999).
47. Compare Chapters 3 and 4 of the Kosovo 'Constitutional Framework,' supra note 35.
48. See, e.g., O. Janowsky, The Jews and Minority Rights, 1898-1919 (1933). For more recent examples of such divergent views on minority rights, compare the relatively individual-rights focus of the European Framework Convention on National Minorities, reprinted in 34 ILM (1995) 351, with the more group-focused approach of the prior Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly 'Recommendation 1201. On an Additional Protocol on the Rights of National Minorities to the European Convention on Human Rights', reprinted in 14 Human Rights L J (1993) 144.
49. See 'Constitutional Framework,' supra note 35, Chapter 9.1.3.
50. See ibid., Chapter 9.1.39.
51. Ibid., Chapter 4.2.
52. Ibid., Chapter 9.4.7.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid. The criteria were adumbrated in provisions such as Regulation No. 2001/2 Amending Unmik Regulation No. 2000/6, 'On the Appointment and Removal from Office of International Judges and International Prosecutors', 12 Jan. 2001, available at http://www.unmikonline.org/ regulations/2001/reg02-01.html.
55. See 'Unmik - Fry Common Document', 5 Nov. 2001, available at http://www.srbija.sr.gov.yu/razno/ pretrazivanje.php?q=unmik-fry+common+document.
56. 'Constitutional Framework', supra note 35, Chapter 12.
57. 'Traité de Protectorat du 30 Mars 1912', Préamble, reprinted in Nationality Decrees Case, PCIJ, Series C, Annex 8 (1923), at 343.
58. Ibid., Art. 2.
59. Ibid. at Art. 1.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid., Art. 3.
62. Ibid., Art. 5.
63. UN SC Res. 1244, S/RES/1244 (1999).
64. Ibid., Preamble.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., paras 7-11.
67. Ibid., para. 6.
68. It should be noted that just as regimes such as UNMIK find themselves doubled by the comparison to protectorates, so protectorates found themselves doubled by comparisons to colonies.
69. Res. 1244, supra note 54, Preamble.
70. 'Final Conclusions of the French Government', Nationality Decrees Case, PCIJ, Series C, No. 2 (1923), at 242.
71. See, e.g., Berman, supra note 34.