A view from below: An analysis of Korean Americans' racial attitudes

Amerasia Journal

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 1-24

  Kim, Nadia ^a  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750150847     PISSN: 00447471     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17953/amer.30.1.3252678pr626848u     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Susan Olzak, The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992)
2. Edward Chang and Jeannette Diaz-Veizades, Ethnic Peace in the American City: Building Community in Los Angeles and Beyond (New York: New York University Press, 1999)
3. Pyong Gap Min, Caught in the Middle: Korean Communities in New York and Los Angeles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996)
4. In-Jin Yoon, On my Own: Korean Businesses and Race Relations in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997)
5. Claire Kim, Bitter Fruit: The Politics of Black-Korean Conflict in New York City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 4
6. Moon Jo, "Korean Merchants in the Black Community: Prejudice among the Victims of Prejudice," Ethnic and Racial Studies 15 (1992), 395-411
7. Nadine Koch and H. Eric Schockman, "Riot, Rebellion, or Civil Unrest?: The Korean American and the African American Business Communities in Los Angeles," in George Totten and H. Eric Schockman, eds., Community in Crisis (Los Angeles: Center for Multi-ethnic and Transnational Studies, University of Southern California, 1994)
8. Min, Caught in the Middle
9. Kyeyoung Park, "The Reinvention of Affirmative Action: Korean Immigrants' Changing Conceptions of African Americans and Latin Americans," Urban Anthropology 24 (1995), 59-92
10. Ronald Weitzer, "Racial Prejudice among Korean Merchants in African American Neighborhoods," Sociological Quarterly 38 (1997), 587-606; Yoon
11. Lawrence Bobo, Camille Zubrinsky, James Johnson, and Melvin Oliver, "Public Opinion before and after a Spring of Discontent," in Mark Baldassare, ed., The Los Angeles Riots (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994)
12. James Jennings, "Racial Hierarchy and Ethnic Conflict in the United States," in James Jennings, ed., Blacks, Latinos, and Asians in Urban America: Status and Prospects for Politics and Activism (Westport: Praegar, 1994)
13. White area stores statistics from Eui-Young Yu, "Korean Community Profile: Life and Consumer Patterns," Korea Times, 1990
14. South Central statistic from Los Angeles Times, April 15, 1985
15. Jo. On anti-Black sentiment in China, see Frank Dikoetter, "Racial Identities in China: Context and Meaning," China Quarterly 138 (June 1994), 404-412
16. Goa Yuan, "In China, Black isn't Beautiful," New York Times, January 1989
17. On military influences see Katharine Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997)
18. Edward Chang, "Building Minority Coalitions: A Case-study of Koreans and African Americans," Korean Journal of Population and Development 21 (1992), 37-56
19. Margo Okazawa-Rey and Marshall Wong, "Organizing in Communities of Color: Addressing Interethnic Conflicts, Social Justice 24 (1997), 24-39; Yoon
20. Kyeyoung Park, "The Morality of a Commodity: A Case Study of 'Rebuilding L.A. without Liquor Stores,'" Amerasia Journal 21 (Winter 1995/1996), 1-24
21. Raphael Sonenshein, "The Battle over Liquor Stores in South Central Los Angeles: The Management of an Interminority Conflict," Urban Affairs Review 31 (1996), 710-737. To be sure, Jennifer Lee argues that despite the existence of racialized conflicts between Korean merchants and Black patrons, relations for the most part are civil
22. See Civility in the City: Blacks, Jews, and Koreans in Urban America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002)
23. Lucie Cheng and Yen Espiritu, "Korean Businesses in Black and Hispanic Neighborhoods: A Study of Intergroup Relations," Sociological Perspectives 32 (1989), 521-534
24. Melvin Oliver, James Johnson, and Walter Farrell, "Anatomy of a Rebellion: A Political-Economic Analysis," in Robert Gooding-Williams, ed., Reading Rodney King/Reading Urban Uprising (New York: Routledge, 1993)
25. On background factors, see Howard Schuman, Charlotte Steeh, Lawrence Bobo, and Maria Krysan, Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997)
26. On immigrants, see Cedric Herring and Charles Amissah, "Advance and Retreat: Racially-based Attitudes and Public Policy," in Steven Tuch and Jack Martin, eds., Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change (Westport: Praeger, 1997)
27. Mary Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California, 1990)
28. On Blacks, see Ozzie Edwards, "Skin Color as a Variable in Racial Attitudes of Black Urbanites," Journal of Black Studies 3 (1972), 473-483
29. Paul Sniderman and Thomas Piazza, The Scar of Race (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993)
30. See Edward Chang, "Korean Community Politics in Los Angeles: The Impact of the Kwangju Uprising," Amerasia Journal 14 (1998), 51-68
31. On inconsistent voting, see Wendy Tam Cho and Bruce Cain, "Asian Americans as the Median Voters: An Exploration of Attitudes and Voting Patterns on Ballot Initiatives," in Gordon Chang, ed., Asian Americans and Politics: Perspectives, Experiences, Prospects (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), 133-152 (149)
32. Gordon Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1954)
33. Lawrence Bobo, "Race, Interests, and Beliefs about Affirmative Action," American Behavioral Scientist 41 (1998), 985-1003
34. Daniel Batson and Christopher Burris, "Personal Religion: Depressant or Stimulant of Prejudice and Discrimination," in Mark Zanna and James Olson, eds., The Psychology of Prejudice: The Ontario Symposium Vol. 7 (Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1994)
35. see also Kwang Chung Kim and Shin Kim, "Ethnic Roles of Korean Immigrant Churches in the United States," in Ho-Youn Kwon, Kwang Chung Kim, and R. Stephen Warner, eds., Korean Americans and their Religions (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001)
36. On participation, see Pyong Gap Min, "The Structure and Social Functions of Korean Immigrant Churches in the United States," in Min Zhou and James Gatewood, eds., Contemporary Asian America: A Multidisciplinary Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 372-391
37. Henri Tajfel, Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
38. On nativism, see John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New York: Atheneum, 1970). On politicization, see C. Kim
39. Scott Cummings and Thomas Lambert, "Anti-Hispanic and Anti-Asian Sentiments among African Americans," Social Science Quarterly 78 (1997), 338-353; Weitzer
40. On issues related to census data, see Camille Zubrinsky and Lawrence Bobo, "Prismatic Metropolis: Race and Residential Segregation in the City of Angels," Social Science Research 25 (1996), 335-374
41. Donald Kinder and Tali Mendelberg, "Cracks in American Apartheid: The Political Impact of Prejudice among Desegregated Whites," The Journal of Politics 57 (1995), 402-424; Wilson; Bobo and Zubrinsky
42. Park, Korean American Dream
43. Pyong Gap Min, Changes and Conflicts: Korean Immigrant Families in New York (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998)
44. See Edward Park, "The Impact of Mainstream Political Mobilization on Asian American Communities: The Case of Korean Americans in Los Angeles, 1992-1998," in Chang, ed., Asian Americans and Politics, 285-310; Sonenshein
45. Paul Ong and David Lee, "Changing of the Guard? The Emerging Immigrant Majority in Asian American Politics," in Chang, Asian Americans and Politics, 153-172 (154)
46. Gallup, Black/White Relations in the United States (Princeton: Gallup, 1997)
47. Waters, Ethnic Options
48. I am indebted to Tyrone Forman for this point. On church-sharing, see Siyoung Park, "Residential Mobility of Koreans in Chicago," unpublished manuscript
49. On collectivism, see Alan Fiske, Shinobu Kitayama, Hazel Markus, and Richard Nisbett, "The Cultural Matrix of Social Psychology," in Daniel Gilbert, Susan Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology Volume II (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998)
50. Tajfel, Social Identity
51. Nancy Abelmann and John Lie, Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995)
52. Lawrence Bobo and James Kluegel, "Status, Ideology, and Dimensions of Whites' Racial Beliefs and Attitudes," in Tuch and Martin, eds., Racial Attitudes
53. Bobo et al., "Spring of Discontent."
54. On dissociation, see James Loewen, The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971)
55. and Jonathan Warren and France Winddance Twine, "White Americans, the New Minority? Non-Blacks and the Ever-expanding Boundaries of Whiteness," Journal of Black Studies 28 (1997), 200-218
56. On Asian American "foreignness," see Angelo Ancheta, Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998)
57. Mia Tuan, Forever Foreigners or Honorary Wliites?: The Asian Ethnic Experience Today (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998)
58. Patricia Guthrie and Janis Hutchinson, "The Impact of Perceptions on Interpersonal Interactions in an African American/Asian American Housing Project," Journal of Black Studies 25 (1995), 377-395 (390)
59. On Blacks' views of Asians, see In-Jin Yoon, "Attitudes, Social Distance, and Perceptions of Influence and Discrimination among Minorities," International Journal of Group Tensions 25:1 (1995): 35-56
60. Pinar Batur-VanderLippe and Joe Feagin, "Racial and Ethnic Inequality and Struggle from the Colonial Era to the Present: Drawing the Global Color Line," Research in Politics and Society 6 (1999), 3-21
61. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000)
62. Howard Winant, The World is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy since World War II (New York: Basic Books, 2001)