Trauma, place and the politics of memory: Bloody Sunday, Derry, 1972-2004

History Workshop Journal

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 151-178

  Dawson, Graham ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRIGHTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Historical harpsichords; Pleyel; Wanda Landowska

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750135990     PISSN: 13633554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hwj/dbi013     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. Raymond Murray, State Violence in Northern Ireland 1969-1997, Cork and Dublin, 1998
2. Bill Rolston, Unfinished Business: State Killings and the Quest for Truth, Belfast, 2000.
3. Bloody Sunday Initiative leaflet, 'Programme of Events: Bloody Sunday 1972-1992', 1992.
4. Contested Pasts: The Politics of Memory, ed. Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone, London and New York, 2003.
5. Prime Minister Edward Heath, reported in 'Minutes of a meeting with Lord Widgery at Downing Street, 1 Feb. 1972', in Don Mullan, Eyewitness Bloody Sunday, Dublin, 1998, p. 270.
6. Bloody Sunday 1972: Lord Widgery's Report of Events in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972, London, 2001
7. Dermot P. J. Walsh, Bloody Sunday and the Rule of Law in Northern Ireland, Basingstoke and London, 2001.
8. Graham Dawson, 'Trauma, Memory, Politics: The Irish Troubles', in Trauma: Life Stories of Survivors, ed. Kim Lacy Rogers, Selma Leydesdorff and Graham Dawson, Piscataway, NJ and London, 2004 (first published as Trauma and Life Stories: International Perspectives, London and New York, 1999)
9. Graham Dawson, 'Mobilising Memories: Protestant and Unionist Victims' Groups and the Politics of Victimhood in the Irish Peace Process', in Political Transition: Politics and Cultures, ed. Paul Gready, London and Sterling, VA, 2003
10. Graham Dawson, 'Ulster-British Identity and the Cultural Memory of "Ethnic Cleansing" on the Northern Ireland Border', in History, Nationhood and the Question of Britain, ed. Helen Brocklehurst and Robert Phillips, Basingstoke and New York, 2004
11. Graham Dawson, Making Peace with the Past? Cultural Memory, the Irish Troubles and the Peace Process, Manchester, forthcoming.
12. T. G. Ashplant, Graham Dawson and Michael Roper, 'The Politics of War Memory and Commemoration: Contexts, Structures and Dynamics', in Commemorating War: The Politics of Memory, ed. Ashplant, Dawson and Roper, Piscataway, NJ and London, 2004 (previously The Politics of War Memory and Commemoration, London and New York, 2000), p. 17.
13. Ashplant, Dawson and Roper, 'Politics of War Memory', p. 17.
14. Ashplant, Dawson and Roper, 'Politics of War Memory', p. 18.
15. Ashplant, Dawson and Roper, 'Politics of War Memory', p. 19.
16. Ashplant, Dawson and Roper, 'Politics of War Memory', p. 17.
17. For the theory of 'social recognition'. see Graham Dawson, Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities, London and New York, 1994.
18. Tony Doherty in Rolston, Unfinished Business, p. 15
19. Bloody Sunday Justice Campaign leaflet (1994), 'Vindicate the victims; repudiate Widgery; prosecute the guilty'.
20. Doherty in Rolston, Unfinished Business, p. 15.
21. Ashplant, Dawson and Roper, 'Politics of War Memory', pp. 20, 22.
22. Ashplant, Dawson and Roper, 'Politics of War Memory', p. 20.
23. Popular Memory Group, 'Popular Memory: Theory, Politics, Method', in Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, Making Histories, London, 1982, pp. 210-11.
24. Inger Agger and Søren Buus Jensen, Trauma and Healing under State Terrorism, London and New Jersey, 1996.
25. Edward W. Said, Orientalism, London, 1978, pp. 54-5.
26. Peter Read, Returning to Nothing: The Meaning of Lost Places, Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, 1996, pp. 2, 7.
27. Read, Returning to Nothing, p. 2.
28. Read, Returning to Nothing, p. 2.
29. Read, Returning to Nothing, pp. xi, 236.
30. Pamela J. Stewart and Andrew Strathern, 'Introduction', Landscape, Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives, London and Sterling, VA, 2003, pp. 3-6.
31. Marie-Therese Fay, Mike Morrissey and Marie Smyth, Northern Ireland's Troubles: The Human Costs, London and Sterling, VA, 1999, p. 136.
32. See also Dawson, 'Ulster-British Identity'.
33. Dawson, 'Trauma, Memory, Politics'
34. Dawson, 'Mobilising Memories'
35. Past Imperfect: Dealing with the Past in Northern Ireland and Societies in Transition, ed. Brandon Hamber, Derry/Londonderry, 1998
36. Hear and Now ... and Then ... Developments in Victims and Survivors Work, ed. James Magowan and Norma Patterson, Belfast, 2001.
37. American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (1987),
38. quoted in Patrick Hayes, 'Narrative Tradition, Intergenerational Perceptions of Trauma, Social Identity Development and General Health Implications among a Sample of the "Bloody Sunday" Families, Derry, Northern Ireland', Doctoral thesis, Queens University of Belfast, 2000, p. 157.
39. Selma Leydesdortf, Graham Dawson, Natasha Burchardt and T. G. Ashplant, 'Introduction: Trauma and Life Stories', in Trauma: Life Stories of Survivors, ed. Rogers, Leydesdorff and Dawson, pp. 1-7.
40. Stewart and Strathern, 'Introduction', Landscape, Memory and History, pp. 6, 9.
41. Brian Lacey, Siege City: The Story of Derry and Londonderry, Belfast, 1990.
42. Rev. Hugh Hanna quoted in Peter Robinson, Their Cry Was 'No Surrender': an Account of the Siege of Londonderry, 1688-1689, Belfast, 1988, p. 20.
43. See also Ian McBride, The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant Mythology, Dublin, 1997.
44. Neil Jarman, Material Conflicts: Parades and Visual Displays in Northern Ireland, Oxford, 1997, p. 78.
45. Eamonn McCann, War and an Irish Town, London, 1980, pp. 21-2.
46. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange State, London, 1980, p. 81.
47. For the history of 1919-22, see Farrell, Northern Ireland, pp. 21-65
48. Jonathan Bardon, A History of Ulster, Belfast, 1992, pp. 466-95.
49. Farrell, Northern Ireland, p. 81. See pp. 81-97.
50. Farrell, Northern Ireland, p. 92.
51. Seamus Deane in The Border: Personal Reflections from Ireland, North and South, ed. Paddy Logue, Dublin, 1999, pp. 28-9.
52. Farrell, Northern Ireland, pp. 25-6
53. Bardon, History of Ulster, pp. 468-9.
54. McCann, War, pp. 27-63
55. Bardon, History of Ulster, pp. 666-72.
56. Bloody Sunday Initiative, Political Guide to Derry (pamphlet), Derry, 1991.
57. See also Peter Pringle, 'Bloody Sunday - exorcising Widgery', in Hidden Truths: Bloody Sunday 1972, ed. Trisha Ziff, Santa Monica, CA, 1998, pp. 61-3.
58. Fr. Anthony Mulvey quoted in Peter Pringle and Philip Jacobson, Those Are Real Bullets, Aren't They? Bloody Sunday, Derry, 30 January 1972, London, 2000, p. 34.
59. Pringle and Jacobson, Real Bullets, p. 35.
60. McCann, War, pp. 63-116
61. Bardon, History of Ulster, pp. 687, 692-9.
62. Irish News, 30 Aug. 1992.
63. Pringle and Jacobson, Real Bullets, p. 42
64. McCann, War, pp. 96, 106.
65. Pringle and Jacobson, Real Bullets, pp. 143-4.
66. Pringle and Jacobson, Real Bullets, p. 57.
67. Mullan, Eyewitness
68. Pringle and Jacobson, Real Bullets.
69. An Phoblacht/Republican News, 30 Jan, 1992, pp. 8-9.
70. McCann, War, p. 101.
71. Mullan, 'Introduction', in Eyewitness, p. 35.
72. See Mullan, Eyewitness
73. Joanne O'Brien, A Matter of Minutes: The Enduring Legacy of Bloody Sunday, Dublin, 2002
74. Derry Journal, Bloody Sunday Supplement, 31 Jan. 1997.
75. Mullan, 'Introduction', pp. 35-6.
76. Hayes, 'Narrative Tradition', pp. 172-3.
77. See, for example, O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, pp. 34, 50, 96, 112, 136
78. Hayes, 'Narrative Tradition', pp. 163-7.
79. Mullan, Eyewitness, p. 39
80. Hayes, 'Narrative Tradition'.
81. Liz Curtis, Ireland: The Propaganda War. The British Media and the Battle for Hearts and Minds, London and Sydney, 1984, p. 49
82. Kay Duddy in Unfinished Business, Rolston, p. 11
83. Eamonn McCann, Bloody Sunday in Derry: What Really Happened, Dingle, 1992.
84. Mullan, Eyewitness, pp. 44-5
85. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 36.
86. Hayes, 'Narrative Tradition', pp. 181-3
87. Joelle Gartner, 'Anger at the Heel: The Legacy of Bloody Sunday', in Ziff, Hidden Truths, pp. 124-5
88. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 70.
89. See, for example, Gerry Ruddy, 'Peddling propaganda in the classroom', Andersonstown News, 20 Aug. 1994, p. 28
90. Curtis, Ireland, pp. 49-51.
91. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, pp. 34, 72, 80, 94, 142.
92. Derry Journal, Bloody Sunday Supplement, 31 Jan. 1997, p. 14.
93. Pringle and Jacobson, Real Bullets, p. 1.
94. Irish News, 30 Jan. 1995.
95. Pringle, 'Bloody Sunday', p. 52.
96. Pringle and Jacobson, Real Bullets, p. 1.
97. Bloody Sunday Initiative, Political Guide.
98. Mullan, Eyewitness, Pictures Section 2.
99. Nell McCafferty, 'You are Now Entering Woman-free Derry', Hot Press, 20 Sept. 1995, p. 41
100. The Bogside Artists, 'We, the Accused', in Fingerpost, November 1995, pp. 15-17.
101. William Kelly with Tom Kelly and Kevin Hasson, Murals: The Bogside Artists, Derry, 2001; extract on the Bogside Artists website , visited 17 Dec. 2004. Images and details of the entire sequence of murals can be found on this website.
102. See also Colm Barton, 'The Future', in Ziff, Hidden Truths, p. 172.
103. Kelly with Kelly and Hasson, Bogside Artists website.
104. Bloody Sunday Initiative bulletin, 'Towards Justice: Remember Bloody Sunday', 1991.
105. Tony Doherty in Rolston, Unfinished Business, p. 15. See pp. 15-18.
106. See Dawson, 'Trauma, Memory, Politics', p. 192
107. McCann, Bloody Sunday, p. 163
108. Irish News, 27 Jan. 1992, p. 3.
109. See, for example, An Phoblacht/Republican News, 2 Feb. 1995, p. 6. The transition can be traced in the design of the posters advertising the annual commemorative parade. See CAIN website , visited 20 August 2003.
110. Bloody Sunday Initiative, Political Guide.
111. Derry Journal, 4 Feb. 1997.
112. Belfast Telegraph, 3 Feb. 1997
113. Derry Journal, 4 Feb. 1997
114. Ziff, Hidden Truths, pp. 170-5.
115. Derry Journal, Bloody Sunday Supplement, 31 Jan. 1997, p. 4.
116. Marianne Hirsch, Family Frames: Photography, Narrative and Postmemory, Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1997, pp. 21-2.
117. See Hayes, 'Narrative Tradition', for an analysis of cross-generational storytelling and second-generation attitudes towards the justice campaign, especially pp. 232-8, 278-9.
118. Derry Journal, 4 Feb. 1997.
119. Jo Stanley, 'Involuntary Commemorations: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Its Relationship to War Commemoration', in Ashplant, Roper and Dawson, Commemorating War.
120. Dori Laub, 'Bearing Witness or the Vicissitudes of Listening', in Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, ed. Shoshana Felman and Dori Laub, London and New York, 1992, p. 69.
121. Laub, 'Bearing Witness', pp. 67, 69.
122. Laub, 'Bearing Witness', pp. 69-70.
123. Leydesdorff, Dawson, Burchardt and Ashplant, 'Introduction', in Trauma: Life Stories of Survivors, ed. Rogers, Leydesdorff and Dawson, p. 6.
124. They quote from Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 1992.
125. See also Dawson, 'Trauma, Memory, Politics'.
126. Dori Laub, 'An Event Without a Witness: Truth, Testimony and Survival', in Testimony, ed. Felman and Laub, p. 76.
127. See, for example, Kathleen Kelly in McCann, Bloody Sunday, pp. 190-4.
128. Ashplant, Roper and Dawson, 'Politics of War Memory', pp. 18-19.
129. Doherty in Rolston, Unfinished Business, p. 16
130. McCann, Bloody Sunday.
131. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 18.
132. Joanne O'Brien, 'Back to Bloody Sunday', in Sunday Business Post, 25 Jan. 1998, p. 14.
133. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 58.
134. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 116.
135. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 72.
136. Doherty in Rolston, Unfinished Business, p. 16.
137. Bloody Sunday Justice Campaign, 'Epilogue' in Mullan, Eyewitness, p. 267.
138. See also the BSJC Submission to the Forum for Peace and Reconciliation, in An Phoblacht/Republican News, 26 Jan. 1995, p. 9.
139. Dawson, 'Trauma, Memory, Politics', p. 192.
140. Mullan, Eyewitness
141. Walsh, Bloody Sunday.
142. Mullan, Eyewitness, p. 308.
143. Downing Street Declaration by the Irish Taoiseach, Albert Reynolds, and the British Prime Minister, John Major, 15 Dec. 1993, in Accord, Issue 8, 1999: 'Striking a Balance. The Northern Ireland Peace Process', p. 70
144. Prime Minister Tony Blair's statement to the House of Commons, Guardian, 30 Jan. 1998, p. 6.
145. McCann, Bloody Sunday, p. 91
146. Rolston, Unfinished Business, p. 9.
147. Quoted in Susan McKay, Northern Protestants: An Unsettled People, Belfast, 2000, pp. 325-6.
148. See also Dawson, 'Trauma, Memory, Politics', p. 193.
149. Editorial, News Letter, 3 Feb. 1997, p. 6.
150. Editorial, News Letter, 3 Feb. 1997, p. 6.
151. News Letter, 10 Feb. 1997, pp. 6-7.
152. McKay, Northern Protestants, pp. 21, 325-7, 339.
153. Dawson, 'Mobilising Memories'
154. Dawson, 'Ulster-British Identity'
155. Rolston, 'Introduction: Victims, Truth and Prejudice', in Unfinished Business, pp. x-xiv.
156. McKay, Northern Protestants, pp. 1205 197
157. Dawson, 'Mobilising Memories', pp. 139-40
158. 'Bloody Sunday Costs Will Not Be Capped', Guardian, 16 Jan. 2002, p. 10
159. 'Paisley Complains of Discrimination', Guardian, 9 May 2002, p. 11.
160. Guardian, 15 March 2002, p. 11.
161. Walsh, Bloody Sunday, p. 55.
162. Walsh, Bloody Sunday, p. 56.
163. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 40.
164. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 96. See also p. 85.
165. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 122.
166. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 56. See also p. 46.
167. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 130. See also p. 96.
168. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 116.
169. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, pp. 85, 116, 126.
170. Mullan, Eyewitness, p. 309
171. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 147.
172. Rolston, Unfinished Business, p. 9
173. Guardian, 26 July 2002, p. 5.
174. Rolston, p. 6
175. Matter of Minutes, p. 130.
176. Observer, 9 June 2002, p. 17.
177. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, pp. 116, 118.
178. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 80.
179. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 85. See also pp. 91, 118, 147.
180. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 36.
181. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 130.
182. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 134. See also pp. 68, 130.
183. Guardian, 15 March 2002, p. 11
184. Guardian, 24 Sept. 2002, p. 2.
185. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, pp. 116-18.
186. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 26.
187. O'Brien, Matter of Minutes, p. 91.
188. See also Doherty in Rolston, Unfinished Business, pp. 21-2.