Comparison of linear and non-linear data projection techniques in recognizing universal facial expressions

Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks

Volumn 5, Issue , 2005, Pages 3087-3092

  Yeasin, Mohammed ^a   Bullot, Baptiste ^b  

^a University of Memphis   (United States)

^b Software Engineer ^*  (France)

Author keywords

Affective computing; Data projection; Facial expressions; Machine learning and hidden Markov Models

Indexed keywords

AFFECTIVE COMPUTING; DATA PROJECTION; FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS; LOCAL LINEAR EMBEDDING (LLE);

COMPUTER VISION; DATABASE SYSTEMS; MARKOV PROCESSES; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS;

DATA REDUCTION;

EID: 33750122706     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1109/IJCNN.2005.1556418     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (40)

1. E. Boyle, A.M. Anderson, and A. Newlands, "The Effects of Visibility on Dialogue in a Cooperative Problem Solving Task", Language and Speech, vol. 37 (1), pp. 1-20, 1994.
2. G.M. Stephenson, K. Ayling, D.R. Rutter, "The Role of Visual Communication in Social Exchange," Britain Journal of Social Clinical Psychology, vol. 15, pp. 113-120, 1976.
3. K. Matsumura, Y. Nakamura, and K. Matsui, "Mathematical Representation and Image Generation of Human Faces by Metamorphosis", Electronics and Comm. in Japan, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 36-46, 1997.
4. M. Pantic and L.J.M. Rothkrantz," Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art", IEEE Trans. on Pat. Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 12, December 2000.
5. P. Ekman and R. Davidson, "The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions," Oxford Univ. Press, 1994.
6. P. Ekman., "About Brows: Emotional and Conversational Signals", In J. Aschoff, M. Con Camach, K. Foppa, W. Lepenies, and D. Plog, editors. Human Ethology, pages 169-202. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1979.
7. P.Ekman, "Emotions in the Human Face", Cambridge University Press, 1982.
8. P. Ekman, "Methods for Measuring Facial Actions", In K. R. Scherer and P. Ekman, editors. Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behaviour Research, pages 45-90, Cambridge University, 1982.
9. P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen, "Constants Across Cultures in the Face and Emotion", Journal of Personality and Social Psych., 17(2): 124-129, 1971.
10. P. Ekman and W. Friesen, "Pictures of Facial Affect," Consulting Psychologists, 1976.
11. Kapoor, S. Mota, and R. Picard, 'Towards Learning Companion that Recognizes Affect," in the Proc. of American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 2001.
12. R. Picard, "Affective Computing" MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, London, England, 1997.
13. C. Izard, "The Maximally Descri mi native Facial Movement Coding System (MAX)", Ph.D. thesis, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 1979.
14. G. W. Cottrell and J. Metcalfe, "EMPATH: Face, Gender and Emotion Recognition using Holons," in R. P. Lippman, J. Moody, and D. S. Touretzky, editors, Advances in Neural Inf. Processing Systems, volume 3, pages 564-571, 1991.
15. C. Padgett and G. W. Cottrell, "Representing Face Image for Emotion Classification," In M. Mozer, M. Jordan, and T. Petsche, editors. Advances in Neural Inf. Processing Systems, volume 9, pages 894-900, Cambridge, MA, 1997. MIT Press.
16. J. Russell, "Is There Universal Recognition of Emotion from Facial Expression? A Review of the Cross-cultural Studies," Psychological Bulletin, vol. 115, pp. 102-141, 94.
17. J. Haidt and D. Kellner, "Culture and Facial Expression: Open-ended Methods to Find More Expressions and a Gradient of Recognition," Cognition and Emotion, vol. 13, pp. 225-266, 1999.
18. L. Franco and A. Treves, "A Neural Network Facial Expression Recognition System using Unsupervised Local Processing," presented at Intl. Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2001.
19. M. Lyons and S. Akamatsu, "Coding Facial Expressions with Gabor Wavelets," presented at International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition, 1998.
20. J. Bassili, "Emotion Recognition: The Role of Facial Movement and the Relative Importance of Upper and Lower Areas of the Face," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 37, pp. 2049-2059, 1979.
21. I.Essa and A. Pentland, "Facial Expression Recognition using a Dynamic Model and Motion Energy," In the Proc. International Conf. on Computer Vision, 1995.
22. I.Essa and A.Pentland, "Coding Analysis Interpretation and Recognition of Facial Expressions," IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1995.
23. T. Darrell, I. Essa, and A. Pentland, "Correlation and Interpolation Networks for Real-time Expression Analysis/Synthesis," In the Proc. of Neural Information Processing Systems, 1994.
24. V. Kumar and T. Poggio, "Learning-Based Approach to Real Time Tracking and Analysis of Faces," in the Proc. of Intl. Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. 2000.
25. D. Lin and J. Chen, "Facial expressions classification with hierarchical radial basis function networks," in the Proc. of Int. Conf. on Neural Information Processing, 1999.
26. Y. Moses, D. Reynard, and A. Blake, "Determining Facial Expressions in Real Time," in the Proc. Of International Conference on Computer Vision, 1995.
27. Y. Yacoob and L. Davis, "Recognizing Human Facial Expressions from Long Image Sequences using Optical Flow," IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 18, 1996.
28. M. Rosenblum, Y. Yacoob, and L. Davis, "Human Emotion Recognition from Motion using a Radial-basis Function Network Architecture," IEEE Workshop on Motion of Non-Rigid and Articulated Objects, 1994.
29. M. Black and Y. Yacoob, "Recognizing Facial Expressions in Image Sequences using Local Parameterized Models of Image Motion," in the Proc. Int. Conference on Computer Vision, 1995.
30. Cohen, A. Garg, and T. Huang, "Emotion Recognition from Facial Expressions using Multilevel HMM," in the Proc. of Neural Information Proc. Systems, 2000.
31. J. Lien, T. Kanade, J. Cohn, and C. Li, "A Multi-method Approach for Discriminating between Similar Facial Expressions, Including Expression Intensity Information," in the Proc. of Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1998.
32. N. Oliver, A. Pentland, and F. Berard, "LAFTER: Lips and Face Real Time Tracker with Facial Expression Recognition," in the Proc. of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1997.
33. Y. Tian, T. Kanade. and J. Cohn, "Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis," IEEE Trans. on Pat. Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 23, 2000.
34. Y. Yoshitomi, S. Kim, T. Kawano, and T. Kitazoe, "Effect of Sensor Fusion for Recognition of Emotional States Using Voice, Face Image and Thermal Image of Face," presented at IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2000.
35. T. Kanade, J. Cohn, and Y. Tian, "Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis," Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 46-53, 2000.
36. J. J. Lien, "Automatic Recognition of Facial Expression using Hidden Markov Models and Estimation of Expression Intensity," PhD thesis, The Robotics Institute, CMU, April 1998.
37. S. Roweis and L. Saul, "Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding". Science, Vol.290 (5500), pp.2323-2326, Dec.22, 2000.
38. M. Yeasin and Y. Kuniyoshi, "Detecting and tracking human face using a space-varying sensor and an active head ", in the proceedings of the IEEE computer society conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 168-173, South Carolina. USA, 2000.
39. D. Lee and H. S. Seung, "Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization ", Nature, V. 401, pp. 788-791, 1999.
40. H. Rowley, S. Baluja. and T. Kanade, "Neural Network-Based Face Detection," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 20, No. 1, January, 1998, pp. 23-38.