Periodontal status in smokers and never-smokers: Clinical findings and real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification of putative periodontal pathogens

Journal of Periodontology

Volumn 77, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 1483-1490

  Gomes, Sabrina C ^a,b,c   Piccinin, Flavia B ^d   Oppermann, Rui V ^b,d   Susin, Cristiano ^d,e   Nonnenmacher, Claudia I ^c   Mutters, Reinier ^c   Marcantonio, Rosemary Adriana C ^a  

^a SÃO PAULO STATE UNIVERSITY UNESP   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSIDADE LUTERANA DO BRASIL   (Brazil)

^c PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^d FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^e TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cross sectional study; Microbiology; Periodontitis; Polymerase chain reaction; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ACTINOBACILLUS ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS; ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GINGIVITIS; HUMAN; MALE; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; PERIODONTAL EXAMINATION; PERIODONTITIS; PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK FACTOR; SAMPLE SIZE; SMOKING; TOOTH DISEASE; TOOTH FLORA; TOOTH PLAQUE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; GRAM NEGATIVE ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS; PERIODONTICS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ACTINOBACILLUS ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS; ADULT; BACTERIAL TYPING TECHNIQUES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DENTAL PLAQUE; FEMALE; GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID; GRAM-NEGATIVE ANAEROBIC STRAIGHT, CURVED, AND HELICAL RODS; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS; PERIODONTAL INDEX; PERIODONTITIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SMOKING;

EID: 33750115389     PISSN: 00223492     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.060026     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Page R, Offenbacher S, Schoreder HE. Advances in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 1997;14:216-248.
2. Hujoel PP, Bergström L, Del Aguila MA, DeRouen TA. A hidden periodontitis epidemic during the 20th century? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003;31:1-6.
3. Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Relationship of cigarette smoking to attachment level profiles. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:283-295.
4. Erdemir EO, Duran I, Haliloglu S. Effects of smoking on clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid levels of IL-6 and TNF alpha in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:99-104.
5. Baljoon M, Natto S, Bergström J. Long-term effect of smoking on vertical periodontal bone loss. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:789-797.
6. Müller HP, Stadermann S, Heinecke A. Longitudinal association between plaque and gingival bleeding in smokers and non-smokers. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:287-294.
7. Shiloah J, Patters MR, Waring MB. The prevalence of pathogenic periodontal microflora in healthy young adult smokers. J Periodontol 2000;71:562-567.
8. Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Relationship of cigarette smoking to the subgingival microbiota. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:377-388.
9. van Winkelhoff AJ, Bosch -Tijhof CJ, Winkel EG, van der Reijden WA. Smoking affects the subgingival microflora in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2001;72:666-671.
10. van der Velden U, Varoufaki A, Hutter JW, et al. Effect of smoking and periodontal treatment on the subgingival microflora. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30: 1031-1037.
11. Boström L, Bergström J, Dahlen G, Linder LE. Smoking and subgingival microflora in periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:212-219.
12. Salvi GE, Ramseier CA, Kandylaki M, Sigrist L, Awedowa E, Lang NP. Experimental gingivitis in cigarette smokers: A clinical and microbiological study. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:441-447.
13. Natto S, Baljoon M, Dáhlen G, Bergström J. Tobacco smoking and periodontal microflora in a Saudi Arabian population. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:549-555.
14. Buduneli N, Baylas H, Buduneli E, Turkoglu O, Dahlen G. Evaluation of the relationship between smoking during pregnancy and subgingival microbiota. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:68-74.
15. Apatzidou DA, Riggio MP, Kinane DF. Impact of smoking on the clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters of adult patients with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:973-983.
16. Boutaga K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Savelkoul PHM. Comparison of real-time PCR and culture for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Microbiol 2003;11:4950-4954.
17. Sanz M, Lau L, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Silva A. Methods of detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in periodontal microbiology, with special emphasis on advanced molecular techniques: A review. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:1034-1047.
18. Nonnenmacher C, Dalpke A, Mutters R, Heeg K. Quantitative detection of periodontopathogens by real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2004;59:117-125.
19. Nonnenmacher C, Dalpke A, Rochon J, Flores-de-Jacoby L, Mutters H, Heeg K. Real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection and quantification of bacteria in periodontal patients. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1542-1549.
20. Hartroth B, Seyfahrt I, Conrads G. Sampling of periodontal pathogens by paper points: Evaluation of basic parameters. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1999;14: 326-330.
21. Syed SA, Loesche WJ. Survival of human dental plaque flora in various transport media. Appl Microbiol 1972;24:638-644.
22. Tözüm TF, Hatipoglu H, Yamalik N, et al. Critical steps in electronic volume quantification of gingival crevicular fluid: The potential impact of evaporation, fluid retention, local conditions and repeated measurements. J Periodontol Res 2004;39:344-357.
23. Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J 1975;25: 229-235.
24. Yang S, Lin S, Kelen GD, et al. Quantitative multiprobe PCR assay for simultaneous detection and identification to species level of bacterial pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:3449-3454.
25. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 1990; 215:403-410.
26. Bergström J. Influence of tobacco smoking on periodontal bone height. Long-term observations and a hypothesis. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31: 260-266.
27. Susin C, Dalla Vechia CF, Oppermann RV, Haugejorden O, Albandar JM. Periodontal attachment loss in an urban population of Brazilian adults: Effect of demographic, behavioural, and environmental risk indicators. J Periodontol 2004;75:1033-1041.
28. Susin C, Oppermann RV, Haugejorden O, Albandar JM. Occurrence and risk indicators of increased probing depth in an adult Brazilian population. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:123-129.
29. Griffiths GS, Aterne JAC, Wilton JMA, Eaton KA, Johnson NW. Associations between volume and flow rate of gingival crevicular fluid and clinical assessments of gingival inflammation in a population of British male adolescents. J Clin Periodontol 1992; 19:464-470.
30. Griffiths G. Formation, collection and significance of gingival crevicular fluid. Periodontol 2000 2003;31: 32-42.
31. Holm-Pedersen P, Löe H. Flow of gingival exudates as related to menstruation and pregnancy. J Periodontal Res 1967;2:13-20.
32. Lyons SR, Griffen AL, Leys E. Quantitative real-time PCR for Porphyromonas gingivalis and total bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:2362-2365.
33. Rudney JD, Chen R, Pan Y. Endpoint quantitative PCR assays for Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Periodontal Res 2003;38:465-470.
34. Yoshida A, Suzuki N, Nakano Y, Kawada M, Oho T, Koga T. Development of a 5′ fluorogenic nuclease-based real-time PCR assay for quantitative detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:863-866.
35. Kuboniwa M, Amano A, Kimura KR, et al. Quantitative detection of periodontal pathogens using real-time polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:168-176.
36. Lau L, Sanz M, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Martin C, Silva A. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction versus culture: A comparison between two methods for the detection and quantification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:1061-1069.
37. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Smith C, et al. Use of checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization to study complex microbial ecosystems. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:352-362.
38. Contreras A, Doan N, Chen C, Rusitanonta T, Flynn MJ, Slots J. Importance of Dialister pneumosintes in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2000; 15:269-272.
39. Sanz M, van Winkelhoff AJ, Herrera D, Dellemijn-Kippuw N, Simon R, Winkel EG. Differences in the composition of the subgingival microbiota of two periodontitis populations of different geographical origin. A comparison between Spain and The Netherlands. Eur J Oral Sci 2000;108:383-392.
40. Haffajee AD, Bogren A, Hasturk H, Feres M, Lopez NJ, Socransky SS. Subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis subjects from different geographic locations. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:996-1002.