Constitutional engineering: What opportunities for the enhancement of gender rights?

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 1209-1221

  Waylen, Georgina ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM; FEMINISM; GENDER RELATIONS; GENDER ROLE; WOMENS STATUS;

AFGHANISTAN; ASIA; EURASIA; IRAQ; MIDDLE EAST; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 33750108526     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590600933305     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. For an exposition of these ideas, see Vivien Hart, 'Democratic constitution making', Special Report, 107, Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace, July 2003.
2. See, for example, Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance's (IDEA) international programme on constitution-building processes launched in 2004, at www.idea.int/conflict/cbp.
3. See the discussion of this in A Bartholemew, 'Group differentiated cultural rights, constitutionalism and feminism' and Alexandra Dobrowolsky, 'Women, constitutionalism and contestation: Some tentative conclusions', in Alexandra Dobrowolsky & Vivien Hart (eds), Women Making Constitutions: New Politics and Comparative Perspectives, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003.
4. The best known book-length exploration of this topic is Dobrowolsky & Hart, Women Making Constitutions. For the UK experience, see the case studies by F Mackay, F Myers & A Brown, 'Towards a new politics? Women and constitutional change in Scotland';
5. C Harvey, 'The politics of human rights and gender equality in Northern Ireland';
6. B Hinds, 'Mainstreaming equality in Northern Ireland'; and
7. P Chaney, 'Increased rights and representation: Women and the post-devolution equality agenda in Wales', all in ibid.
8. Hart, 'Democratic constitution making', p 10.
9. L Chappell, Gendering Government: Feminist Engagement with the State in Australia and Canada, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2002.
10. But there are some signs that a new and welcome trend towards 'feminist institutionalism' is developing.
11. See, for example, G Waylen, Engendering Transitions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.
12. Ibid.
13. J Pitanguy, 'Bridging the local and global: Feminism in Brazil and the international human rights agenda', Social Research, 69 (3), 2002, p 810.
14. For a full discussion of this process, see S Alvarez, Engendering Democracy in Brazil, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990, p 251
15. M Htun, Sexing the State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p 125.
16. Alvarez, Engendering Democracy in Brazil, p 254.
17. Ibid, p 252.
18. M Htun, 'The puzzle of women's rights in Brazil', Social Research, 69 (3), 2002, pp 733-751
19. M Htun, Sexing the State, p 127.
20. G Negretto, 'Constitution-making and institutional design: The reform of presidentialism in the Argentine constitution of 1994', paper presented at LASA, Chicago, 1998.
21. G Waylen, 'Gender and democratic politics: A comparative analysis of consolidation in Chile and Argentina', Journal of Latin American Studies, 32, 2000, pp 765- 793.
22. V Guzman, 'Democratic governance and gender: Possible linkages', Serie Mujer y Desarollo, 48, Santiago: ECLAC, 2004, p 19.
23. Interview with Maria del Carmen Feijoo, feminist academic and member of the 1993 Constituent Assembly, Buenos Aires, 25 May 1996.
24. Charterism had its early expression in the Freedom Charter drawn up in 1955 by the rights-based Congress Alliance, which laid out the conditions for a non-racial South Africa based on a discourse of equal citizenship for all. For more discussion of this, see GWaylen, 'Women's mobilization and gender outcomes in transitions to democracy: The case of South Africa', Comparative Political Studies, May 2007, forthcoming.
25. C Albertyn, 'Women and the transition to democracy in South Africa', in F Kaganas & C Murray (eds), Gender and the New South African Legal Order, Cape Town: Juta, 1994, p 47.
26. Interview with Mavivi Manzini, 30 July 2003, Johannesburg.
27. S Hassim, '"A conspiracy of women": The women's movement in South Africa's transition to democracy', Social Research, 69 (Fall), 2002, p 718.
28. C Albertyn, 'Women and the transition to democracy in South Africa', p 59.
29. C Albertyn et al, Engendering the Political Agenda: A South African Case Study, Johannesburg: Centre for Applied Legal Studies, University of Witswatersrand, 1999, p 93.
30. R Southall, 'The state of democracy in South Africa', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 38 (Autumn), 2000, p 147.
31. C Albertyn, 'Towards substantive representation: Women and politics in South Africa', in Dobrowolsky & Hart, Women Making Constitutions, p 104.
32. C Albertyn et al, Engendering the Political Agenda.
33. See Eastern European Constitutional Review, Women's Rights Centre and EU documentation on discrimination in Poland, Google search, '1997 Polish Constitution'.
34. C Bretherton, 'Gender mainstreaming and EU enlargement: Swimming against the tide?', Journal of European Public Policy, 8 (1), 2001, pp 60-81.
35. E Matynia, 'Provincializing global feminism: The Polish case', Social Research, 70 (2), 2003, p 513.
36. J Heinen & S Portet 'Political and social citizenship: An examination of the case of Poland', in M Molyneux & S Razavi (eds), Gender Justice, Development and Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
37. WIDE Information Sheet, 'Gender equality and EU accession: The situation in the Czech Republic', at www.eurosur.org./wide.
38. Bretherton, 'Gender mainstreaming and EU enlargement', p 68.
39. Transcript of a talk by Manal Omar, 'Women's rights in a new Iraq: The constitution and the future', Council for Foreign Relations, New York, 11 May 2005, at www.cfr.org/publication/8114/ womens_rights_in_a_new_iraq.html.
40. I Coleman, 'Women, Islam and the new Iraq', Foreign Affairs, January/ February, 2006, p 73.
41. Interview with Yanar Mohammed, Director of the Organization of Women's Freedom, on the Democracy Now Website, at www.democracynow.org, accessed 25 August 2005.
42. Coleman, 'Women, Islam and the new Iraq'.
43. R Guerrina, 'Constitutional politics in Europe: Continuing trends in the politics of gender', Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, forthcoming.
44. E Lombardo, 'Integrating or setting the agenda? Gender mainstreaming and the European constitution-making process', Social Politics, Fall 2005, pp 412-432.
45. S Millns, 'Mainstreaming gender equality in the EU's constitutional future', paper presented to the ECPR Conference, Budapest, September 2005.
46. Lombardo, 'Integrating or setting the agenda?', p 425.