Masculinity and madness: Princely personhood and colonial sciences of the mind in western india 1871 - 1940

Past and Present

Volumn 187, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 121-156

  Kapila, Shruti ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavioural; Biological; CHD; Coronary events; Early life; Economic difficulties; Household; Social gradient; Work environment characteristics

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750098529     PISSN: 00312746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gti015     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Manohar Malgonkar, Chattrapatis of Kolhapur (Bombay, 1971), 545.
2. Papers relating to the Inquiry into the Death of the Maharaja of Kolhapur, deposition by Malhari Sakharam Garge, servant to the Maharaja, 25 Dec. 1883, No. 1: British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections (hereafter BL, OIOC), R/2/9 (801/18).
3. Deposition by Private Thomas Green, Royal Lancaster Regiment, 25, 27 Dec. 1883, No. 29: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (801/18).
4. Judgement by C. H. Hoop, Magistrate, Ahmednagar, 27 Dec. 1883, No. 1: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (801/18).
5. Malgonkar, Chattrapatis of Kolhapur, 545-57.
6. Stanley A. Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India (1961; Delhi, 1989), 19-22.
7. Partha Chatterjee, A Princely Impostor? The Strange and Universal History of the Kumar of Bhawal (Princeton, 2002). Inexplicably, and tantalizingly, the Indian edition of the book is subtitled The Kumar of Bhawal and the Secret History of Indian Nationalism (Delhi, 2002).
8. Louis Dumont, 'The Modern Conception of the Individual: Notes on its Genesis', 'The Functional Equivalents of the Individual in Caste Society', Contributions to Indian Sociology, viii (1965).
9. McKim Marriott, 'Interpreting Indian Society: A Monistic Alternative to Dumont', Jl Asian Studies, xxxvi (1976)
10. McKim Marriott, 'Hindu Transactions: Diversity without Dualism', in Bruce Kapferer (ed.), Transaction and Meaning: Directions in the Anthropology of Exchange and Symbolic Behavior (Philadelphia, 1976)
11. Ronald B. Inden and Ralph W. Nicholas, Kinship in Bengali Culture (Chicago, 1977).
12. For a critical account of the implications of interpreting 'individualism' as saliently Western and 'dividualism' as non-Western, see Edward Lipuma, 'Modernity and Forms of Personhood in Melanesia', in Michael Lambek and Andrew Strathern (eds.), Bodies and Persons: Comparative Perspectives from Africa and Melanesia (Cambridge, 1998).
13. Ákos Östör, Lina Fruzzetti and Steve Barnett (eds.), Concepts of Person: Kinship, Caste and Marriage in India (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), revisit Dumont, and, in the process, bring together regional distinction and hierarchy with much depth, detail and substance, without significanfly altering the terms of the debate.
14. For a summary of the key positions, see William Pinch, 'Same Difference in Europe and India', History and Theory, xxxviii (1999). Ironically, it was Ronald Inden's Imagining India (Oxford, 1990) that shifted the focus to knowledge. In the shadow of Edward Said, and with the selective use of Michel Foucault ('applied' primarily and rather instrumentally in historiography as the architect of the power-knowledge schema rather than as the archaeologist of knowledge), the debate has revolved around notions of 'difference'.
15. Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton, 1996)
16. C. A. Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication, India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge, 1996).
17. Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton, 1999).
18. Chatterjee, Princely Impostor?, 105.
19. Translated substance of a yad (letter), dated 9 May 1871, addressed by Dinkar Rao Bhosle to Colonel G. S. Anderson, Political Agent (hereafter PA), Kolhapur and Southern Maratha Country (hereafter SMC), Enclosure with an Extract from the diary of E. C. Cox, Assistant Political Agent (hereafter APA), dated 10 Oct. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (755/1542).
20. See also Malgonkar, Chattrapatis of Kolhapur, 543-8. On the role and nature of different political offices (both British and of the palace), see Ian Copland, The British Raj and the Indian Princes: Paramountcy in Western India, 1857-1930 (London, 1982).
21. Malgonkar, Chattrapatis of Kolhapur, 542-5. 22 The Kolhapur ruler was entitled to a nineteen-gun salute (second highest) in imperial ceremonies: Copland, British Raj and the Indian Princes, 3.
22. See also Colonel W. C. Parr, PA, SMC and Kolhapur State, to Charles Gonne, Chief Secretary (hereafter CS), Governor of Bombay (hereafter GOB), 13 July 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
23. Copland, British Raj and the Indian Princes, 42.
24. Confidential letter from Colonel F. Schneider, PA, SMC and Kolhapur State to Charles Gonne, Secretary, GOB, 4 Oct. 1878: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (634/109).
25. Colonel Anderson, PA, Kathiawar (and subsequently PA to the Kolhapur State) at the inauguration of the Rajkumar College, quoted in Copland, British Raj and the Indian Princes, 134. See Bhavsinghji, Maharaja of Bhavnagar, Forty Years of the Rajkumar College: An Account of the Origin and Progress of the Rajkumar College, Prepared and Abridged from the Papers of the Late Chester Macnaughton, 1870-1910 (London, 1911). Macnaughton was the first and longest-serving principal of the college.
26. See also Nasr Allah Khan, Nawabzadah, The Ruling Chiefs of Western India and the Rajkumar College (Bombay, 1898). Both are hagiographic accounts of the college and its principal.
27. Copland, British Raj and the Indian Princes, 135.
28. Ibid., 121.
29. David Newsome, Godliness and Good Learning: Four Studies on a Victorian Ideal (London, 1961).
30. Letter from State Karbhari Wasudev Bharve to Colonel F. Schneider, PA, Kolhapur State, 1 Feb. 1878: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (634/109).
31. Anthony T. Carter, 'Hierarchy and the Concept of the Person in Western India', in Östör, Fruzzetti and Barnett (eds.), Concepts of Person, 138. On sanskar (sacraments) and the way in which they inform cultural attributes and meaning of the person, see also Inden and Nicholas, Kinship in Bengali Culture.
32. Letter from Colonel F. Schneider, PA, Kolhapur State, to Charles Gonne, Secretary, GOB (n.d.): BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (634/109). 34 Letter from Colonel Schneider to Charles Gonne, 30 Apr. 1878
33. Letter from Wasudev Bharve to Colonel Schneider, 30 Apr. 1878
34. and Invitation by Ahliya Bai Saheb to the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Lord Lytton: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (634/109). The lack of pomp was urged because of the Deccan famine of 1875-8
35. 'austerity' was deemed politically appropriate. For a description of the pomp and ceremony of princely weddings, see Charles Allen and Sharada Dwivedi, Lives of the Indian Princes (London, 1984).
36. Confidential letter from Colonel W. C. Parr, PA, SMC and Kolhapur State, to J. R. Naylor, CS, GOB, 1 Jan. 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
37. Confidential letter from Surgeon-General (hereafter SG) Poona P. Murphy to the SG, Indian Medical Department (hereafter IMD), Bombay, 14 Jan. 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
38. Waltraud Ernst, Mad Tales from the Raj: The European Insane in British India (London, 1991).
39. Mark Harrison, Climates and Constitutions: Health, Race, Environment and British Imperialism in India, 1600-1850 (Delhi, 1999).
40. Letter from SG, IMD, GOB, to Political Secretary, GOB, 6 Feb. 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17). This paraphrases Murphy's report to the medical department and Report from SG Poona P. Murphy to Colonel W. C. Parr, PA, Kolhapur State, 2 May 1880, R/2/9 (724/17).
41. Letter from SG. IMD, GOB, to Political Secretary, GOB, 6 Feb. 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
42. Confidential letter from Colonel W. C. Parr, PA, Kolhapur State, to Charles Gonne, CS, GOB, 3 June 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
43. Case note and report by SG P. Murphy, 2 June 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/ 17).
44. Social propriety was a key element of the relationship between masters and servants, though there was a division in the 'private' and 'public' expressions of those relations: Peter Robb, 'Sex and Sensibility: An Englishman and Five Concubines in Calcutta, 1794-1808' (unpubd MS).
45. Case note and report by SG P. Murphy, 2 June 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/ 17).
46. Christopher Lane, The Burdens of Intimacy: Psychoanalysis and Victorian Masculinity (Chicago, 1999), p. xi.
47. See also Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality, i, An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (Harmondsworth, 1990), ch. 1. Some of the representative works on Victorian masculinity are: Richard Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece (Oxford, 1980)
48. Elaine Showalter, Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle (London, 1992)
49. Mary Poovey, Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation, 1830-1864 (Chicago, 1995).
50. Lane, Burdens of Intimacy.
51. Clive Dewey's Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service (London, 1993) has bearings on this point.
52. On the nature of relations between scientific discourse and social norms on the question of homosexuality, see Jeffrey Weeks, Against Nature: Essays on History, Sexuality and Identity (London, 1991)
53. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800 (London, 1981).
54. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester, 1995), 18-19.
55. See also Lewis D. Wurgaft, The Imperial Imagination: Magic and Myth in Kipling's India (Middletown, 1983).
56. For an incisive history of the changing meaning and status of masturbation in the European context, see Thomas Laqueur, Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation (New York, 2003).
57. Medical Board Report by Surgeons Beatty, SG. IMD, GOB, Cook, Principal Grant Medical College, Bombay and Murphy, SG Poona and superintendent, Colaba Lunatic Asylum, 4 July 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
58. Letter from SG P. Murphy to SG, IMD, GOB, 6 July 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
59. Memorandum by Colonel W. C. Parr, PA, 6 July 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/ 17). Bharve was also denied contact with the prince but, on account of his 'excellent character', he was allowed to communicate with the doctors: Confidential memo from the PA, 13 July 1880 and memo by Charles Gonne, CS, GOB, 20 July 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
60. See the memoranda cited in n. 47 above. This is the same E. C. Cox who went on to pursue a career in the police department and wrote a representative colonial account of crime in India: See his Police and Grime in India (London, 1911).
61. Michael Lambek, 'Body and Mind in Mind, Body and Mind in Body: Some Anthropological Interventions in a Long Conversation', in Lambek and Strathern (eds.), Bodies and Persons, 121.
62. Confidential letter from Colonel W. C. Parr, PA, to Charles Gonne, CS, GOB, 13 July 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
63. Parr stated, 'For the satisfaction of these ladies... I will use every discretion as to what should be communicated and what withheld': Ibid.
64. Confidential memorandum by Charles Gonne, CS, GOB, 20 July 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
65. Confidential letter from Colonel Parr, PA, to Charles Gonne, CS, GOB, 13 July 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
66. Dnyan Sagar, 26 July 1880, Native Newspaper Reports (hereafter NNR), week ending 31 July 1880: BL, OIOC, L/R/5/135.
67. Maharashtra Mitra, 22 Jan. 1880, NNR, week ending 31 Jan. 1880: BL, OIOC, L/R/5/135.
68. Indu Prakash, 16 Aug. 1880, NNR, week ending 21 Aug. 1880: BL, OIOC, L/R/ 5/135.
69. Native Opinion, 18 Aug. 1880, NNR, week ending 21 Aug. 1880: BL, OIOC, L/ R/5/135.
70. Din Bandhu, 20 Aug. 1880, NNR, week ending 21 Aug. 1880: BL, OIOC, L/R/5/ 135.
71. SG Beatty and Murphy to Charles Gonne, CS, GOB, 5 Mar. 1881, 25 Jan. 1881, 26 Feb. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (758/305).
72. See also Beatty and Murphy to Gonne, 18 Sept. 1880, 1 Oct. 1880, 15 Nov. 1880: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (724/17).
73. Beatty and Murphy to Charles Gonne, 5 Mar. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (758/ 305).
74. Confidential memo from Colonel Reeves, PA, SMC and Kolhapur State, 27 Sept. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (755/1542).
75. Report from E. C. Cox, APA, Kolhapur State, to PA Colonel Reeves, 27 Sept. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (755/1542).
76. Oriental Translator's Office, Poona, 8 Oct. 1881, Petition by Nana Bhide and 86 others to the Governor of Bombay, 2 Oct. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (755/1542).
77. Ibid.
78. Jim C. Masselos, Towards Nationalism: Group Affiliations and the Politics of Public Associations in Nineteenth Century Western India (Bombay, 1974).
79. Bayly, Empire and Information, 201-2. On the relationship between 'popular protest', princely India and imperial power, see Shail Mayaram, Resisting Regimes: Myth, Memory and the Shaping of a Muslim Identity (Delhi, 1997).
80. Bayly, Empire and Information, ch. 5.
81. Malgonkar, Chattrapatis of Kolhapur, 562-78. On the political question of succession, see Charles Gonne, CS, GOB to the Secretary, Government of India (Foreign Department), 1 Nov. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (755/1542).
82. Letter from H. N. Reeves, PA, SMC and Kolhapur State to Charles Gonne, CS, GOB, 27 Oct. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (755/1542). On the official response to Bhide's petition, see Confidential letter from Major Reeves, PA, to CS, GOB, 2 Oct. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (755/1542).
83. Letter from Mahadev Wasudev Bharve to Major H. N. Reeves, PA, SMC and Kolhapur State, 4 Oct. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (755/1542).
84. Edmund C. Cox, My Thirty Years in India (London, 1909), 61.
85. On the official endorsement for Private Green, see From Dr. Sinclair, Civil-Surgeon, Kolhapur, to PA, SMC and Kolhapur State, 27 Oct. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (755/1542). For an incisive discussion on princely and courtly culture in the age of transition, see Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'Power in Prison: A Mughal Prince in Shahjahanabad, ca. 1800', in Véronique Bouillier and Catherine Servan-Schreiber (eds.), De l'Arabie a l'Himalaya: Chemins croisés. En hommage à Marc Gaborieau (Paris, 2004).
86. From Surgeon McConaghy, Civil-Surgeon, Mahabaleshwar, to SG Beatty, IMD, GOB, 30 Sept. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (758/305).
87. 'His Highness was frequently in the habit of committing self-abuse by rubbing himself against the bed clothes but the act was rarely followed by an emission, when detected in the act he usually said he was shivering from cold': From Surgeon McConaghy, Civil-Surgeon, Mahabaleshwar, to SG Beatty, IMD, GOB, 30 Sept. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (758/305).
88. On the question of the relationship between insanity and masturbation, see E. H. Hare, 'Masturbatory Insanity: The History of an Idea', Jl Mental Science, cviii, 452 (1962).
89. See also Vern L. Bullough, 'Sexual Deviance as a Disease', in Kenneth F. Kiple (ed.), The Cambridge World History of Human Disease (Cambridge, 1993), 85-91.
90. Letter from CS, GOB, to T. Beatty, SG, IMD, 4 Oct. 1881: BL, OIOC, R/2/9 (758/305).
91. Ganga Din, The Young Man's Guide: Medical Companion (Lahore, n.d.), 24.
92. Prakash, Another Reason, 152-6.
93. Ibid., 153.
94. For a representative account, see, for instance, Ganesh Dutt Sharma Gaud, Svapnadosh-Rakshak (Protection against Masturbation] (Benaras, 1926).
95. See also Charu Gupta, Sexuality, Obscenity, Community: Women, Muslims, and the Hindu Public in Colonial India (Delhi, 2002).
96. An elaboration of this argument and transformations in the ideas and practices of 'Indian' personhood will appear in Shruti Kapila, Governments of the Mind: Psycho-Sciences and Personhood in Colonial India, forthcoming.
97. Shruti Kapila, 'The Making of Colonial Psychiatry, Bombay Presidency, 1840-1940' (Univ. of London Ph.D. thesis, 2002).
98. Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: Dissolution of a Patron-Client System, 1914-1939 (Columbus, 1978), 26.
99. See also Barbara N. Ramusack, The Indian Princes and their States (Cambridge, 2004).
100. See Princely States Collections: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/236, R/1/1/246, R/1/1/ 252 and R/1/1/254 (all dated between 1900 and 1902).
101. For a contemporary criticism of the princely rite of passage to Europe, see P. L. Chudgar, Indian Princes under British Protection: A Study of their Personal Rule, their Constitutional Position and their Future (London, 1929).
102. Padma Anagol-McGinn, 'Women's Consciousness and Assertion in Colonial India: Gender, Social Reform and Politics in Maharashtra, c.1870-c.1920' (Univ. of London Ph.D. thesis, 1994).
103. Copland, British Raj and the Indian Princes, 44. In 1783, the Baluchi Talpurs established themselves as the Amirs of Khairpur, which was one of the few Muslim princely states (most of the princely states were Hindu).
104. See also Ian Copland, The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917-1947 (Cambridge, 1997), 10.
105. Copland, British Raj and the Indian Princes, 28, 283.
106. Report by the Guardian of the Heir-Apparent of Khairpur, 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
107. From Agent to the Governor-General (hereafter AGG), Punjab States (hereafter PS), to Bertrand Glancy, Secretary, Political Department (hereafter PD), Government of India (hereafter GOI), 5 Oct. 1933: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
108. Report by the Guardian of the Heir-Apparent of Khairpur, 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482. Intimate details of the sleeping arrangements and daily habits were reported upon as evidence for the nature of the perceived 'discourtesy' towards European hotel staff.
109. Ibid.
110. From AGG, PS, to Bertrand Glancy, Secretary, PD, GOI, 5 Oct. 1933: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482. The Bombay government (unlike other British-run territories), carrying out 'cost effective measures', had granted neighbouring British territories the right to 'supervise' princely states. Apart from Khairpur, the other western Indian territories under similar arrangements were Cambay, Janjira, and the Satara Jagirs: Copland, British Raj and the Indian Princes.
111. From AGG, PS, F. A. O. Fitzpatrick to Bertrand Glancy, PD, GOI, 26 Nov. 1933: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
112. From AGG, PS, to Bertrand Glancy, Secretary, PD, GOI, 5 Oct. 1933: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
113. Ibid.
114. From AGG, PS, to Secretary, PS, GOI, 23 Mar. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
115. From the Minister, Khairpur State, to AGG, PS, 26 Mar. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/ 1/1/2482.
116. From AGG, PS, to Secretary, PS, GOI, 29 Mar. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
117. From AGG, PS, to Secretary, PS, GOI, 14 Apr. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
118. David Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India (Berkeley, 1993).
119. From AGG, PS, to Secretary, PD, 17 Apr. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
120. Medical certificate of Mir Faiz Mohammad Khan by Lt. Col. Sodhi, Civil-Surgeon Lahore and Lt. Col. Hughes, Professor Mayo Hospital (n.d.): BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482 and certificate by Lt. Col. F. Stevenson, Medical Officer Baluchistan, 2 June 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
121. C. L. Corefie]d, Foreign and Political Department (hereafter FPD), GOI, to AGG, PS, 17 Sept. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
122. From AGG, PS, to Secretary, PD, GOI, 10 Sept. 1934 and J. M. Sladen, Minister, Khairpur State, to the Secretary to AGG, PS, 6 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
123. For a discussion on Freudian popularizers, see Laura Cameron and John Forrester, '"A Nice Type of English Scientist": Tansley and Freud', History Workshop Jl, no. 48 (1999).
124. Report on Faiz Mohammad Khan Talpur by Lt. Col. Webster, Specialist in Mental Diseases, Western Command, 13 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
125. Kapila, 'Making of Colonial Psychiatry'.
126. Report on Faiz Mohammad Khan Talpur by Lt. Col. Webster, Specialist in Mental Diseases, Western Command, 13 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
127. Copy of case note of Faiz Mohammad Khan Talpur by Lt. Col. W. L. Webster, 6 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
128. Copies of the Lunacy (Consolidation) Bill and Criminal Procedure Code Amendment, Home (Legislative), Mar. 1912, Nos. 158-86(A): National Archives of India, New Delhi.
129. Report on Faiz Mohammad Khan Talpur by G. Wrench, 16 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482. Emphasis in the original.
130. Ibid.
131. 'I then asked him whether he was very fond of his wife. With a catch in his voice, which could not have been simulated, he replied, very fond': Report on Faiz Mohammad Khan Talpur by G. Wrench, 16 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
132. G. F. W. Ewens, Insanity in India: Its Symptoms and Diagnosis with Reference to the Relation between Crime and Insanity (Calcutta, 1908), 339.
133. Report on Faiz Mohammad Khan Talpur by G. Wrench, 16 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
134. Ibid. 137 On the reporting of Faiz's sexual habits, see, for instance, AGG, PS, to Secretary, FPD, GOI, 23 Aug. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
135. Report on Faiz Mohammad Khan Talpur by G. Wrench, 16 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
136. Ibid. Emphasis added. On European contexts and discussions on the relationship between national degeneration, hysteria and royalty, see Robert A. Nye, Crime, Madness and Politics in Modern France: The Concept of National Decline (Princeton, 1984); and on an earlier instance, Erik H. C. Midelfort, Mad Princes of Renaissance Germany (Charlottesville, 1994).
137. Report on Faiz Mohammad Khan Talpur by G. Wrench, 16 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
138. Colonel Webster to J. M. Sladen, Minister, Khairpur State, 30 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
139. AGG, PS, to Secretary, PD, GOI, 23 Nov. 1934: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
140. Letter from C. J. Lodge-Patch, Superintendent, Punjab Mental Hospital, Lahore, to Secretary, AGG, PS, 31 May 1935: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
141. Ibid.
142. C. J. Lodge-Patch, A Manual of Mental Diseases: A Textbook for Students and Practitioners in India (London, 1934).
143. Ibid., 228, 3-4.
144. Letter from C. J. Lodge-Patch, Superintendent, Punjab Mental Hospital, Lahore, to Secretary, AGG, PS, 31 May 1935: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
145. Memorandum by Secretary, FPD, GOI, 11 June 1935: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2482.
146. From Frank Noronha to the Secretary to the Resident, Mysore State, 7 Aug. 1936: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2845.
147. Ibid.
148. See undated enclosures of the letters from the Mir to his wife and note written by Faiz Mohammad Khan: BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2902. Most correspondence in this collection relates to the year 1937.
149. Norma Clarke, 'Strenuous Idleness: Thomas Carlyle and Man of Letters as Hero', in Michael Roper and John Tosh (eds.), Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 (London, 1991).
150. See enclosures in BL, OIOC, R/1/1/2902.