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We will focus primarily on the agricultural sector and thus on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, or crop genetic resources for short. However, as crop genetic resources are part of the general category of plant genetic resources the latter will also be discussed.
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7
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For example, The Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Access and Benefit-Sharing of the Convention on Biological Diversity is at present negotiating an International Regime on Access and Benefit-Sharing.
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Resolution 3/91 of the IUPGR already states that 'the concept of mankind's heritage . . . is subject to the sovereignty of the states over their plant genetic resources.' The CBD takes the final step and abandons the notion of common heritage.
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24
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33750087625
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In the CBD, genetic resources are actually defined as 'genetic material of actual or potential value': Article 2.
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26
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see: 210
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For example, '[The CGIAR (see footnote 29)] averaged 9782 acquisitions annually for the five calendar years before the CBD. In 1997 . . . the number of new accessions was only 563. The decline in the number of collection missions was even steeper', see W.P. Falcon & C. Fowler. Carving up the Commons - Emergence of a New International Regime for Germplasm Development and Transfer. Food Policy 2002; 27: 197-222: 210.
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Payment is voluntary if others can use the commercialized product, without restriction, for further research and breeding, it is compulsory if not.
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32
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33750062365
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For more information see
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The CGIAR centres hold a substantial percentage (over 500.000 items) of the germplasm in ex-situ storage. For more information see: http://www.cgiar. org.
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Protecting and Sharing Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Holder and User Tools
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Public goods are often described in contrast to private goods. Private goods are classified as rivalrous and excludable. Goods are rivalrous in the way that the consumption by one prevents others from enjoying the same good. They are excludable when non-owners can be excluded from consumption. Pure public goods instead are non-rivalrous and nonexcludable. This means that the consumption by one does not affect the consumption of the same good by others. Furthermore, it is either technically impossible, or too costly, to exclude non-owners from consuming the good. There are also many goods that qualify as impure public goods. These goods are either non-rivalrous but excludable or non-excludable but rivalrous. The former are also named 'club-goods' as they are often non-rivalrous inside a group. The latter are called 'common pool resources' as they are accessible to all but subject to depletion or congestion. See I. Kaul et al., eds. 1999. Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. New York, NY: Oxford University Press: 2-19.
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This includes milestone payments that can be paid well before any final products are developed as these payments are also downstream focused, anticipating the hoped for benefits developed later on.
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See footnote 4.
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See the discussion in. note 43
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