Continuity of interpersonal violence between Nubian communities

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 131, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 324-333

  Judd, Margaret A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioarchaeology; Fracture; Injury; Kerma; Sudan

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMMUNITY; EGYPT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INJURY SEVERITY; LETHALITY; MALE; NUBIAN COMMUNITY; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; RURAL AREA; SKULL INJURY; SUDAN; ULNA FRACTURE; VIOLENCE;

ANTHROPOLOGY; BURIAL; EGYPT; EXTREMITIES; FEMALE; FRACTURES, BONE; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MULTIPLE TRAUMA; SKULL FRACTURES; SUDAN; VIOLENCE;

EID: 33750056045     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20401     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Adams WY. 1977. Nubia: corridor to Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2. Babapulle CJ, Jayewardene CHS, Gammanpila V. 1994. Patterns of violence in the Kandy area, Sri Lanka. Med Law 13:105-127.
3. Bhootra B, Bhana B. 2004. An unusual missile-type head injury caused by a stone. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 25:355-357.
4. Bonnet C. 1990. Kerma, point de rencontre entre l'Egypte et les populations africaines. Sahara 3:83-88.
5. Bonnet C. 1997. The kingdom of Kerma. In: Wildung D, editor. Sudan: ancient kingdoms of the Nile. Paris: Flammarion. p 89-116.
6. Bonnet C. 2000. Edifices et rites funéraires à Kerma. Paris: Éditions Errance.
7. Bonnet C, Ferrero N. 1996. Les figurines miniatures de Kerma (Soudan). Sahara 8:61-66.
8. Boyle D, Gerberich SG, Gibson RW, Maldonado G, Robinson RA, Martin F, Renier C, Amandus H. 1997. Injury from dairy cattle activities. Epidemiology 8:37-41.
9. Breasted JH. 1962. Ancient records of Egypt: volume 1. The First to the Seventeenth Dynasties. New York: Russell and Russell.
10. Brewer D, Friedman R. 1990. Fish and fishing in ancient Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
11. Brink O, Vesterby A, Jensen J. 1998. Pattern of injuries due to interpersonal violence. Injury 29:705-709.
12. Brismar B, Tunér K. 1982. Battered women. Acta Chir Scand 148:103-105.
13. Brison RJ, Pickett CWL. 1992. Non-fatal farm injuries on 117 eastern Ontario beef and dairy farms: a one-year study. Am J Ind Med 21:623-636.
14. Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey research series, volume 44. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey.
15. Burbank VK. 1994. Fighting women: anger and aggression in Aboriginal Australia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
16. Busch HM, Cogbill TH, Landercasper J, Landercasper BO. 1986. Blunt bovine and equine trauma. J Trauma 26:559-560.
17. Butchart A, Brown D. 1991. Non-fatal injuries due to interpersonal violence in Johannesburg-Soweto: incidence, determinants and consequences. Forensic Sci Int 52:35-51.
18. Byers SN. 2005. Introduction to forensic anthropology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
19. Carroll ST. 1988. Wrestling in ancient Nubia. J Sport Hist 15:121-137.
20. Casey GM, Grant AM, Roerig DS, Boyd J, Hill M, London M, Gelberg KH, Hallman E, Pollock J. 1997a. Farm worker injuries associated with bulls. New York State 1991-1996. Am Assoc Occup Health News 45:393-396.
21. Casey GM, Grant AM, Roerig DS, Boyd J, Hill M, London M, Gelberg KH, Hallman E, Pollock J. 1997b. Farm worker injuries associated with cows. New York State 1991-1996. Am Assoc Occup Health News 45:446-450.
22. Chaix L. 1993. The archaeozoology of Kerma (Sudan). In: Davies WV, Walker R, editors. Biological anthropology and the study of ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press. p 175-185.
23. Chaix L, Grant A. 1993. Palaeoenvironment and economy at Kerma, northern Sudan, during the third millennium BC: archaeozoological and botanical evidence. In: Krzyzaniak L, Kobusiewicz M, Alexander J, editors. Environmental change and human culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the second millennium BC. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. p 399-404.
24. Chalmers DJ, Fanslow JL, Langley JD. 1995. Injury from assault in New Zealand: an increasing public health problem. Aust J Public Health 19:149-154.
25. Cogbill TH, Steenlage ES, Landercasper J, Strutt P. 1991. Death and disability from agricultural injuries in Wisconsin: a 12-year experience with 739 patients. J Trauma 31:1632-1637.
26. Connelly J. 1981. DePalma's management of fractures and dislocations: an atlas. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
27. Coomaraswamy K, Shepherd J. 2003. Predictors and severity of injury in assaults with barglasses and bottles. Inj Prev 9:81-84.
28. Criddle LM. 2001. Livestock trauma in central Texas: cowboys, ranchers, and dudes. Emerg Nurse 27:132-140.
29. Davies V. 2003. Kush in Egypt: a new historical inscription. Sudan Nubia 7:52-54.
30. De Souza L. 1968. The pattern of trauma at Mulago Hospital, Kampala. East Afr Med J 45:523-531.
31. Dudkiewicz I, Salai M, Blankstein A, Checkhik A. 2000. Fishing penetration injuries. Br J Sports Med 34:459-462.
32. Du Toit FP, Gräbe RP. 1979. Isolated fractures of the shaft of the ulna. S Afr Med J 56:21-25.
33. Ebong W. 1978. Pattern of bone injury in Ibadan. Int Surg 63:14-17.
34. Edwards DN. 2004. The Nubian past. London: Routledge.
35. Filer JM. 1992. Head injuries in Egypt and Nubia: a comparison of skulls from Giza and Kerma. J Egypt Archaeol 78:281-285.
36. Filer JM. 1997. Ancient Egypt and Nubia as a source of information for violent cranial injuries. In: Carman J, editor. Material harm: archaeological studies of war and violence. Glasgow: Cruithne Press. p 47-74.
37. Galloway A. 1999a. Fracture patterns and skeletal morphology: introduction and the skull. In: Galloway A, editor. Broken bones. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. p 63-80.
38. Galloway A. 1999b. Fracture patterns and skeletal morphology: the upper extremity. In: Galloway A, editor. Broken bones. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. p 113-159.
39. Galloway A. 1999c. Fracture patterns and skeletal morphology: the lower extremity. In: Galloway A, editor. Broken bones. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. p 160-223.
40. Galloway A. 1999d. Fracture patterns and skeletal morphology: the axial skeleton. In: Galloway A, editor. Broken bones. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. p 81-112.
41. Geldermalsen AAV. 1993. Assault, a burden for a rural hospital in Lesotho. Trop Geogr Med 45:30-32.
42. Geldermalsen AAV, Stuyft PVD. 1993. Interpersonal violence: patterns in a Basotho community. J Trop Med Hyg 96:93-99.
43. Goldberg W, Tomlanovich M. 1984. Domestic violence victims in the emergency department. JAMA 251:3259-64.
44. Gratien B. 1999. Some rural settlements at Gism el-Arba in the Northern Dongola Reach. Sudan & Nubia 3:10-12.
45. Greene D, Raven R, Carvalho G, Maas C. 1997. Epidemiology of facial injury in blunt assault. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123:923-928.
46. Hatch RL, Hacking S. 2003. Evaluation and management of toe fractures. Am Fam Physician 68:2413-2418.
47. Hershkovitz I, Bedford L, Jellema LM, Latimer B. 1996. Injuries to the skeleton due to prolonged activity in hand-to-hand combat. Int J Osteoarchaeol 6:167-178.
48. Honegger M. 2004. The pre-Kerma: a cultural group from Upper Nubia prior to the Kerma civilization. Sudan & Nubia 8:38-46.
49. Hostetler JA. 1993. Amish society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
50. Hubler CL, Hupcey JE. 2002. Incidence and nature of farm-related injuries among Pennsylvania Amish children: implications for education. Emerg Nurse 28:284-288.
51. Iacumin P, Bocherens H, Chaix L, Marioth A. 1998. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes as dietary indicators of ancient Nubian populations (northern Sudan). J Archaeol Sci 25:293-301.
52. Ip W, Ng KH, Chow SP. 1996. A prospective study of 924 digital fractures of the hand. Injury 27:279-285.
53. Jensen OC. 2000. Non-fatal occupational fall and slip injuries among commercial fishermen analyzed by use of the NOMESCO injury registration system. Am J Ind Med 37:637-644.
54. Jones MW. 1990. A study of trauma hi an Amish community. J Trauma 30:899-902.
55. Jonge JD, Kingma J, Lei BVD, Klasen H. 1994. Phalangeal fractures of the hand. J Hand Surg [Br] 19:168-70.
56. Judd CS. 1970. Skull injury from stoning. Calif Med 112:14-18.
57. Judd MA. 2000. Trauma in ancient Nubia during the Kerma period (ca. 2500-1500 BC). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
58. Judd MA. 2002a. Ancient injury recidivism: an example from the Kerma period of ancient Nubia. Int J Osteoarchaeol 12:89-106.
59. Judd MA. 2002b. Comparison of long bone recording methods. J Archaeol Sci 29:1255-1265.
60. Judd MA. 2004. Trauma in the city of Kerma: ancient versus modern injury patterns. Int J Osteoarchaeol 14:34-51.
61. Judd MA, Roberts CA. 1999. Fracture trauma in a medieval British farming village. Am J Phys Anthropol 109:229-243.
62. Jurmain R. 1991. Paleoepidemiology of trauma in a prehistoric central California population. In: Ortner D, Aufderheide A, editors. Human paleopathology: current syntheses and future options. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 241-248.
63. Jurmain R. 1999. Stories from the skeleton. Behavioral reconstruction in human osteology. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.
64. Jurmain R, Bellifemine VI. 1997. Patterns of cranial trauma in a prehistoric population from central California. Int J Osteoarchaeol 7:43-50.
65. Kelly I, Cunney RJ, Smyth EG, Colville J. 1996. The management of human bite injuries of the hand. Injury 27:481-484.
66. Kemmlert K, Lundholm L. 2001. Slips, trips and falls in different work groups-with reference to age and from a preventative perspective. Appl Egron 32:149-153.
67. Kendall T. 1997. Kerma and the kingdom of Rush 2500-1500 BC: the archaeological discovery of an ancient Nubian empire. Washington, DC: National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
68. Kilgore L, Jurmain R, Van Gerven D. 1997. Palaeoepidemiological patterns of trauma in a medieval Nubian skeletal population. Int J Osteoarchaeol 7:103-114.
69. Lindsay S, Selvaraj S, Macdonald JW, Godden DJ. 2004. Injuries to Scottish farmers while tagging and clipping cattle: a cross-sectional survey. Occup Med 54:86-91.
70. Loder R, Mayhew H. 1988. Common fractures from a fall on an outstretched hand. Am Fam Physician 37:327-328.
71. Loebl W, Nunn J. 1997. Staffs as walking aids in ancient Egypt and Palestine. J R Soc Med 90:450-454.
72. Loro A, Franceschi F. 1992. Finger amputations in Tanzania. East Afr Med J 69:697-699.
73. Lovell NC. 1997. Trauma analysis in paleopathology. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 40:139-170.
74. Marshall SW, Kucera K, Loomis D, McDonald MA, Lipscomb HJ. 2004. Work related injuries in small scale commercial fishing. Inj Prev 10:217-221.
75. Matthew PK, Kapua F, Soaki PJ, Watters KAK. 1996. Trauma admissions in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Aust N Z Surg 66:659-663.
76. Mock CN, Adzotor E, Denno D, Conklin E, Rivara F. 1995. Admissions for injury at a rural hospital in Ghana: implications for prevention in the developing world. Am J Public Health 85:927-931.
77. Norwood S, McAuley C, Vallina VL, Fernandez LG, McLarty JW, Goodfried G. 2000. Mechanisms and patterns of injuries related to large animals. J Trauma 48:740-744.
78. Olivier G. 1969. Practical anthropology. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
79. Perron AD, Miller MD, Brady WJ. 2002. Orthopedic pitfalls in the ED: fight bite. Am J Emerg Med 20:114-117.
80. Petridou E, Browne A, Lichter E, Dedoukou X, Alexe D, Dessypris N. 2002. What distinguishes unintentional injuries from injuries due to intimate partner violence: a study in Greek ambulatory care settings. Inj Prev 8:197-201.
81. Poole GV, Griswold JA, Thaggard VK, Rhodes RS. 1993. Trauma is a recurrent disease. Surgery 113:608-611.
82. Pratt DS, Marvel LH, Darrow D, Stallones L, May JJ, Jenkins P. 1992. The dangers of dairy farming: the injury experience of 600 workers followed for two years. Am J Ind Med 21:637-650.
83. Purschwitz MA, Field WE. 1990. Scope and magnitude of injuries in the agricultural workplace. Am J Ind Med 18:179-192.
84. Reisner GA. 1923a. Excavations at Kerma. Parts I-III. Cambridge, MA: Harvard African Studies.
85. Reisner GA. 1923b. Excavations at Kerma. Parts IV-V. Cambridge, MA: Harvard African Studies.
86. Robson E. 2004. Children at work in rural northern Nigeria: patterns of age, space. J Rural Stud 20:193-210.
87. Rogers L. 1992. Radiology of skeletal trauma. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
88. Shepherd J, Shapland M, Pearce NX, Scully C. 1990. Pattern, severity and etiology of injuries in victims of assault. J R Soc Med 83:75-78.
89. Smith GA, Scherzer DJ, Buckley JW, Haley KJ, Shields BJ. 2004. Pediatric farm-related injuries: a series of 96 hospitalized patients. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 43:335-342.
90. Smith GE, Wood-Jones F. 1910. The archaeological survey of Nubia. Report for 1907-1908. Volume 2:report on the human remains. Cairo: National Printing Department.
91. Smith RJ, Floyd WE. 1988. Smith's and Barton's fractures. In: Barton N, editor. Fractures of the hand and wrist. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p 252-266.
92. Stueland D, Lee B, Nordstrom D, Layde P, Wittman L, Gunderson P. 1997. Case-control study of agricultural injuries to women in central Wisconsin. Women Health 25:91-103.
93. Sugiyama L. 2004. Illness, injury and disability among Shiwiar forager-horticulturalists: implications of health-risk buffering for the evolution of human life history. Am J Phys Anthropol 123:371-389.
94. Walker PL. 1997. Wife beating, boxing, and broken noses: skeletal evidence for the cultural patterning of violence. In: Martin DL, Frayer DW, editors. Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach. p 145-180.
95. Walker PL, Cook DC, Lambert PM. 1997. Skeletal evidence for child abuse: a physical anthropological perspective. J Forensic Sci 42:196-207.
96. Watterson B. 1991. Women in ancient Egypt. New York: St. Martin's Press.
97. Websdale N. 1998. Rural woman battering and the justice system. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
98. Welsby D. 2001. Life on the desert edge: seven thousand years of settlement in the Northern Dongola Reach, Sudan. Sudan Archaeological Research Society publication number 7. London: Sudan Archaeological Research Society.
99. Welsby D. 2003. The Amri to Kirbekan survey: the 2002-2003 season. Sudan Nubia 7:26-32.
100. Wladis A, Bostrom L, Nilsson B. 1999. Unarmed violence-related injuries requiring hospitalization in Sweden from 1987 to 1994. J Trauma 47:733-737.