Effect of carbon dioxide in seawater on desalination: A comprehensive review

Separation and Purification Reviews

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 223-247

  Al Anezi, Khalid ^a   Hilal, Nidal ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Carbonate equilibriums; CO2 solubility in seawater; Desalination; Fouling; Salt separation

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CHEMICALS REMOVAL (WATER TREATMENT); DESALINATION; DISTILLATION; FOULING; SALINE WATER;

CARBON DIOXIDE SOLUBILITY; CARBONATE EQUILIBRIUMS; MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE; SALT SEPARATION;

SEAWATER;

EID: 33750046656     PISSN: 15422119     EISSN: 15422127     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15422110600867365     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Semiat, R. (2000) Desalination: Present and future. Water Intl., 25 (1): 54-65.
2. Quteishat, K., Abu Arabi, M.K., and Reddy, K.K. (2003) Review of MEDRC R&D projects. Desalination, 156: 1-20.
3. 2 release. Desalination, 182: 203-213.
4. Al-Sofi, M.A. (1999) Fouling phenomena in multi stage flash (MSF) distillers. Desalination, 126: 61-76.
5. Glade, H. and Genthner, K. (2000) The problem of non-condensable gas releases in evaporators. In Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources; AlGobaisi, D.M.K. (ed.), EOLSS Publishers Co. Ltd.: Oxford.
6. Hunter, K.A. (1998) Acid-base Chemistry of Aquatic Systems: An introduction to the chemistry of acid-base equilibria with emphasis on the carbon dioxide system in natural waters. Cited 10 May 2005, available from: http://neon.otago.ac.nz/chemistry/research/mfc/pubs/misc/acidbasebook.pdf.
7. Millero, F.J. (1995) Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59: 661-677.
8. 2 release in multiple-effect distillers for seawater desalination. In Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, avail. Online http://sundoc. bibliothek.uni-halle.de/diss-online/04/04H141/of_index.htm.
9. Millero, F.J. (1996) Chemical Oceanography, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.
10. Millero, F.J. (1974) The Physical Chemistry of Seawater, Annual Reviews, www.annualreviews.org/aronline.
11. DOE (1994) Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water, A.G.D.C.G. version 2, Dickson, A.G. and Goyet, C. (eds.), ORNL/CDIAC-74 Editor.
12. Glade, H. (2001) Transport und Reaktion von Kohlendioxid in Entspannungsverdampfern zur Meerwasserentsalzung; University of Bremen, 2001, VDI Fortschritt-Berichte, Series 3, No. 699. VDI Verlag: Düsseldorf.
13. IAEA (2003) Chemistry of Carbonic Acid in Water, [cited 2005 21 March 2005]; Available from: http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/ih/volumes/vol_one/ cht_i_09.pdf.
14. Kurz, F., Rumpf, B., and Maurer, G. (1996) Simultaneous solubility of ammonia and carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfate and (ammonium sulfate + sodium sulfate) at temperatures from 313 K to 393 K and pressures upto 10 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 28: 497-520.
15. Loewenthal, R.E. and Marais, G.v.R. (1984) Carbonate Chemistry of Aquatic Systems. Volume 2; High Salinity Waters; Butterworths: Boston.
16. Follows, M.J., Ito, T., and Dutkiewicz, S. (2006) On the solution of the carbonate chemistry system in ocean biogeochemistry models. Ocean Mode., 12: 290-301.
17. Millero, F.J., Degler, E.A., O'Sullivan, D.W., Goyet, C., and Eischeid, G. (1998) The carbon dioxide system in the Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Res. II, 45: 2225-2252.
18. 2 release in multiple-effect distillers controlled by mass transfer with chemical reaction. Desalination, 156: 109-123.
19. Prausnitz, J.M. (1969) Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
20. Danckwerts, P.V. (1970) Gas-liquid Reactions; McGraw-Hill: New York.
21. Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R.J. (1977) Low-pressure solubility of gases in liquid water. Chem. Rev., 77 (2): 219-262.
22. O2 dissolution. Energy Conv. Mgmt., 37 (6-8): 1029-1038.
23. IUPAC (1998) Introduction to the Solubility Data Series: Solubility of Gases in Liquids; The SSED's Solubility Data Project, [cited; Available from: http://www.unileoben.ac.at/~IUPAC/gl-intro.html.
24. Garcia, J.E. (2003) Fluid dynamics of carbon dioxide disposal into saline aquifers. In Engineering-Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of California, Berkeley: Los Angeles- Berkeley., 150.
25. Corti, H.R., Krenzer, M.E., Pablo, J., and Prausnitz, J.M. (1990) Effect of a dissolved gas on the solubility of an electrolyte in aqueous solution. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29: 1043-1050.
26. Hermann, C., Dewes, I., and Schumpe, A. (1995) The estimation of gas solubilities in salt solutions. Chem. Eng. Sci., 50 (10): 1673-1675.
27. Schumpe, A. (1993) The estimation of gas solubilities in salt solutions. Chem. Eng. Sci., 48(1): 153-158.
28. Weisenberger, S. and Schumpe, A. (1996) Estimation of gas solubilities in salt solutions at temperatures from 273 K to 363 K. AIChE J, 42 (1): 298-300.
29. Yasunishi, A. and Yoshida, F. (1979) Solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous electrolyte solutions. J. Chem. and Eng. Data, 24 (7): 11-14.
30. Weiss, R.F. (1974) Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: The solubility of a non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem., 2: 203-215.
31. 2 in water and seawater. J. Geophys. Res., 76: 4203-4207.
32. Murray, C.N. and Riley, J.P. (1971) The solubility of gases in distilled water and seawater-IV. Carbon dioxide. Deep-Sea Res., 18: 533-541.
33. Stewart, P.B. and Munjal, P. (1970) Solubility of carbon dioxide in pure water, synthetic sea water, and synthetic sea water concentrates at -50 to 250°C and 10- to 45-atm. pressure. J. Chem. Engi. Data, 15 (1): 67-71.
34. Roy, R.N., Roy, L.N., Vogela, K.M., Porter-Moore, C., Pearson, T., Good, C.E., Millero, F.J., and Campbell, D.M. (1993) The dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at salinities 5 to 45 and temperatures 0 to 45°C. Mari. Chem., 44: 249-267.
35. 2O. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46: 1011-1040.
36. 2 solubility in pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions from 273 to 533 K and from 0 to 2000 bar. Chemical Geology, 193: 257-271.
37. 2O system: I. Pure systems for 0 to 1000°C and 0 to 8000 bar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56: 2605-2617.
38. Pitzer, K.S. (1973) Thermodynamics of electrolytes: I. Theoretical basis and general equations. J. Phys. Chem., 77: 268-277.
39. Pitzer, K.S., Perper, J.C., and Busey, R.H. (1984) Thermodynamic properties of aqueous sodium chloride solutions. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13: 1-103.
40. Stumm, W. and Morgan, J.J. (1981) Aquatic Chemistry. An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters; 2nd edition; John Wiley: New York.
41. Mubarak, A. (1998) A kinetic model for scale formation in MSF desalination plants. Effect of antisealants. Desalination, 120 (1-2): 33-39.
42. Shams El Din, A.M. and Mohammed, R.A. (1994) Brine and scale chemistry in MSF distillers. Desalination, 99 (1): 73-111.
43. Culberson, C.H. and Pytkowicz, R.M. (1973) Ionization of water in seawater. Mar. Chem., 1: 309-316.
44. Dickson, A.G. and Riley, J.P. (1979) The estimation of acid dissociation constants in seawater media from potentiometric titrations with strong base. I. The ionic product of water - Kw. Mar. Chem., 7: 89-99.
45. Hansson, I. (1973) A new set of acidity constants for carbonic acid and boric acid inseawater. Deep-Sea Res., 20: 461-478.
46. Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C.H., Hawley, J.E., and Pytkowicz, R.M. (1973) Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of the carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr., 18: 897-907.
47. 2 in gas and seawater at equilibrium. Mar. Chem., 70: 105-119.
48. Dickson, A.G. and Millero, F.J. (1987) A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep Sea Res. A, 34 (10): 1733-1743.
49. Goyet, C. and Poisson, A. (1989) New determination of carbonic acid dissociation constants in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity. Deep. Sea. Res., 36: 1635-1654.
50. 2 in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 25: 29-37.
51. Hunter, K.A. (1998) The temperature dependance of pH in surface seawater. Deep-Sea Res., 45: 1919-1930.
52. Millero, F.J., Purkerson, D.G., Steinberg, P., Peltola, E., Lee, K., Edwards, C., Goen, J., and Roche, M. The Carbon Dioxide System in the Ross Sea During the JGOFS Southern Ocean Process Study; available from: http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/PI-NOTES/southern/Millero-TCO2.html.
53. 2 system: An evaluation of ten methods of investigation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 14(2): 179-186.
54. Reid, R.C., Prausnitz, J.M., and Poling, B.E. (1987) The Properties of Gases and Liquids; 4th ed.; McGroaw-Hill Book Company: New York.
55. Walas, S.M. (1984) Phase Equilibria In Chemical Engineering; Butterworth-Heinemann: Boston.
56. Salminen, J. (2004) Chemical Thermodynamics of Aqueous Electrolyte Systems for Industrial and Environmental Applications, in Department of Chemical Technology,Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry; Helsinki University of Technology: Espoo, Finalnd.
57. Khoshkbarchi, M.K. and Vera, J.H. (1996) Measurement and correlation of ion activity coefficients in aqueous solutions of mixed electrolyte with a common ion. Fluid Phase Equil, 121: 253-265.
58. Thomsen, K. (1997) Aqueous Electrolytes: Model Parameters and Process Simulation, in Department of Chemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark: DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
59. Berthold, J. (2006) An Overview of Data Analysis and Data Entry for OLI Programs; OLI Systems Inc. Date accessed: 23 May 2006: www.olisystems.com.
60. 2. Oil & Gas Sci. Technol.-Rev. IFP., 60 (2): 357-379.
61. Helgeson, H.C. and Kirkham, D.H. (1974) Theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of aqueous electrolytes at high pressures and temperatures: II. Debye-Hüchel parameters for activity coefficients and relative partial molal properties. Am J. Sci., 274: 1199-1261.
62. Davies, C.W. (1938) The extent of dissociation of salts in water part VIII. An equation for the mean ionic acidity coefficient of an electrolyte in water, and a revision of the dissociation constant of some sulphates. J. Chem. Soc., 32: 2093-2098.
63. Byrne, R., Kester, D., Millero, F., and Luther, F. (1998) Physical Chemistry of Seawater; F.o.O.C.i.tU.S.W. (FOCUS).
64. Johnson, K.S. (1982) Carbon dioxide hydration and dehydration kinetics in seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27 (5): 849-855.
65. Astarita, G. (1967) Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction; Elsevier: Amsterdam.
66. 2 mass transfer in carbonate solutions. Chem. Eng. Sci., 36: 581-588.
67. Wall, H.H. (1966) Absorption and Desorption of Carbon Dioxide in Carbonate-Bicarbonate Buffer Solutions; University of Delaware: Newark, Delaware.
68. 2 gas exchange in a eutrophic lake: A general model. Limnol Oceanogr., 20: 743-753.
69. 2 System Calculations; http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/co2sys.
70. Glade, H. and Ulrich, J. (2003) Influence of solution composition on the formation of crystalline scales. Chem. Eng. Technol., 26 (3): 277-281.
71. Andersen, C.B. (2002) Understanding carbonate equilibria by measuring alkalinity in experimental and natural systems. J. Geosci. Edu., 50 (4): 389-403.
72. 2 and salinity values (the Scheldt estuary). Aqua. Geochem., 1: 267-273.
73. Dickson, A.G. (1993) The measurement of sea water pH. Mar. Chem., 44: 131-142.
74. T in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean and its role in the sound absorption modeling in seawater. J. Mar. Syst., 30 (1-2): 67-87.
75. 2 measurements in seawater. Mar. Chem., 42: 189-198.
76. -; A novel approach to the problem of alkaline scale formation in seawater desalination plants. Desalination, 142: 151-159.
77. Rafal, M., Berthold, J., and Linz, D.; Introduction to OLI Electrolytes; Date accessed: 23 May 2006: www.olisystems.com.
78. Chong, T.H. and Sheikholeslami, R. (2001) Thermodynamics and kinetics for mixed calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate precipitation. Chem. Eng. Sci., 56: 5391-5400.
79. Gal, J.-Y., Fovet, Y., and Gache, N. (2002) Mechanisms of scale formation and carbon dioxide partial pressure influence. Part I. Elaboration of an experimental method and a scaling model. Water Res., 36: 755-763.
80. Gal, J.-Y., Fovet, Y., and Gache, N. (2002) Mechanisms of scale formation and carbon dioxide partial pressure influence. Part II. Application in the study of mineral waters of reference. Water Res., 36: 764-773.
81. 2 in MSF and ME distillers and its use for the recarbonation of the distillate: A comparison. Desalination, 182: 95-106.
82. 2O system. Geochim. Cosmachim. Acta, 65(12): 1883-1896.
83. Patel, S. and Finan, M.A. (1999) New antifoulants for deposit control in MSF and MED plants. Desalination, 124: 63-74.
84. Sheikholeslami, R. and Ong, H.W.K. (2003) Kinetics and thermodynamics of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate at salinities up to 1.5 M. Desalination, 157: 217-234.
85. El-Dahshan, M.E. (2001) Corrosion and scaling problems present in some desalination plants in Abu Dhabi. Desalination, 138: 371-377.
86. 2 release in multiple-effect distillers. Desalination, 166: 41-52.
87. Ellis, R.D., Glater, J., and McCutchan, J.W. (1971) Alkaline scale abatement by carbon dioxide injection. Environ. Sci. Technol., 5 (4): 350-356.
88. Azaroual, M., Kerrevan, Ch., Durance, M.-V., and Durst, P. (2004) SCALE2000: Reaction-transport software dedicated to thermokinetic prediction and quantification of scales. Applicability to desalination problems. Desalination, 165: 409-419.
89. Mucci, A. (1983) The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various salinities, temperatures, and one atmosphere total pressure. Amer. J. Sci., 283: 780-799.
90. Zuddas, P. and Mucci, A. (1994) Kinetics of calcite precipitation from seawater: I. A classical chemical kinetics description for strong electrolyte solutions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58 (20): 4353-4362.
91. Tokunaga, J. (1975) Solubilities of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in aqueous alcohol solutions. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 20 (1): 41-46.
92. Shorter, J.A., De Bruyn, W.J., Hu, J.H., Swartz, E., Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D.R., Zahniser, M.S., and Kolb, C.E. (1995) Bubble column apparatus for heterogeneous chemistry studies. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29: 1171-1178.
93. Nighswander, J.A., Kaiogerakis, N., and Mehrotra, A.K. (1989) Solubilities of carbon dioxide in water and 1 wt% NaCl solution at pressures up to 10 MPa and Temperatures from 80 to 200°C. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 34: 355-360.
94. Millero, F.J. and Roy, R.N. (1997) A chemical equilibrium model for the carbonate system in natural waters. Croatia Chem. Acta, 70: 1-38.
95. Harned, H.S. and Davis R., Jr (1943) The ionization constant of carbonic acid in water and the solubility of carbon dioxide in water and aqueous salt solutions from 0° to 50°C. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 65: 2020-2037.
96. Langmuir, D. (1997) Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry; Prentice Hall: Englewood Chiffs, New Jersey.