Xeric limestone prairies of eastern United States: Review and synthesis

Botanical Review

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 235-272

  Lawless, Patrick J ^a   Baskin, Jerry M ^a   Baskin, Carol C ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POACEAE; SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM; SPOROBOLUS;

EID: 33749993420     PISSN: 00068101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1663/0006-8101(2006)72[235:XLPOEU]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Ackerman, E. A. 1941. The Köppen classification of climates in North America. Geogr. Rev. 31: 105-111 + map.
2. Adams, C. A., J. M. Baskin & C. C. Baskin. 2003. Comparison of the morphology, flowering phenology, and life cycle type in plants of Grindelia lanceolata (Asteraceae) from cedar glade communities in middle Tennessee and northern Alabama: a common garden study. Sida 20: 1059-1071.
3. Aldrich, J. R., J. A. Bacone & M. D. Hutchison. 1982. Limestone glades of Harrison County, Indiana. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 91: 480-485.
4. Allison, J. R. & T. E. Stevens. 2001. Vascular flora of Ketona Dolomite outcrops in Bibb County, Alabama. Castanea 66: 154-205.
5. Anderson, O. 1954. The phytosociology of dry lime prairies of Wisconsin. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison.
6. Anderson, R. C. 1982. An evolutionary model summarizing the roles of fire, climate, and grazing animals in the origin and maintenance of grasslands: an end paper. Pp. 297-308 in J. R. Estes, R. J. Tyrl, and J. N. Brunken (eds.), Grasses and grasslands: systematics and ecology. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
7. Annala, A. E. & L. A. Kaputska. 1983. Photographic history of forest encroachment in several relict prairies of the Edge of Appalachia preserve system, Adams County, Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 83: 109-114.
8. -, J. D. Dubois & L. A. Kaputska. 1983. Prairies lost to forest: a 33-year history of two sites in Adams County, Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 83: 22-27.
9. Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission [ANHC]. 2004. Rare species search engine (http://www .naturalheritage.com/program/element-search/). Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission, Little Rock.
10. Axelrod, D. I. 1985. Rise of the grassland biome, central North America. Bot. Rev. 51: 163-201.
11. Bacone, J. A. & L. A. Casebere & M. D. Hutchison. 1983. Glades and barrens of Crawford and Perry counties, Indiana. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 92: 367-373.
12. Barbour, M. G. & D. W. Billings. 2000. North American terrestrial vegetation. Ed. 2. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
13. Bartgis, R. L. 1993. The limestone glades and barrens of West Virginia. Castanea 58: 69-89.
14. Baskin, C. C. & J. M. Baskin. 1975. The cedar glade flora of Bullitt County, Kentucky. Castanea 40: 184-190.
15. Baskin, J. M. & C. C. Baskin. 1977. An undescribed cedar glade community in middle Tennessee. Castanea 42: 140-145.
16. - & -. 1978. On the occurrence of the cedar glade endemic Viola egglestonii in Kentucky. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 39: 74-75.
17. - & -. 1986. Distribution and geographical/evolutionary relationships of cedar glade endemics in southeastern United States. A. S. B. Bull. 33: 138-154.
18. - & -. 1989. Cedar glade endemics in Tennessee, and a review of their autecology. J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 64: 63-74.
19. - & -. 1999. Cedar glades of the southeastern United States. Pp. 206-219 in R. C. Anderson, J. S. Fralish & J. M. Baskin (eds.), Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
20. - & -. 2000. Vegetation of limestone and dolomite glades in the Ozarks and Midwest regions of the United States. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 286-294.
21. - & -. 2003. The vascular flora of cedar glades of the southeastern United States and its phytogeographical relationships. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 130: 101-118.
22. - & -. 2004. History of the use of "cedar glades" and other descriptive terms for vegetation on rocky limestone soils in the Central Basin of Tennessee. Bot. Rev. 70: 403-424.
23. -, - & E. W. Chester. 1994. The Big Barrens Region of Kentucky and Tennessee: further observations and considerations. Castanea 59: 226-254.
24. -, K. M. Snyder & C. C. Baskin. 1993. Nomenclatural history and taxonomic status of Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. tennesseensls (Asteraceae). Sida 15: 597-604.
25. -, E. W. Chester & C. C. Baskin. 1997. Forest vegetation of the Kentucky Karst Plain (Kentucky and Tennessee): review and synthesis. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124: 322-335.
26. Batek, M. J., A. J. Rebertus, W. A. Schroeder, T. L. Haithcoat, E. Compass & R. P. Guyette. 1999. Reconstruction of early nineteenth-century vegetation and fire regimes in the Missouri Ozarks. J. Biogeogr. 26: 397-412.
27. Beilmann, A. P. & L. G. Brenner. 1951. The recent intrusion of forests in the Ozarks. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 261-282.
28. Belden, A. Jr., G. R. Fleming, J. C. Ludwig, J. F. Townsend, N. E. Van Alstine & T. F. Wideboldt. 2004. Noteworthy collections: Virginia. Castanea 69: 144-153.
29. Berg, T. M., J. H. Barnes, W. D. Sevon, V. W. Skema, J. P. Wilshusen & D. S. Yannacci. 1989. Physiographic provinces of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Ser. 4, Map 13. Department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
30. Binns, S. E., B. R. Baum & J. T. Arnason. 2002. A taxonomic revision of Echinacea (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). Syst. Bot. 27: 610-632.
31. Boettcher, S. E. & P. J. Kalisz. 1991. The prairies of the E. Lucy Braun Preserve, Adams County, Ohio: a soil study. Ohio J. Sci. 91: 122-128.
32. Borchert, J. R. 1950. The climate of the central North American grassland. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 40: 1-39.
33. Braun, E. L. 1928. The vegetation of the Mineral Springs Region of Adams County, Ohio. Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. 15 (Vol. 3, No. 5): 375-517.
34. -. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Blakiston, Philadelphia.
35. Bray, J. R. 1955. The savanna vegetation of Wisconsin and an application of the concepts of order and complexity to the field of ecology. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison.
36. Brockman, C. S. 1998. Physiographic regions of Ohio [Map]. Ohio geology (Summer edition, pp. 4-5). Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus.
37. Catling, P. M. & V. R. Brownell. 1999. Alvars of the Great Lakes Region. Pp. 375-405 in R. C. Anderson, J. S. Fralish & J. M. Baskin (eds.), Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
38. Catling, P. M., A. A. Reznicek & W. J. Crins. 1993. Carex juniperorum (Cyperaceae), a new species from northeastern North America, with a key to Carex sect. Phyllostachys. Sys. Bot. 18: 496-501.
39. Clark, W. C. & A. C. Zisa. 1976. Physiographic map of Georgia. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta.
40. Collins, J. L. & T. F. Wieboldt. 1992. Trifolium calcaricum (Fabaceae), a new clover from limestone barrens of eastern United States. Castanea 57: 282-286.
41. Curtis, J. T. 1959. The vegetation of Wisconsin. Univ: of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
42. DeSelm, H. R. 1988. The barrens of the Western Highland Rim of Tennessee. Pp. 199-219 in D. H. Snyder (editor), Proceedings of the first annual symposium on the natural history of lower Tennessee and Cumberland river valleys. The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State Univ., Clarksville, Tennessee.
43. -. 1989. The barrens of Tennessee. J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 64: 89-95.
44. -. 1991. Barrens of the Central Basin of Tennessee. Pp. 1-26 in D. H. Snyder (ed.), Proceedings of the fourth annual symposium on the natural history of lower Tennessee and Cumberland river valleys. The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State Univ., Clarksville, Tennessee.
45. -. 1993. Barrens and glades of the southern Ridge and Valley. Pp. 81-136 in S. W. Hamilton, E. W. Chester & A. F. Scott (eds.), Proceedings of the fifth annual symposium on the natural history of lower Tennessee and Cumberland river valleys. The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State Univ., Clarksville, Tennessee.
46. - & E. W. Chester. 1993. Further studies on the barrens of the northern and western Highland Rims of Tennessee. Pp. 137-160 in S. W. Hamilton, E. A. Chester & A. F. Scott (eds.), Proceedings of the fifth annual symposium on the natural history of lower Tennessee and Cumberland river valleys. The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State Univ., Clarksville, Tennessee.
47. - & N. Murdock. 1993. Grass-dominated communities. Pp. 87-141 in W. H. Martin, S. G. Boyce & A. C. Echternacht (eds.), Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: upland terrestrial communities. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
48. - & D. H. Webb. 1997. Vegetation studies of barrens in northwestern Alabama. Pp. 204-213 in A. F. Scott, S. W. Hamilton, E. W. Chester & D. S. White (eds.), Proceedings of the seventh annual symposium on the natural history of lower Tennessee and Cumberland river valleys. The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State Univ., Clarksville, Tennessee.
49. -, P. B. Whitford & J. S. Olson. 1969. The barrens of the Oak Ridge area, Tennessee. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 81: 315-330.
50. Erickson, R. O., L. G. Brenner & J. Wraight. 1942. Dolomitic glades of east-central Missouri. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 29: 89-101.
51. Evers, R. A. 1955. Hill prairies of Illinois. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey 26: 367-446.
52. Fenneman, N. M. 1938. Physiography of eastern United States. McGraw-Hill, New York.
53. -. 1946 [1949]. Physical divisions of the United States [Map]. Prepared by Nevin M. Fenneman in cooperation with the Physiographic Committee of the Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
54. Gardner, R. L. & D. Minnie. 2004. The vascular flora of the Richard and Lucile Durell Edge of Appalachia Preserve System. Ohio Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, Dublin.
55. George, J. R. 1996. A vegetative analysis of two central Missouri limestone glades. M.S. thesis, Central Missouri State Univ., Warrensburg.
56. Glenn, S. M. & S. L. Collins. 1990. Patch structure in tallgrass prairies: dynamics of satellite species. Oikos 57: 229-236.
57. Great Plains Flora Association [GPFA]. 1977. Atlas of the flora of the Great Plains. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.
58. -. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Univ. Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
59. Guyette, R. P. & E. A. McGinnes Jr. 1982. Fire history of an Ozark glade in Missouri. Trans. Missouri Acad. Sci. 16: 85-93.
60. -, D. C. Dey & M. C. Stambugh. 2003. Fire and human history of a barren-forest mosaic in southern Indiana. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 149: 21-34.
61. Hall, M. T. 1955. Comparison of Juniper populations on an Ozark glade and old fields. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 42: 171-194.
62. Harper, R. M. 1920. The limestone prairies of Wilcox County, Alabama. Ecology 1: 198-203.
63. Heikens, A. L. 1991. Classification of the natural forest openings in southern Illinois. Ph.D. diss., Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale.
64. -. 1999. Savanna, barrens, and glade communities of the Ozark Plateau province. Pp. 220-230 in R. C. Anderson, J. S. Fralish & J. M. Baskin (eds.), Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
65. - & P. A. Robertson. 1995. Classification of barrens and other natural xeric forest openings in southern Illinois. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122: 203-214.
66. Heitschmidt, R. K., G. K. Hulett & G. W. Tomanek. 1970. Vegetation map and community structure of a west central Kansas prairie. S. W. Naturalist 14: 337-350.
67. Hicks, J. L. 1981. A vegetative analysis of Hercules Glade Wilderness. M.S. thesis, Southwest Missouri State Univ., Springfield.
68. Hladek, K. L., G. K. Hulett & G. W. Tomanek. 1972. The vegetation of remnant shale-limestone prairies in western Kansas. S. W. Naturalist 17: 1-10.
69. Hoagland, B. W., A. K. Buthod, I. H. Butler, P. H. C. Crawford, A. H. Udasi, W. J. Elisens & R. J. Tyrl. 2004. Oklahoma Vascular Plants Database (http://geo.ou.edu/botanical). Oklahoma Biological Survey, Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman.
70. Homoya, M. A. 1987. A floristic survey of a limestone glade in Versailles State Park, Ripley County, Indiana. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 96: 407-412.
71. -. 1994. Indiana barrens: classification and description. Castanea 59: 204-213.
72. -, D. B. Abrell, J. R. Aldrich & T. W. Post. 1984. The natural regions of Indiana. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 94: 245-268 + colored map of the natural regions of Indiana by M.A. Homoya.
73. Hulett, G. K. & G. W. Tomanek. 1969. Remnant prairies on the shallow limy range site in north central Kansas. J. Range Managern. 22: 19-23.
74. Jenkins, M. A. & S. E. Jenkins. 1999. Savanna and glade vegetation of Turkey Mountain, Arkansas: Effects of a single prescribed burn. Pp. 127-134 in C. Warwick (ed.), Proceedings of the fifteenth North American prairie conference. Natural Areas Association, Bend, Oregon.
75. Jenkins, S. E., R. P. Guyette & A. J. Rebertus. 1997. Vegetation-site relationships and fire history of a savanna-glade woodland mosaic in the Ozarks. Pp. 184-199 in S. G. Pallardy, R. A. Celich, H. G. Garrett & P. S. Johnson (eds.), Proceedings of the eleventh central hardwood conference, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia. USFS NCES GTR-NC 188.
76. Keeland, B. D. 1978. Vegetation and soils in calcareous glades of northwest Arkansas. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
77. Keener, C. 1983. Distribution and biohistory of the endemic flora of the mid-Appalachian shale barrens. Bot. Rev. 49: 65-115.
78. Kim, D. H., D. Heber & D. W. Still. 2004. Genetic diversity of Echinacea species based upon amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Genome 47: 102-111.
79. Kimball, R. T., D. J. Crawford, J. R. Page & P. J. Harmon. 2001. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) diversity within Monarda fistulosa var. brevis (Lamiaceae) and var. fistulosa in West Virginia. Brittonia 53: 511-518.
80. Kimmel, V. L. & G. E. Probasco. 1980. Change in woody cover on limestone glades between 1938 and 1975. Trans. Missouri Acad. Sci. 14: 69-74.
81. Kucera, C. L. & S. C. Martin. 1957. Vegetation and soil relationships in the glade region of the southwestern Missouri Ozarks. Ecology 38: 285-291.
82. Kurz, D. R. 1981. Flora of limestone glades in Illinois. Pp. 183-185 in R.L. Stuckey & K.J. Reese (eds.), The Prairie Peninsula-In the "shadow" of Transeau. Proceedings of the sixth North American prairie conference, The Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Ohio Biol. Surv. Biol. Notes No. 15.
83. Ladd, D. & P. Nelson. 1982. Ecological synopsis of Missouri glades. Pp. 1-20 in E. A. McGiness, Jr. (ed.), Proceedings of the cedar glade symposium. Occas. Pap. Missouri Acad. Sci. 7.
84. Laughlin, D. C. 2002. Limestone prairies and the threatened grass, Bouteloua curtipendula, in Pennsylvania. M.S. thesis,. The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park.
85. -. 2004. Woody plant invasion and the importance of anthropogenic disturbance within xeric limestone prairies. J. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci. 78: 12-28.
86. - & C. F. Uhl. 2003. The xeric limestone prairies of Pennsylvania. Castanea 68: 300-316.
87. Lawless, P. J. 2005. Xeric limestone prairies of eastern United States. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.
88. -, J. M. Baskin & C. C. Baskin. 2004. The floristic ecology of xeric limestone prairies in Kentucky, and a comparison to limestone cedar glades and deep-soil barrens. Sida 21: 1055-1079.
89. -, - & -. In press. Scale-dependent classification of xeric limestone prairies: annual or perennial grasslands? Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.
90. Logan, J. M. 1992. The glades of the Buffalo National River, Arkansas. M.S. thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames.
91. Lowell, K. E. & J. H. Astroth. 1989. Vegetative succession and controlled fire in a glades ecosystem. Int. J. Geogr. Inform. Syst. 3: 69-81.
92. Ludwig, J. C. 1999. The flora of dolomite and limestone barrens in southwestern Virginia. Castanea 64: 209-230.
93. MacRoberts, B. R. & M. H. MacRoberts. 1993. Floristics of two Louisiana sandstone glades. Phytologia 74: 431-437.
94. Mann, L. K., A. W. lung, V. H. Dale, W. H. Hargrove, R. Washington-Allen, L. R. Pounds & T. L. Ashwood. 1999. The role of soil classification in geographic information system modeling of habitat pattern: threatened calcareous ecosystems. Ecosystems 2: 524-538.
95. Markham, C. G. 1970. Seasonality of precipitation in the United States. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 60: 593-597.
96. Maxwell, R. H. 1987. Natural area remnants within the Indiana army ammunition plant, Charlestown, Indiana: the little bluestem glades. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 96: 413-419.
97. McClain, W. E. & J. E. Ebinger. 2002. A comparison of the vegetation of three limestone glades in Calhoun County, Illinois. S. E. Naturalist (Steuben) 1: 179-188.
98. Missouri Climate Center [MCC]. 2004. http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/wrcc/ states/mo.html. Missouri Climate Center, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia.
99. National Climatic Data Center [NCDC]. 2001. Mean annual precipitation (inches) for the United States based on normal period 1961-1990. National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina.
100. Nelson, P. & D. Ladd. 1982a. Missouri glades: part I. Missouriensis 3(3): 5-9.
101. - & -. 1982b. Missouri glades: part II. Missouriensis 3(4): 6-11.
102. - & -. 1983. Preliminary report on the identification, distribution and classification of Missouri glades. Pp 59-76 in C. L. Kucera (ed.), Proceedings of the seventh North American prairie conference. Southwest Missouri State Univ., Springfield.
103. Quarterman, E. & R. L. Powell. 1978. Potential ecological/geological natural landmarks of the Interior Low Plateaus. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
104. Rhoades, C. C., S. P. Miller, & M. M. Shea. 2004. Soil properties and soil nitrogen dynamics of prairie-like forest openings and surrounding forests in Kentucky's Knobs region. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 152: 1-11.
105. -, - & D. L. Skinner. 2005. Forest vegetation and soil patterns across glade-forest ecotones in the Knobs Region of northeastern Kentucky, USA. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 154: 1-10.
106. Sapp, C. D. & J. Emplaincourt 1975. Physiographic regions of Alabama. Map #168. Alabama Geological Survey, Tuscaloosa.
107. Sauer, C. 1950. Grassland climax, fire and man. J. Range Managern. 3: 16-20.
108. Schwegman, J. E. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois nature preserves system. Part 2. The natural divisions of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Rockford. 32 p + map.
109. Skinner, B. R. 1979. Location and site requirements of three endangered/threatened Missouri glade plant species. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia.
110. -, G. E. Probasco & F. B. Samson. 1983. Environmental requirements of three threatened plants on limestone glades in southern Missouri. Biol. Conservation 25: 63-73.
111. Southeast Regional Climate Center [SERCC]. 2004. http://www.dnr.state.sc. us/climate/sercc/climate info/historical/historical.html. Southeast Regional Climate Center, Columbia, South Carolina.
112. Steyermark, J. A. 1940. Studies on the vegetation of Missouri. I. Natural plant associations and succession in the Ozarks of Missouri. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 9: 348-475.
113. Swinford, E. M. 1985. Geology of the Peebles quadrangle, Adams County, Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 85: 218-230.
114. Thom, R. H. & J. H. Wilson. 1980. The natural divisions of Missouri: an introduction to the natural history of the state. Pp. 1-11 in C. L. Kucera (ed.), Proceedings of the seventh North American prairie conference, Southwest Missouri State Univ., Springfield.
115. Trammell, T. L. E., C. C. Rhoades, & P. A. Bukaveckas. 2004. Effects of prescribed fire on nutrient pools and losses from glades occurring within oak-hickory forests of central Kentucky. Restorat. Ecol. 12: 597-604.
116. Trewartha, G. T. 1968. An introduction to climate. Ed. 4. McGraw-Hill, New York.
117. Ugarte, E. A. 1987. Hill prairies of northeast Iowa: vegetation and dynamics. Ph.D. diss., Iowa State Univ., Ames.
118. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service [USDA, NRCS]. 2004. The PLANTS database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
119. United States Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS]. 1988. Lesquerella filiformis recovery plan. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities, Minnesota.
120. Ver Hoef, J. M., S. R. Reiter & D. C. Glenn-Lewin. 1993. Glades of the Ozark Scenic Riverways, Missouri. A report to the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Midwest Region, Omaha, Nebraska. NPS Cooperative Agreement CA 6640-8-8008.
121. Ware, S. W. 2002. Rock outcrop plant communities (glades) in the Ozarks: a synthesis. S. W. Naturalist 47: 585-597.
122. Weaver, J. E. 1954. North American prairie. Johnsen Publishing, Lincoln, Nebraska.
123. - & F. E. Clements. 1938. Plant ecology. Ed. 2. McGraw-Hill, New York.
124. Webb, D. H., H. R. DeSelm & M. Dennis. 1997. Studies of prairie barrens of northwestern Alabama. Castanea 62: 173-184.
125. White, D., B. Palmer-Ball Jr. & R. R. Cicerello. 1994. An endangered species survey of Fort Knox Military Reservation, Kentucky [technical report]. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort.
126. Willman, H. B., J. C. Frye, J. A. Simon, K. E. Clegg, D. H. Swann, E. Atherton, C. Collinson, J. A. Lineback & T. C. Buschbach. 1967. Geologic map of Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana.
127. Woodward, S. L. & R. L. Hoffman. 1991. The nature of Virginia. Pp. 23-48 + plates 1-24 in Virginia's endangered species, Coord. K. Terwillinger. The McDonald and Woodward Publ. Co., Blacksburg, Virginia. Figure 3 is a map of the physiographic provinces of Virginia drafted by S.L. Woodward (pers. commun, with J. M. Baskin).