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Volumn 80, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 465-489

Caught between the old and the new-Walther Straub (1874-1944), the question of drug receptors, and the rise of modern pharmacology

Author keywords

Drug binding; Pharmacology; Receptor concept; Walther straub

Indexed keywords


EID: 33749990522     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2006.0111     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (6)

References (172)
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    • Walther Straub, "Ueber die Bedingungen des Auftretens der Glykosurie nach der Kohlenmonoxydvergiftung," Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1897, 38: 139-57.
    • (1897) Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie , vol.38 , pp. 139-157
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  • 3
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    • Walther Straub to the Principal of the University of Freiburg, 1 January 1908
    • Walther Straub to the Principal of the University of Freiburg, 1 January 1908;
  • 4
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    • Dean of the Medical Faculty to the Principal of the University of Freiburg, 3 January 1908
    • Dean of the Medical Faculty to the Principal of the University of Freiburg, 3 January 1908;
  • 5
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    • Ministry of Education (Minister der Justiz, des Kultus und des Unterrichts) to the Senate of the University of Freiburg, 25 January 1908 (two letters), in B 24/3743 (Personalakte), Straub, Walther, von Augsburg (no pagination), University Archive of the University of Freiburg (henceforth UAF). See also the negotiations between the Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, the Philosophical Faculty, and the Ministry of Education in the duchy of Baden, in B1/1225 (Lehrstuhl), Generalia, Medizinische Fakultät, Diener und Dienste, Den Lehrstuhl für Pharmakologie betr. (1907-27), UAF
    • Ministry of Education (Minister der Justiz, des Kultus und des Unterrichts) to the Senate of the University of Freiburg, 25 January 1908 (two letters), in B 24/3743 (Personalakte), Straub, Walther, von Augsburg (no pagination), University Archive of the University of Freiburg (henceforth UAF). See also the negotiations between the Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, the Philosophical Faculty, and the Ministry of Education in the duchy of Baden, in B1/1225 (Lehrstuhl), Generalia, Medizinische Fakultät, Diener und Dienste, Den Lehrstuhl für Pharmakologie betr. (1907-27), UAF.
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    • Zu Walther Straub's 70. Geburtstag
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    • Concerning the international reputation of Sträub, see Gremels, "Walther Straub" (n. 3), p. 3;
    • Walther Straub , Issue.3 , pp. 3
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    • See Klaus Starke, "A History of Naunyn-Schmiedberg's Archives of Pharmacology," Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 1998, 358: 1-109, on pp. 17, 18, 20.
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    • Straub, Walther
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    • British Pharmacological Society, General Minutes, box 1, vol. 1, 1931-35, Contemporary Medical Archive Centre (CMAC), London, SA/BPS/A1
    • British Pharmacological Society, General Minutes, box 1, vol. 1, 1931-35, Contemporary Medical Archive Centre (CMAC), London, SA/BPS/A1.
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    • Rudolf Buchheim, "Ueber die Aufgaben und die Stellung der Pharmakologie an den deutschen Hochschulen," Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1876, 5: 261-78, esp. pp. 265-69.
    • (1876) Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie , vol.5 , pp. 261-278
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  • 20
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    • Zur geschichte der pharmakologie in Deutschland
    • For experimental pharmacology, see also Carl Binz, "Zur Geschichte der Pharmakologie in Deutschland," Klinisches Jahrbuch, 1890, 2: 3-74, esp. pp. 62-74.
    • (1890) Klinisches Jahrbuch , vol.2 , pp. 3-74
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    • Rudolf Buchheim, sein leben und seine bedeutung für die begründung der wissenschaftlichen arzneimittellehre und pharmakologie
    • For Buchheim's experimental setting, see Oswald Schmiedeberg, "Rudolf Buchheim, sein Leben und seine Bedeutung für die Begründung der wissenschaftlichen Arzneimittellehre und Pharmakologie," Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1912, 67: 1-54, esp. pp. 18-54.
    • (1912) Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie , vol.67 , pp. 1-54
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    • Schmiedebergs werk
    • Schmiedeberg had an excellent command of the experimental setting of physiology due to his training in the laboratories of the pioneer in experimental physiology, Carl Ludwig; see Hans Horst Meyer, "Schmiedebergs Werk," Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1932, 92:1-17, esp. pp. 2, 4-5.
    • (1932) Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie , vol.92 , pp. 1-17
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    • Chemical structure and pharmacological action: A chapter in the history of nineteenth-century molecular pharmacology
    • William F. Bynum, "Chemical Structure and Pharmacological Action: A Chapter in the History of Nineteenth-Century Molecular Pharmacology," Bull. Hist. Med., 1970, 44: 518-38.
    • (1970) Bull. Hist. Med. , vol.44 , pp. 518-538
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  • 32
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    • Berlin: Springer
    • The "mouse-tail phenomenon" was a method for identifying derivatives of opium. When a small dose of morphine was injected beneath the dorsal skin of a white mouse, its tail became stiff and bent over until it was parallel to the spinal column; depending on the quantity of the dose, this condition could last for hours. Using this method, the substance pethidine was identified as a derivative of opium. See Klaus Starke, Die Geschichte des Pharmakotogischen Instituts der Universität Freiburg (Berlin: Springer, 2004), p. 11.
    • (2004) Die Geschichte des Pharmakotogischen Instituts der Universität Freiburg , pp. 11
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    • Toxikologische untersuchungen an bioelektrischen strömen
    • For Straub's use of the electrographic method, see Walther Straub, "Toxikologische Untersuchungen an bioelektrischen Strömen," Zeitschrift für Biologie, 1912, 58: 251-60.
    • (1912) Zeitschrift für Biologie , vol.58 , pp. 251-260
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  • 34
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    • Straub's ability to develop and apply new experimental techniques was so well known that even his colleagues in the medical faculty of the University of Freiburg visited his lectures on a regular basis: Back, Entwicklung des Freiburger Pharmakologischen Instituts (n. 2), pp. 53-54, 165-66;
    • Entwicklung des Freiburger Pharmakologischen Instituts , Issue.2 , pp. 53-54
  • 35
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    • Walther Straub in memoriam†
    • Eugen Rost, "Walther Straub in memoriam†," Medizinische Klinik, 1947, 42; 202-4, esp. pp. 202-3;
    • (1947) Medizinische Klinik , vol.42 , pp. 202-204
    • Rost, E.1
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    • Walther Straub, "Naturwissenschaften und Pharmakologie im medizinischen Unterricht," Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1920, 9-11: 246-47, 270-71, 300-301, esp. p. 6 of the offprint.
    • (1920) Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift , vol.9-11 , pp. 246-247
    • Straub, W.1
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    • ed. Gordon MacPherson London: Black
    • Black's Medical Dictionary, 39th ed., ed. Gordon MacPherson (London: Black, 1999), p. 463.
    • (1999) Black's Medical Dictionary, 39th Ed. , pp. 463
  • 40
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    • For current views on the history of the receptor concept, see Andreas-Holger Maehle, Cay-Rüdiger Prüł, and Robert Francis Halliwell, "The Emergence of the Drug Receptor Theory," Nature Rev.: Drug Discov., 2002, 1: 637-41;
    • (2002) Nature Rev.: Drug Discov. , vol.1 , pp. 637-641
    • Maehle, A.-H.1    Prüł, C.-R.2    Halliwell, R.F.3
  • 41
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    • Drugs and cells - Pioneering the concept of receptors
    • Cay-Rüdiger Prüll, Andreas-Holger Maehle, and Robert Francis Halliwell, "Drugs and Cells - Pioneering the Concept of Receptors," Pharm. Hist., 2003, 45: 18-30;
    • (2003) Pharm. Hist. , vol.45 , pp. 18-30
    • Prüll, C.-R.1    Maehle, A.-H.2    Halliwell, R.F.3
  • 43
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    • Origins of the receptor theory of drug action
    • John Parascandola and Ronald Jasensky, "Origins of the Receptor Theory of Drug Action," Bull. Hist. Med., 1974, 48:199-220;
    • (1974) Bull. Hist. Med. , vol.48 , pp. 199-220
    • Parascandola, J.1    Jasensky, R.2
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    • The development of receptor theory
    • Discoveries in Pharmacology, ed, M. J. Parnham and J. Bruinvels, (Amsterdam: Elsevier)
    • John Parascandola, "The Development of Receptor Theory," in Discoveries in Pharmacology, ed, M. J. Parnham and J. Bruinvels, vol. 3, Pharmacological Methods, Receptors and Chemotherapy (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986), pp. 129-56;
    • (1986) Pharmacological Methods, Receptors and Chemotherapy , vol.3 , pp. 129-156
    • Parascandola, J.1
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    • Langley,John Newport
    • On Langley, see Gerald L. Geison, "Langley,John Newport," Dict. Sci. Biog., 8:14-19;
    • Dict. Sci. Biog. , vol.8 , pp. 14-19
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    • John Newport langley: In memoriam
    • Walter Morley Fletcher, "John Newport Langley: In Memoriam," J. Physiol., 1926, 61: 1-27.
    • (1926) J. Physiol. , vol.61 , pp. 1-27
    • Fletcher, W.M.1
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    • Ehrlich, Paul
    • The best account of Ehrlich's life is Claude E. Dolman, "Ehrlich, Paul," Dict. Sci. Biog., 3:295-305, which also gives an overview of the literature on Ehrlich up to 1980.
    • Dict. Sci. Biog. , vol.3 , pp. 295-305
    • Dolman, C.E.1
  • 50
    • 33749989214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although ninety-one years have passed since his death, the literature remains largely hagiographic; see, e.g., Bäumler, Paul Ehrlich (n. 20).
    • Paul Ehrlich , Issue.20
    • Bäumler1
  • 51
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    • Introduction
    • The Collected Papers of Paul Ehrlich in Four Volumes, Including a Complete Bibliography, ed. Fred Himmelweit (henceforth, Collected Papers), (London: Pergamon)
    • Concerning Ehrlich and chemistry, see also Henry Hallett Dale, "Introduction," in The Collected Papers of Paul Ehrlich in Four Volumes, Including a Complete Bibliography, ed. Fred Himmelweit (henceforth, Collected Papers), vol. 1, Histology, Biochemistry and Pathology (London: Pergamon, 1956), pp. 1-18.
    • (1956) Histology, Biochemistry and Pathology , vol.1 , pp. 1-18
    • Dale, H.H.1
  • 52
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    • Die wertbemessung des diphtherieheilserums und deren theoretische grundlagen
    • Klinisches Jahrbuch, Collected Papers, (London: Pergamon)
    • Paul Ehrlich, "Die Wertbemessung des Diphtherieheilserums und deren theoretische Grundlagen" (Klinisches Jahrbuch, 1897), in Collected Papers, vol. 2, Immunology and Cancer Research (London: Pergamon, 1957), pp. 86-106, Eng. trans. on pp. 107-25.
    • (1897) Immunology and Cancer Research , vol.2 , pp. 86-106
    • Ehrlich, P.1
  • 54
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    • Zur geschichte der seitenkettentheorie Paul Ehrlichs
    • See also Bruno Heymann, "Zur Geschichte der Seitenkettentheorie Paul Ehrlichs," Klinische Wochenschrift, 1928, 7: 1257-60;
    • (1928) Klinische Wochenschrift , vol.7 , pp. 1257-1260
    • Heymann, B.1
  • 56
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    • Über haemolysine: Dritte mittheilung
    • Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift
    • Paul Ehrlich and Julius Morgenroth, "Über Haemolysine: Dritte Mittheilung" (Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1900), in Collected Papers, vol. 2 (n. 21), pp. 196-204, Eng. trans. on pp. 205-12.
    • (1900) Collected Papers , vol.2 , Issue.21 , pp. 196-204
    • Ehrlich, P.1    Morgenroth, J.2
  • 57
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    • Über die beziehungen von chemischer constitution, vertheilung und pharmakologischer wirkung
    • (Internationale Beiträgt zur Inneren Medizin: Festschrift für Ernst v. Leyden zur Feier seines 70 jährigen Geburtstages am 20. April 1902 [Berlin: Hirschwald, 1902])
    • Paul Ehrlich, "Über die Beziehungen von chemischer Constitution, Vertheilung und pharmakologischer Wirkung" (Internationale Beiträgt zur Inneren Medizin: Festschrift für Ernst v. Leyden zur Feier seines 70 jährigen Geburtstages am 20. April 1902 [Berlin: Hirschwald, 1902]), in Collected Papers, vol. 1 (n, 20), pp. 570-95, esp. pp. 577-78.
    • Collected Papers , vol.1 , Issue.20 , pp. 570-595
    • Ehrlich, P.1
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    • Ansprache bei der einweihung des georg-speyer-hauses
    • (Address delivered at the dedication of the Georg Speyer House, 3 September Collected Papers), (London: Pergamon)
    • Paul Ehrlich, "Ansprache bei der Einweihung des Georg-Speyer- Hauses" (Address delivered at the dedication of the Georg Speyer House, 3 September 1906), in Collected Papers, vol. 3, Chemotherapy (London: Pergamon, 1960), pp. 42-52, esp. pp. 47-48.
    • (1906) Chemotherapy , vol.3 , pp. 42-52
    • Ehrlich, P.1
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    • Über die methylenblaureaction der lebenden nervensubstanz
    • Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
    • Paul Ehrlich, "Über die Methylenblaureaction der lebenden Nervensubstanz" (Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1886), in Collected Papers, vol. 1 (n. 20), pp. 500-508, esp. p. 501.
    • (1886) Collected Papers , vol.1 , Issue.20 , pp. 500-508
    • Ehrlich, P.1
  • 60
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    • Über den jetzigen stand der chemotherapie
    • Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
    • Paul Ehrlich, "Über den jetzigen Stand der Chemotherapie" (Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 1909), in Collected Papers, vol. 3 (n. 24), pp. 150-70, esp. p. 150.
    • (1909) Collected Papers , vol.3 , Issue.24 , pp. 150-170
    • Ehrlich, P.1
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    • Part of a scientific master plan? Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) and the origins of his receptor concept
    • The development of Ehrlich's receptor theory was the combined result of his social biography, his personality, and his scientific career. For more details on the subject, see CayRüdiger Prüll, "Part of a Scientific Master Plan? Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) and the Origins of His Receptor Concept," Med. Hist., 2003, 47: 332-56.
    • (2003) Med. Hist. , vol.47 , pp. 332-356
    • Prüll, C.1
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    • ed. William F. Bynum and Roy Porter, (London: Routledge)
    • E. M. Tansey, "The Physiological Tradition," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, ed. William F. Bynum and Roy Porter, vol. 1 (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 120-52, esp. pp. 126-27.
    • (1993) Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine , vol.1 , pp. 120-152
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    • On the reaction of cells and of nerve-endings to certain poisons, chiefly as regards the reaction of striated muscle to nicotine and to curari
    • John Newport Langley, "On the Reaction of Cells and of Nerve-Endings to Certain Poisons, Chiefly as Regards the Reaction of Striated Muscle to Nicotine and to Curari," J. Physiol., 1905, 33: 374-413, esp. p. 399.
    • (1905) J. Physiol. , vol.33 , pp. 374-413
    • Langley, J.N.1
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    • 'Receptive substances': John newport langley (1852-1925) and his path to a receptor theory of drug action
    • Andreas-Holger Maehle, "'Receptive Substances': John Newport Langley (1852-1925) and His Path to a Receptor Theory of Drug Action," Med. Hist., 2004, 48: 153-74.
    • (2004) Med. Hist. , vol.48 , pp. 153-174
    • Maehle, A.-H.1
  • 67
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    • For more details on Langley and his work on the receptors, see Maehle, "'Receptive Substances'" (n. 30).
    • Receptive Substances , Issue.30
    • Maehle1
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    • The theoretical basis of Paul Ehrlich's chemotherapy
    • John Parascandola, "The Theoretical Basis of Paul Ehrlich's Chemotherapy," J. Hist. Med. & Allied Sci., 1981, 36:19-43, esp. p. 28.
    • (1981) J. Hist. Med. & Allied Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 19-43
    • Parascandola, J.1
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    • For Ehrlich's chemotherapy, see also Collected Papers, vol. 3 (n. 24).
    • Collected Papers , vol.3 , Issue.24
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    • Martin Weiser, ed., Leipzig: Lorentz
    • Martin Weiser, ed., Das Leipziger Medizinische Viertel (Leipzig: Lorentz, 1914), pp. 47-49.
    • (1914) Das Leipziger Medizinische Viertel , pp. 47-49
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    • Quantitative untersuchung des eindringens von alkaloiden in lebende zellen
    • Walther Straub, "Quantitative Untersuchung des Eindringens von Alkaloiden in lebende Zellen," Pflügers Archiv, 1903, 98: 233-40, esp. pp. 234-35, 237-38, 239-40.
    • (1903) Pflügers Archiv , vol.98 , pp. 233-240
    • Straub, W.1
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    • Einige beobachtungen über die nervenendwirkung des curarin
    • Rudolf Boehm, "Einige Beobachtungen über die Nervenendwirkung des Curarin," Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1895, 35: 16-22, esp. pp. 16, 17-18.
    • (1895) Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie , vol.35 , pp. 16-22
    • Boehm, R.1
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    • Mechanismus der muskarinwirkung am herzen und des antagonismus atropin-muskarin
    • Walther Straub, "Mechanismus der Muskarinwirkung am Herzen und des Antagonismus Atropin-Muskarin," Zentralblatt für Physiologie, 1905, 19: 302-4;
    • (1905) Zentralblatt für Physiologie , vol.19 , pp. 302-304
    • Straub, W.1
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    • Zur chemischen kinetik der muskarinwirkung und des antagonismus muskarin-atropin
    • Walther Straub, idem, "Zur chemischen Kinetik der Muskarinwirkung und des Antagonismus Muskarin-Atropin," Pflügers Archiv, 1907, 119: 127-51. The second of these papers was an expanded version of the first.
    • (1907) Pflügers Archiv , vol.119 , pp. 127-151
    • Straub, W.1
  • 93
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    • Ueber die wirkung des antiarins am ausgeschnittenen suspendirten froschherzen
    • Straub carried out studies on frogs, on their excised hearts, and on muscle preparations. See Walther Straub, "Ueber die Wirkung des Antiarins am ausgeschnittenen suspendirten Froschherzen," Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1901, 45: 346-79;
    • (1901) Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie , vol.45 , pp. 346-379
    • Straub, W.1
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    • Ueber die wirkung der kohlensäure am ausgeschnittenen suspendirten froschherzen
    • Walther Straub, idem, "Ueber die Wirkung der Kohlensäure am ausgeschnittenen suspendirten Froschherzen," Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, ibid., pp. 380-88;
    • Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie , pp. 380-388
    • Straub, W.1
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    • Pharmakologische studien über die substanzen der filixsäuregruppe
    • Walther Straub idem, "Pharmakologische Studien über die Substanzen der Filixsäuregruppe," Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, ibid., 1902, 48: 1-47.
    • (1902) Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie , vol.48 , pp. 1-47
    • Straub, W.1
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    • Clark also described the reactions to Straub, especially those of the opponents of his theory: Alfred Joseph Clark, The Mode of Action of Drugs on Cells ibid., pp. 190-95.
    • The Mode of Action of Drugs on Cells , pp. 190-195
    • Clark, A.J.1
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    • See also Straub to the Principal of the University of Freiburg, 4 February 1908, B 24/3743 (Personalakte), Straub, Walther, von Augsburg (n.p.), UAF.
    • See also Straub to the Principal of the University of Freiburg, 4 February 1908, B 24/3743 (Personalakte), Straub, Walther, von Augsburg (n.p.), UAF.
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    • Quantitative untersuchungen uber den chemismus der strophantinwirkung
    • "Ich muß gestehen, daß ich weder die Organismusbestandteile noch die 'Receptoren' an den Alkaloidmolekülen namhaft machen könnte. Es wird gut sein, ehe man sich zur Annahme einer rein chemischen Verbindung eines Giftes mit Zellbestandteilen entschließt, vorher recht gründlich die anderen Möglichkeiten zur Erklärung einer Giftwirkung zu studieren" (Walther Straub, "Quantitative Untersuchungen uber den Chemismus der Strophantinwirkung," Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1910, 28: 392-407, on p. 393).
    • (1910) Biochemische Zeitschrift , vol.28 , pp. 392-407
    • Straub, W.1
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    • Discussion on the scope and future of teaching and research in pharmacology
    • (comment on the opening statement of Henry Hallett Dale), Nachträge (Basel: Birkhäuser)
    • Walther Straub, "Discussion on the Scope and Future of Teaching and Research in Pharmacology" (comment on the opening statement of Henry Hallett Dale), in Kongressbericht III des XVI. Internationalen Physiologenkongresses, 14.-19. August 1938 in Zürich, Nachträge (Basel: Birkhäuser, 1938), pp. 90-91, esp. p. 91. Straub's response to Dale shows their differing views on the relationship of physiology and pharmacology.
    • (1938) Kongressbericht III des XVI. Internationalen Physiologenkongresses, 14.-19. August 1938 in Zürich , pp. 90-91
    • Straub, W.1
  • 110
    • 33750022503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ich halte diese Erklärung in ihrer generellen Fassung für zu weitgehend und unstatthaft und schließlich auch für unfruchtbar
    • "Ich halte diese Erklärung in ihrer generellen Fassung für zu weitgehend und unstatthaft und schließlich auch für unfruchtbar" Die Bedeutung der Zellmembran für die Wirkung chemischer Stoffe auf den Organismus (ibid., p. 4).
    • Die Bedeutung der Zellmembran für Die Wirkung Chemischer Stoffe Auf Den Organismus , pp. 4
    • Straub, W.1
  • 111
    • 33749993945 scopus 로고
    • Über partiafrunktionen der zelle
    • Nobel Lecture, Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift
    • Straub's attack is based on two papers by Ehrlich - Paul Ehrlich, "Über Partiafrunktionen der Zelle" (Nobel Lecture, Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1909), in Collected Papers, vol. 3 (n. 24), pp. 171-82, Eng. trans. on pp. 183-94;
    • (1909) Collected Papers , vol.3 , Issue.24 , pp. 171-182
  • 112
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    • idem, "Über den jetzigen Stand der Chemotherapie" (n. 26) - neither of which is an essential article for understanding Ehrlich's receptor theory.
    • Über Den Jetzigen Stand der Chemotherapie , Issue.26
  • 113
    • 33749987190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Es ist nicht auszudenken, mit welchem Zellmolekül sie Affinitäten austauschen sollen, da diese doch auch nur der landläufigen organischen Chemie entstammen. Wollte man für diese, wie gesagt, zahlreichen Fälle mit 'Chemorezeptoren' operieren, so verwandelt man nur dabei das eine Wunder in ein anderes. Die Existenz von Chemorezeptoren für Gifte soll nicht geleugnet werden, aber generell ist sie nicht, und damit kann auf ihnen auch keine weitfassende Theorie basieren" (Straub, Bedeutung der Zellmembran [n. 57], p. 4).
    • Bedeutung der Zellmembran , Issue.57 , pp. 4
    • Straub1
  • 116
    • 33750009111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although the relevance of the cell membrane for the effect of chemical substances was not verified in all cases, the examination of glucosides, alkaloids, and inorganic ions supported such a view: Straub, Bedeutung der Zellmembran ibid., pp. 11-12. See also pp. 5-6, 9.
    • Bedeutung der Zellmembran , pp. 11-12
    • Straub1
  • 121
    • 84940024769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Another approach to pharmacology, which was also opposed to a certain extent to the chemical theory of drug binding, was the transmitter concept. Research on transmitting substances of the nervous system, initiated in the nineteenth century, flourished in the early decades of the twentieth century - above all, in investigations of the medical effects of the messenger substance acetylcholine carried out by the pharmacologists Sir Henry Hallett Dale in London and Otto Loewi in Graz (the two men shared the Nobel Prize for their research on neural transmission in 1936). For further information on the history of transmitters, see Joseph D. Robinson, Mechanisms of Synoptic Transmission: Bridging the Gaps (1890-1990) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001);
    • (2001) Mechanisms of Synoptic Transmission: Bridging the Gaps (1890-1990)
    • Robinson, J.D.1
  • 122
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    • Chemical transmission of nerve impulses
    • Discoveries in Pharmacology, ed. M.J. Paraham and J. Bruinvels, (Amsterdam: Elsevier)
    • Z. M. Bacq, "Chemical Transmission of Nerve Impulses," in Discoveries in Pharmacology, ed. M.J. Paraham and J. Bruinvels, vol. 1, Psycho- and Neuropharmacology (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1983), pp. 49-103.
    • (1983) Psycho- and Neuropharmacology , vol.1 , pp. 49-103
    • Bacq, Z.M.1
  • 124
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    • The controversy over structure-activity relationships in the early twentieth century
    • For a discussion of physical versus chemical theorists in the decades after 1900, sec John Parascandola, "The Controversy over Structure-Activity Relationships in the Early Twentieth Century," Pharm. Hist., 1974, 16:54-63, esp. pp. 54-58;
    • (1974) Pharm. Hist. , vol.16 , pp. 54-63
    • Parascandola, J.1
  • 125
    • 33750012253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To bond or not to bond: Chemical versus physical theories of drug action
    • John Parascandola, idem, "To Bond or Not to Bond: Chemical versus Physical Theories of Drug Action," Bull. Hist. Chem., 2003, 28: 1-4.
    • (2003) Bull. Hist. Chem. , vol.28 , pp. 1-4
    • Parascandola, J.1
  • 127
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    • Arthur cushny, optical isomerism, and the mechanism of drug action
    • John Parascandola, "Arthur Cushny, Optical Isomerism, and the Mechanism of Drug Action," J. Hist. Biol., 1975, 8: 145-56;
    • (1975) J. Hist. Biol. , vol.8 , pp. 145-156
    • Parascandola, J.1
  • 129
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    • Chemical structure and sympathomimetic action of amines
    • Henry Hallett Dale and George Barger, "Chemical Structure and Sympathomimetic Action of Amines," J. Physiol., 1910, 41: 19-59, esp. pp. 56-57.
    • (1910) J. Physiol. , vol.41 , pp. 19-59
    • Dale, H.H.1    Barger, G.2
  • 130
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    • Chemical structure and physiological action
    • Later on in life, concerned about the still missing knowledge in this field, Dale became an opponent of general drug-binding theories - but his attacks were mainly concentrated on the concepts of Langley and Ehrlich, while his comments on the physical theory show a certain goodwill: Henry Hallett Dale, "Chemical Structure and Physiological Action," Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., 1920, 31: 373-80.
    • (1920) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull. , vol.31 , pp. 373-380
    • Dale, H.H.1
  • 134
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    • Chemical structure and physiological action
    • C. L. Aisberg, "Chemical Structure and Physiological Action," J. Washington Acad. Sci., 1921,11: 321-41, esp. pp. 327-28;
    • (1921) J. Washington Acad. Sci. , vol.11 , pp. 321-341
    • Aisberg, C.L.1
  • 138
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    • Vom mechanismus mehrphasiger wirkungen. II. Teil: Zusammenfassung der literatur und versuch einer allgemeinen wertung (Theorie) der phasenwirkungen
    • See, e.g., Eduard Rentz, "Vom Mechanismus mehrphasiger Wirkungen. II. Teil: Zusammenfassung der Literatur und Versuch einer allgemeinen Wertung (Theorie) der Phasenwirkungen," Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1929, 141: 183-227;
    • (1929) Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie , vol.141 , pp. 183-227
    • Rentz, E.1
  • 139
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    • Factors influencing the response of plain muscle to drugs
    • T. C. Nanda, "Factors Influencing the Response of Plain Muscle to Drugs," Quart. J. Exp. Physiol., 1931, 21:141-46. It is not possible here to give a full account of this discussion; a detailed analysis of the opposing theories will be given in the monograph of the project mentioned at the beginning of this paper.
    • (1931) Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. , vol.21 , pp. 141-146
    • Nanda, T.C.1
  • 140
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    • The quantification and differentiation of the drug receptor theory, c. 1910-1960
    • Andreas-Holger Maehle, "The Quantification and Differentiation of the Drug Receptor Theory, c. 1910-1960," Ann. Sci., 2005, 62: 479-500.
    • (2005) Ann. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 479-500
    • Maehle, A.-H.1
  • 143
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    • Discussion on the chemical and physical basis of pharmacological action, 12 November 1936
    • Alfred Joseph Clark, "Discussion on the Chemical and Physical Basis of Pharmacological Action, 12 November 1936," Proc. Roy. Soc. London, ser. B, 1937, 121:580-84, on p. 583.
    • (1937) Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B , vol.121 , pp. 580-584
    • Clark, A.J.1
  • 145
  • 148
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    • Mode of action of stimulating alkaloids
    • comment on Clark, "Discussion on the Chemical and Physical Basis of Pharmacological Action,"
    • Walther Straub, "Mode of Action of Stimulating Alkaloids," comment on Clark, "Discussion on the Chemical and Physical Basis of Pharmacological Action," Proc. Roy. Soc. London, ser. B, 1937, 121: 584-87.
    • (1937) Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B , vol.121 , pp. 584-587
    • Straub, W.1
  • 149
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    • Chemischer bau und pharmakologische wirksamkeit in der digitalisgruppe
    • "Spekulationen über unmittelbare Beziehungen zwischen Konstitution und Wirkung und Natur der Verbindung von Gift und lebendem Organ sind wie immer müßig" (Walther Sträub, "Chemischer Bau und pharmakologische Wirksamkeit in der Digitalisgruppe," Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1916, 75:132-44, on p. 144; emphasis in original).
    • (1916) Biochemische Zeitschrift , vol.75 , pp. 132-144
    • Sträub, W.1
  • 150
    • 33750034538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IV. Digitalis: Biochemistry
    • in idem, (Stanford: Stanford University Press)
    • Walther Straub, "IV. Digitalis: Biochemistry," in idem, Lane Lectures on Pharmacology (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1931), pp. 45-59, on p. 45.
    • (1931) Lane Lectures on Pharmacology , pp. 45-59
    • Straub, W.1
  • 154
    • 33749998554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • V. general pharmacology of heavy metals
    • Walther Straub, "V. General Pharmacology of Heavy Metals," in Lane Lectures (n. 82), pp. 60-71, on p. 64.
    • Lane Lectures , Issue.82 , pp. 60-71
    • Straub, W.1
  • 155
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    • Über humorale übertragbarkeit der herznervenwirkung. I. Mitteilung
    • See Otto Loewi, "Über humorale Übertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung. I. Mitteilung," Pflügen Archiv, 1921, 189: 239-42.
    • (1921) Pflügen Archiv , vol.189 , pp. 239-242
    • Loewi, O.1
  • 159
    • 33750011998 scopus 로고
    • Über chronische Vergiftungen, speziell die chronische Bleivergiftung
    • Walther Straub, "Über chronische Vergiftungen, speziell die chronische Bleivergiftung," Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1911, 32:1469-71.
    • (1911) Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift , vol.32 , pp. 1469-1471
    • Straub, W.1
  • 160
    • 33750001665 scopus 로고
    • Tetanustherapie mit Magnesiumsulfat: Erfahrungen am tetanuskranken Menschen bei intravenöser Einführung des Magnesiumsulfats
    • Walther Straub, "Tetanustherapie mit Magnesiumsulfat: Erfahrungen am tetanuskranken Menschen bei intravenöser Einführung des Magnesiumsulfats," Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1915, 10: 341-42;
    • (1915) Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift , vol.10 , pp. 341-342
    • Straub, W.1
  • 161
    • 33750000239 scopus 로고
    • Toxikologische untersuchung des M. Fickerschen gasbrandtoxins und antitoxins
    • Walther Straub, idem, "Toxikologische Untersuchung des M. Fickerschen Gasbrandtoxins und Antitoxins," Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift, ibid., 1919, 14: 89-91.
    • (1919) Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift , vol.14 , pp. 89-91
    • Straub, W.1
  • 162
    • 33750018281 scopus 로고
    • August Amman, über die wirkung des nicotins und die diätetik des tabakgenusses
    • Walther Straub, "August Amman, Über die Wirkung des Nicotins und die Diätetik des Tabakgenusses," Klinische Wochenschrift, 1940, 19: 169-71.
    • (1940) Klinische Wochenschrift , vol.19 , pp. 169-171
    • Straub, W.1
  • 164
  • 167
    • 33750019406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "So sind auch in der medizinischen Forschung diejenigen Ergebnisse die populärsten geworden, die in der Sprache der Form reden, wie die naive Seitenkettentheorie u.a.; wie die Erfahrung zeigte, nicht einmal zum Nutzen der Sache selbst" (Straub, "Naturwissenschaften und Pharmakologie" [n. 16], p. 2 of offprint).
    • Naturwissenschaften und Pharmakologie , Issue.16 , pp. 2
    • Straub1
  • 172
    • 0033876430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different modes of action of morphine and epibatidine in straub tail reactions in mice
    • Fred Lembeck, "Different Modes of Action of Morphine and Epibatidine in Straub Tail Reactions in Mice," Arzneimittelforschung/Drug Research, 2000, 50: 683-87.
    • (2000) Arzneimittelforschung/Drug Research , vol.50 , pp. 683-687
    • Lembeck, F.1


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