Comment on Laura Kalman's article

American Historical Review

Volumn 110, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 1081-1092

  Leuchtenburg, William E ^a  

^a The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749868995     PISSN: 00028762     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/ahr.110.4.1081     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. 298 U.S. 587 (1936).
2. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, ed. Samuel I. Rosenman, 13 vols. (New York, 1938-1950), 5: 51-66.
3. 300 U.S. 379 (1937).
4. David Lawrence, "Minimum Wage Edicts," April 1, 1937, copy in Joseph Pulitzer Papers, Library of Congress, Box 76. Another prominent correspondent wrote in the same vein.
5. See Franklyn Waltman in the Washington Post, May 30, 1937.
6. Felix Frankfurter, "Mr. Justice Roberts," University of Pennsylvania Law Review 104 (1955): 311-349.
7. William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (New York, 1963), 236n.
8. United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936) at 78-88.
9. Harlan Fiske Stone to C. C. Burlingham, January 9, 1936, Box 7, Stone Papers, Library of Congress.
10. William E. Leuchtenburg, The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt (New York, 1995), 311.
11. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000).
12. 119 S. Ct. 2240 (1999).
13. have discussed the Rehnquist Court's federalism decisions in "The Tenth Amendment over Two Centuries: More than a Truism," in The Tenth Amendment and State Sovereignty: Constitutional History and Contemporary Issues, ed. Mark R. Killenbeck (Lanham, Md., 2002), 41-105.
14. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 232n. "Morehead" was an alternative shorthand for Tipaldo.
15. John W. Chambers, "The Big Switch: Justice Roberts and the Minimum-Wage Cases," Labor History 10 (Winter 1969): 44-73.
16. See, too, the perceptive comments of Michael E. Parrish in Felix Frankfurter and His Times: The Reform Years (New York, 1982), 270-271.
17. The term "constitutional revolution of 1937" is commonplace. As early as 1938, E. S. Corwin used the rubric "constitutional revolution," which he italicized, to encapsulate the 1937 revamping. Corwin, Court over Constitution: A Study of Judicial Review as an Instrument of Popular Government (Princeton, N.J., 1938), 124.
18. For a later example, see Bernard Schwartz, The Supreme Court: Constitutional Revolution in Retrospect (New York, 1957).
19. Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502 (1934).
20. Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (1877).
21. Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton R. Co., 295 U.S. 330 (1935).
22. devoted a chapter to this case in The Supreme Court Reborn.
23. Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (1935).
24. Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330 (1935).
25. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935);
26. Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford, 295 U.S. 555 (1935);
27. Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935).
28. The opinion in Schechter, which turned on the issue of improper delegation, took a very narrow view of the commerce power, an attitude that had been foreshadowed by Chassaniol v. City of Greenwood, 291 U.S. 584 (1934), handed down just one week after Nebbia.
29. 297 U.S. 1 (1936).
30. 298 U.S. 1 (1936).
31. Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238 (1936).
32. Ashton v. Cameron County District, 298 U.S. 513 (1936).
33. Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo, 298 U.S. 587 (1936).
34. Roosevelt, Public Papers, 5: 191-192.
35. Mason, Stone, 426.
36. 247 U.S. 251 (1918).
37. 254 U.S. 443 (1921).
38. 259 U.S. 20 (1922).
39. 261 U.S. 525 (1923).
40. 264 U.S. 504 (1924).
41. 273 U.S. 418 (1928).
42. 277 U.S. 350 (1928).
43. Mayflower Farms, Inc. v. Ten Eyck, 297 U.S. 269 (1936).
44. Great Northern Railway v. Weeks, 297 U.S. 135 (1936).
45. Felix Frankfurter to Harlan Fiske Stone, February 12, 1936, Box 13, Stone Papers.
46. 296 U.S. 404 (1935).
47. Felix Frankfurter to Harlan Fiske Stone, December 16, 1935, Box 105, Frankfurter Papers, Library of Congress.
48. Felix Frankfurter to Harlan Fiske Stone, December 19, 1935, ibid.
49. In Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), the Court, divided 5-4, struck down a New York state law limiting the hours of labor of bakers, The opinion by Justice Rufus Peckham was long regarded as the high-water mark of usurpation by the courts of legislative authority.
50. Felix Frankfurter to James M. Landis, January 9, 1936, Box 10, Frankfurter Papers.
51. Thomas Reed Powell to Levi P. Smith, April 6, 1936, January 3, 1936, Powell Papers, Harvard University Law School, Cambridge, Mass.
52. 297 U.S. 1 at 87.
53. 298 U.S. at 633.
54. Stone to Frankfurter, April 7, 1936, Box 105, Frankfurter Papers.
55. 298 U.S. 1 at 32.
56. 298 U.S. 238 at 327, 341.
57. Alpheus Thomas Mason, Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law (New York, 1956), 425.
58. In a trenchant essay, David A. Pepper has demonstrated how problematic is any attempt to present Nebbia as the fountainhead of the constitutional changeover in the 1930s. "Against Legalism: Rebutting an Anachronistic Account of 1937," Marquette Law Review 82 (1998): 63-154.
59. Howard Lee McBain, "The Issue: Court or Congress?" New York Times Magazine, January 19, 1936, 1, 22.
60. Frankfurter to James M. Landis, January 9, 1936, Box 10, Landis Papers, Library of Congress.
61. Parrish, Felix Frankfurter and His Times, 319.
62. Raymond Clapper MS. Diary, February 8, 1937, Clapper Papers, Library of Congress. I have discussed this matter at length in "The Nine Justices Respond to the 1937 Crisis," Journal of Supreme Court History 1 (1997): 55-75.
63. Washington Post, March 17, 1937, 1;
64. Baltimore Sun, July 15, 1937, clipping, Joseph T. Robinson Scrapbooks, Robinson Papers, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark.
65. Time, April 5, 1937, 13.
66. Carmichael v. So. Coal & Coke Co., 301 U.S. 495 (1937);
67. Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548 (1937); Helvering v. Davis, 301 U.S. 619 (1937).
68. Memo, Box 16, Frank Gannett Papers, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
69. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936).
70. Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925).
71. Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359 (1931).
72. Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931).
73. Fleming James to Harlan Fiske Stone, January 23, 1936, Box 82, Stone Papers. See also John H. Clarke to Newton D. Baker, February 11, 1936, File 3, Folder 24, Clarke Papers, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio.
74. Frankfurter to Stone, May 28, 1936, Box 105, Frankfurter Papers.
75. New York Times, February 11, 1936, 15.
76. New York Times, Ibid., January 8, 1936, 15.
77. Anthony J. Badger, Prosperity Road: The New Deal, Tobacco, and North Carolina (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 122.
78. New York Times, February 10, 1936, 4.
79. Michael Nelson, "The President and the Court: Reinterpreting the Court-Packing Episode of 1937," Political Science Quarterly 103 (1988): 273,
80. citing Stuart S. Nagel, "Court-Curbing Periods in American History," Vanderbilt Law Review 18 (1965): 925.
81. Frances Perkins, Columbia Oral History Collection, 71-74.
82. Owen J. Roberts, The Court and the Constitution: The Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures (Port Washington, N.Y., 1951, 1969), 61.
83. Literary Digest, October 31, 1936, 5-6.
84. Willis Van Devanter to Mrs. John W. Lacey, November 2, 1936, Volume 52, Van Devanter Papers, Library of Congress; James C. McReynolds to Dr. Robert P. McReynolds, July 4, 1936, McReynolds Papers, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
85. New York Evening Post, January 8, 1936, clipping, PPS Box 70, Herbert Hoover Papers, West Branch, Iowa;
86. Rodney Dutcher, "Behind the Scenes in Washington," Brownsville (Tex.) Herald, May 27, 1936.
87. NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937).
88. Paul Mallon, "Purely Confidential," Detroit News, April 14, 1937.
89. Charles Beard to Irving Brant, April 13, 1937, Box 2, Brant Papers, Library of Congress.
90. "Congratulations, Mr. President," Philadelphia Record, April 13, 1937, clipping, Box 357, W. Jett Lauck Papers, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. See also J. F. T. O'Connor MS. Diary, April 12, 1937, O'Connor Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; M. M. Logan to Samuel Wilson, April 13, 1937, Wilson Papers, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
91. Gerald Garvey, "Edward S. Corwin in the Campaign of History: The Struggle for National Power in the 1930's," George Washington Law Review 34 (1965): 219, 230.
92. Richard C. Cortner, The Wagner Act Cases (Knoxville, Tenn., 1964), 188.
93. "President Roosevelt's New Deal," Cass Sunstein has observed, "marked a fundamental change in American legal and political culture." Cass R. Sunstein, The Partial Constitution (Cambridge, Mass., 1993), 349.
94. United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995) at 604, 614.
95. Id. at 589.
96. 120 S. Ct. 1740 (2000) at 1767.
97. Ibid.
98. NLRB v. Friedman-Harry Marks Clothing Co., 301 U.S. 58 (1957).