Expectation states theory and research: New observations from meta-analysis

Sociological Methods and Research

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 219-249

  Kalkhoff, Will ^a   Thye, Shane R ^b  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Expectation states; Meta analysis; Rewards; Social influence; Status

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749865813     PISSN: 00491241     EISSN: 15528294     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0049124106290311     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Bales, R. F. 1950. Interaction Process Analysis: A Method for the Study of Small Groups. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Bales, R. F., Fred L. Strodtbeck, Theodore M. Mills, and Mary E. Roseborough. 1951. "Channels of Communication in Small Groups." American Sociological Review 16: 461-468.
3. Balkwell, James W. 1991a. "Status Characteristics and Social Interaction." Pp. 135-176 in Advances in Group Processes, edited by Edward J. Lawler, Barry Markovsky, Cecilia Ridgeway, and Henry A. Walker. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
4. Balkwell, James W. 1991b. "From Expectations to Behavior: An Improved Postulate for Expectation States Theory." American Sociological Review 56: 355-369.
5. Balkwell, James W. 2000. "Calculating an Actor's Expectation State Value." Retrieved November 20, 2004, from http://www.geocities.com/ jwbalkwell/expect.html
6. Berger, Joseph, Bernard P. Cohen, and Morris Zelditch Jr. 1972. "Status Characteristics and Social Interaction." American Sociological Review 37: 241-255.
7. Berger, Joseph and Thomas L. Conner. 1969. "Performance Expectations and Behavior in Small Groups." Acta Sociologica 12: 186-198.
8. Berger, Joseph, Thomas L. Conner, and M. Hamit Fisek. 1974. Expectation States Theory: A Theoretical Research Program. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop.
9. Berger, Joseph and M. Hamit Fisek. 1970. "Consistent and Inconsistent Status Characteristics and the Determination of Power and Prestige Orders." Sociometry 33: 287-304.
10. Berger, Joseph, M. Hamit Fisek, and Lee Freese. 1976. "Paths of Relevance and the Determination of Power and Prestige Orders." Pacific Sociological Review 19: 45-62.
11. Berger, Joseph, M. Hamit Fisek, Robert Z. Norman, and David G. Wagner. 1985. "Formation of Reward Expectations in Status Situations." Pp. 215-261 in Status, Rewards, and Influence, edited by Joseph Berger and M. Zelditch Jr. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Berger, Joseph, M. Hamit Fisek, Robert Z. Norman, and Morris Zelditch Jr. 1977. Status Characteristics and Social Interaction: An Expectation States Approach. New York: Elsevier.
13. Berger, Joseph, Robert Z. Norman, James W. Balkwell, and Roy F. Smith. 1992. "Status Inconsistency in Task Situations: A Test of Four Status Organizing Principles." American Sociological Review 57: 843-855.
14. Berger, Joseph, David G. Wagner, and Morris Zelditch Jr. 1985. "Introduction: Expectation States Theory: Review and Assessment." Pp. 1-72 in Theoretical Research Programs: Studies in the Growth of Theory, edited by Joseph Berger and Morris Zelditch Jr. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
15. Bryk, Anthony S. and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 1992. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
16. Driskell, James E. and Murray Webster Jr. 1997. "Status and Sentiment in Task Groups." Pp. 179-200 in Status, Network, and Structure: Theory Construction and Theory Development, edited by Jacek Szmatka, John Skvoretz, and Joseph Berger. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
17. Earnhart, Benjamin. 2005. "A Dynamic Web Application for Calculating and Storing Expectation States Empirical Constants From Summary Data." Unpublished software manual, v.1.
18. Ferrer, Robert L. 1998. "Graphical Methods for Detecting Bias in Meta-Analysis." Family Medicine 30: 579-583.
19. Fisek, M. Hamit and Joseph Berger. 1998. "Status and Sentiment in Task Groups." Pp. 23-39 in Advances in Group Processes, edited by John Skvoretz and Jacek Szmatka. Stamford, CT: JAI.
20. Fisek, M. Hamit, Joseph Berger, and James C. Moore Jr. 2002. "Evaluations, Enactment, and Expectations." Social Psychology Quarterly 65: 329-345.
21. Fisek, M. Hamit, Joseph Berger, and Robert Z. Norman. 1991. "Participation in Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Groups: A Theoretical Integration." American Journal of Sociology 97: 114-142.
22. Fisek, M. Hamit, Joseph Berger, and Robert Z. Norman. 1995. "Evaluations and the Formation of Expectations." American Journal of Sociology 101: 721-746.
23. Fisek, M. Hamit, Robert Z. Norman, and Max Nelson-Kilger. 1992. "Status Characteristics and Expectation States Theory: A Priori Model Parameters and Test." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 16: 285-303.
24. Foschi, Martha. 1996. "Double Standards in the Evaluation of Men and Women." Social Psychology Quarterly 59: 237-254.
25. Foschi, Martha, Sandra Enns, and Vanessa Lapointe. 2001. "Processing Performance Evaluations in Homogeneous Task Groups: Feedback and Gender Effects." Advances in Group Processes 18: 185-216.
26. Foschi, Martha and Vanessa Lapointe. 2002. "On Conditional Hypotheses and Gender as a Status Characteristic." Social Psychology Quarterly 65: 146-162.
27. Foschi, Martha, Kristen Sigerson, Larissa Lai, and Ricardo Foschi. 1990. "A Computerized Setting for Expectation States Research." Paper presented at the West Coast Conference on Small Groups Research, Lewis and Clark College, April, Portland, OR.
28. Fox, John and James C. Moore Jr. 1979. "Status Characteristics and Expectation States: Fitting and Testing a Recent Model." Social Psychology Quarterly 42: 126-134.
29. Freese, Lee. 1976. "The Generalization of Specific Performance Expectations." Sociometry 39: 194-200.
30. Freese, Lee and Bernard P. Cohen. 1973. "Eliminating Status Generalization." Sociometry 36: 177-193.
31. Freese, Lee and Jane Sell. 1980. "Constructing Axiomatic Theories in Sociology: Part 2." Pp. 310-368 in Theoretical Methods in Sociology: Seven Essays, edited by Lee Freese. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
32. Gerber, Gwendolyn L. 2001. Women and Men Police Officers: Status, Gender, and Personality, Westport, CT: Praeger.
33. Glass, Gene V. 1976. "Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research." Educational Researcher 5: 3-8.
34. Harrod, Wendy Jean. 1980. "Expectations From Unequal Rewards." Social Psychology Quarterly 43: 126-130.
35. Hembroff, Larry A. 1982. "Resolving Status Inconsistency: An Expectation States Theory and Test." Social Forces 61: 183-205.
36. Hembroff, Larry A., Michael W. Martin, and Jane Sell. 1981. "Total Performance Inconsistency and Status Generalization: An Expectation States Formulation." The Sociological Quarterly 22: 421-430.
37. Hunter, John E. and Frank L. Schmidt. 1990. Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
38. Ilardi, Barbara C. and Anne McMahon. 1988. "Organizational Legitimacy and Performance Expectations." Pp. 217-244 in Advances in Group Processes, edited by Edward J. Lawler. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
39. Jackson, Linda A., John E. Hunter, and Carole N. Hodge. 1995. "Physical Attractiveness and Intellectual Competence: A Meta-Analytic Review." Social Psychology Quarterly 58 (2). 108-122.
40. Kelley, George A. and Zung Vu Tran. 2001. "Original Metric Versus Standardized Effect Sizes for Meta-Analysis of Clinical Data." Preventive Cardiology 4: 40-45.
41. Latane, Bibb. 1981. "The Psychology of Social Impact." American Psychologist 36: 343-356.
42. Latane, Bibb and Todd L'Herrou. 1996. "Spatial Clustering in the Conformity Game: Dynamic Social Impact in Electronic Groups." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (6). 1218-1230.
43. Latane, Bibb, James H. Liu, Andrzej Nowak, and Michael Bonevento. 1995. "Distance Matters: Physical Space and Social Impact." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (7). 795-805.
44. Lindley, Dennis V. and Adrian F. M. Smith. 1972. "Bayes Estimates for the Linear Model." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 34: 1-41.
45. Lovaglia, Michael J. and Jeffrey A. Houser. 1996. "Emotional Reactions and Status in Groups." American Sociological Review 61: 867-883.
46. Markovsky, Barry, Le Roy F. Smith, and Joseph Berger. 1984. "Do Status Interventions Persist?" American Sociological Review 49: 373-382.
47. Martin, Michael W. and Jane Sell. 1980. "The Marginal Utility of Information: Its Effects Upon Decision-Making." The Sociological Quarterly 21: 233-242.
48. Martin, Michael W. and Jane Sell. 1985. "The Effect of Equating Status Characteristics on the Generalization Process." Social Psychology Quarterly 48: 178-182.
49. Moore, James C. 1985. "Role Enactment and Self-Identity." Pp. 262-316 in Status, Rewards, and Influence, edited by Joseph Berger and Morris Zelditch Jr. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
50. Parcel, Toby L. and Karen S. Cook. 1977. "Status Characteristics, Reward Allocation, and Equity." Sociometry 40: 311-324.
51. Raudenbush, Stephen W., Anthony S. Bryk, Yuk Fai Cheong, and Richard T. Congdon Jr. 2000. HLM5: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
52. Ridgeway, Cecilia L., Joseph Berger, and Roy F. Smith. 1985. "Nonverbal Cues and Status: An Expectation States Approach." American Journal of Sociology 90: 955-978.
53. Ridgeway, Cecilia L. and Henry A. Walker. 1995. "Status Structures." Pp. 281-310 in Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, edited by K. S. Cook, G. A. Fine, and J. House. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
54. Short, John A. 1974. "Effects of Medium of Communication on Experimental Negotiation." Human Relations 27: 325-334.
55. Stewart, Penni A. 1988. "Women and Men in Groups: A Status Characteristic Approach to Interaction." Pp. 69-85 in Status Generalization: New Theory and Research, edited by M. Webster, and M. Foschi. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
56. Stewart, Penni A. and James C. Moore Jr. 1992. "Wage Disparities and Performance Expectations." Social Psychology Quarterly 55: 78-85.
57. Thye, Shane R. 2000. "Reliability in Experimental Sociology." Social Forces 74: 1277-1309.
58. Troyer, Lisa. 2001. "Effects of Protocol Differences on the Study of Status and Social Influence." Current Research in Social Psychology 6: 182-205. Retrieved October 11, 2004, from http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Egrpproc/crisp/ crisp.6.13.htm
59. Wagner, David G. and Joseph Berger. 1982. "Paths of Relevance and the Induction of Status-Task Expectancies: A Research Note." Social Forces 61: 575-586.
60. Wagner, David G. and Joseph Berger. 1993. "Status Characteristics Theory: The Growth of a Program." Pp. 23-63 in Theoretical Research Programs: Studies in the Growth of Theory, edited by J. Berger and M. Zelditch. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
61. Wagner, David G. and Joseph Berger. 2002. "The Evolution of Expectation States Theories." Pp. 41-78 in Contemporary Sociological Theories, edited by M. Zelditch Jr. and J. Berger. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
62. Wagner, David G., Rebecca S. Ford, and Thomas W. Ford. 1986. "Can Gender Inequalities Be Reduced?" American Sociological Review 51: 47-61.
63. Walker, Henry A. 1999. "A Program for Calculating P(S) in Complex, Asymmetric Status Structures." Current Research in Social Psychology 4: 113-123. Retrieved November 20, 2004, from http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Egrpproc/ crisp/crisp.4.2.htm
64. Webster, Murray, Jr. 1977. "Equating Characteristics and Social Interaction: Two Experiments." Sociometry 40: 41-50.
65. Webster, Murray, Jr. 2003. Database of Status Experiments. Charlotte, NC: UNC Charlotte Group Processes Laboratory.
66. Webster, Murray, Jr., and James E. Driskell Jr. 1978. "Status Generalization: A Review and Some New Data." American Sociological Review 43: 220-236.
67. Webster, Murray, Jr. and Martha Foschi. 1988. Status Generalization: New Theory and Research. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
68. Webster, Murray, Jr. and Barbara I. Sobieszek. 1974. Sources of Self-Evaluation: A Formal Theory of Significant Others and Social Influence. New York: John Wiley.
69. Webster, Murray, Jr. and Joseph Whitmeyer. 1999. "A Theory of Second-Order Expectations and Behavior." Social Psychology Quarterly 62: 17-31.
70. Whitmeyer, Joseph. 1998. "A Program for Calculating P(S) in Complex, Symmetric Status Structures." Current Research in Social Psychology 3: 64-68. Retrieved November 20, 2004, from http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Egrpproc/crisp/ crisp.3.5.htm
71. Whitmeyer, Joseph. 2003. "The Mathematics of Expectation States Theory." Social Psychology Quarterly 66: 238-253.
72. Whitmeyer, Joseph M., Murray Webster Jr., and Lisa Slattery Rashotte. 2005. "When Status Equals Make Status Claims." Social Psychology Quarterly 68 (2). 179-186.
73. Zelditch, Morris, Jr., Patrick Lauderdale, and Stephen Stublarec. 1980. "How Are Inconsistencies Between Status and Ability Resolved?" Social Forces 58: 1025-1044.