From slave to citizen-soldier in early-independence Argentina

Historical Reflections

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 65-81

  Meisel, Seth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN WHITEWATER   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33749853226     PISSN: 03157997     EISSN: 19392419     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. "Los negros argentinos. El monumento a Falucho," Revista National 10 (1889): 171
2. Ensayo de la Historia Civil de Buenos Aires, Tucumán y Paraguay, 2nd ed., (Buenos Aires, 1856), tomo II, p. 335
3. Kimberly S. Hanger, Bounded Lives, Bounded Places. Free Black Society in Colonial New Orleans, 1769-1803 (Durham, NC, 1997) p. 48
4. Jane Landers, Black Society in Spanish Florida (Urbana, IL, 1999), p. 39
5. Peter Voelz, Slave and Soldier. The Military Impact of Blacks in the Colonial Americas (New York, 1993), p. 433
6. Historia de Belgrano (Buenos Aires, 1940), 1: 299
7. Daniel Moran, "The Nation in Arms in Revolutionary Europe," a paper delivered at the American Historical Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, 2000
8. This conclusion echoes several new political histories of Spanish America's early republican era. See Sarah Chambers, From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender and Politics in Arequipa, Peru, 1780-1854 (University Park, PA, 1999)
9. Peter Guardino, Peasants, Politics, and the Formation of Mexico's National State: Guerrero, 1800-1857 (Stanford, 1996)
10. Florencia Mallon, Peasant and Nation in the Making of Post-Colonial Mexico and Peru (Berkeley, 1995)
11. More generally, see James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, 1990), pp. 134-135
12. Ruth Pike, Penal Servitude in Early Modern Spain (Madison, WI, 1983), p. 50
13. Tulio Halperin Donghi, Politics, Economics and Society in Argentina in the Revolutionary Period (New York, 1975), p. 119
14. See also Pierre Rétat, "The Evolution of the Citizen from the Ancien Régime to the Revolution" in The French Revolution and the Meaning of Citizenship, éd. Reneé Waldinger, et. al. (Greenwich, CT, 1993), p. 3
15. Juzgados militares de Espaňa y sus Indias (Madrid, 1788)
16. Emilio A. Bidondo, "Las tropas del Río de la Plata bajo la influencia de la legislatión militar borbónica," Inuestigaciones y Ensayos 32 (1982): 212
17. Colón, I:iv-vi, xxxix, xli
18. José Cepeda Gómez, "Servir al Rey y servir a la Natión. Ilustrados, liberales y el deber militar," Cuademos de Historia Moderna 16 (1995): 143. The fueros were so important to Colón's conception of the military's function as well as its corporate identity that he devoted the entire first volume of Military Courts to describe their operation
19. Juan Marchena Fernández, Oficiales y soldados en el ejército de América (Sevilla, 1983), pp. 274, 297
20. Pike, p. 122
21. Marchena, p. 280
22. Marchena, pp. 275, 277
23. Colón, I:xvii, xxv, xxxix
24. Lyman Johnson, "The Military as Catalyst of Change in Late Colonial Buenos Aires" in Revolution and Restoration: The Rearrangement of Power in Argentina, 1776-1860, ed. Mark Szuchman and Jonathan Brown (Lincoln, NE, 1994), p. 35
25. Lyle N. McAllister, The "Fuero Militar" in New Spain. 1764-1800 (Gainesville, FL, 1957), p. 35
26. Colón, l:xii, xxxix; 11:545
27. See for instance, McAllister, p. 35
28. Eduardo Saguier, "Las contradicciones entre el fuero militar y el poder político en el Virreinato del Río de la Plata," European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 56 (1994): 60
29. Allan J. Kuethe, Military Reform and Society in New Granada, 1773-1808 (Gainesville, FL, 1978), p. 33
30. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York, 1991 ) pp. 99-104
31. William J. Callahan, Honor, Commerce, and Industry in Eighteenth-Century Spain (Boston, 1972), pp. 43-52
32. This sentiment even found its way to colonial Río de la Plata. In the funeral oration for King Charles III, preached in the Córdoba Cathedral, the canon Gregorio Funes praised the royal encouragement of the "mechanical arts" as of equal consequence for the empire as the king's many victories in war. Oratión funebre que en las exequias del católico rey Don Carlos III celebradas en ésta Santa Iglesia Catedral de Córdoba del Tucumán dijo el Doctor Don Gregorio Funes, canónigo de la Merced de la misma Santa Iglesia (Buenos Aires, 1790), p. 23
33. Michael Scardavile, "(Hapsburg) Law and (Bourbon) Order: State Authority, Popular Unrest, and the Criminal Justice System in Bourbon Mexico City," The Americas 50 (1994): 512-513
34. Pike, p. 49
35. See also Pamela Vokel, "Peeing on the Palace: Bodily Resistance to Bourbon Reforms in Mexico City," The Journal of Historical Sociology 5 (1992): 181-202
36. Alfonso Lazo Diaz, "La Iucha contra Ios privilegios estamentales en las Cortes de Cádiz," Atlántida 49 (1971): 54-55
37. Romance de la Gloriosa defensa de la Cuidadde Buenos-Ayres (Buenos Aires, 1807), pp. 27-28. Similarly, (he mulatto Pablo Ximenes received emancipation from his master after killing two British soldiers and then carrying an injured comrade to the hospital: an act, according to the poem, that reflected the honor and virtue of both master and former slave
38. Beverina, p. 32
39. Horacio José Pianetto, "La situatión social de la compaña durante el período de la Revolutión, 1810-1814," Revista de la Universidad National de Córdoba, 2nd Ser.,9(1968):110
40. Morris Janowitz, "Military Institutions and Citizenship in Western Societies," Armed Forces and Society 2 (February 1976): 190
41. Jean-Paul Bertraud, The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power (Princeton, 1988), p. 99
42. Alan Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during the Revolutionand Empire (Oxford, 1989), pp. 16-18
43. Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and the American Character, 1775-1783 (Chapel Hill, 1979), pp. 47-53
44. Peter S. Onuf, "American Revolution and National Identity," (Mss. National Cultures and the Construction of the Modern World Seminar, History Department, The Johns Hopkins University, April 20, 1998), p. 19
45. In Pianetto, p. 159
46. Cited in Fued Gabriel Nellar and Rosa Meli, "Aplicación de medidas disciplinarias y de penas por faltas y delitos cometidos en el Ejército de la Revolutión de Mayo, años 1811-1816," Boletín Informativo, Comando en Jefe del Ejército, Directión de Estudios Históricos 5-6(1970: 151
47. Hans Vogel, "Fiestas patrias y nuevas lealtades," Todo es Historia 287 (1991 ): 46
48. and "Elements of Nationbuilding in Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1810-1828" (Diss. University of Florida, 1987), p. 105
49. Compilatión de leyes, decretos y acuerdos de la Exma. Cámara de Justicia ydemás dispociciones de carácter pública dictadas en la provincia de Córdoba desde 1810 á 1870 (Córdoba, 1870), pp. 8-9
50. Los Amigos de la Patria y de la Juuentud, 1815-1816 (Buenos Aires, 1961), pp. 60,75-76, 87-91, 132
51. Archivo Histórico de la Provincia de Córdoba-Gobierno (AHPC-G), 1820, tomo 69, folio 166
52. Núria Sales de Bohigas, "Esclavos y reclutas en Sudamérica," Revista de Historia de América 70 (1970): 287
53. David Bushneil, Reform and Reactionin the Platine Provinces, 1810-1852 (Gainesville, FL, 1983), p. 143; AHPC-G, 1825, tomo 88, folio 405
54. AHPC-G, 1826, caja 93, folio 509, Archivo Histórico de la Provincia de Córdoba -Escribanías, 1836, legajo 78, expediente l7
55. For example, the Afro-Argentine slave Manuel Liendo provided a personal history of his wartime experiences in his petition of 1831. He stressed that, though impressed into provincial military service, he had embraced Córdoba's cause. "Possessed of the most vehement desire for the prosperity of the fatherland," he wrote, "I resolved to die before accepting the denigrating servitude to which the rebels had reduced it, and animated by these noble sentiments I offered my services." Liendo concluded by asking the governor to consider "whether I am worthy of enjoying the fruit of freedom." Archivo Histárico de la Provincia de Cárdoba - Hacienda, 1831, tomo 378, folio 254
56. Robert J. Turkovic, "Race Relations in the Province of Córdoba, Argentina, 1800-1853" (Diss. University of Florida 1981), p. 218
57. AHPC-G, 1830, tomo 114, folio 89; Notas de Contaduría, 1829-1831, 9 Oct. 1830; Turkovic, pp. 255-256; Instituto de Estudios Americanistas (IEA), document 5532. The total value of the twenty-eight slaves was 6555 pesos of which only 25 pesos was actually paid to former owners
58. Hugo Moyano, La organizatión de los gremios en Córdoba. Sociedad artesanal y productión artesanal, 1810-1820 (Córdoba, 1986), p. 187; IEA #9568, #9673
59. Lucio Funes, "El Colonel Barcala," Revisla de la Junta de Estudios Históricos de Mendoza 7 (1937): 131, 140
60. Ignacio Garzón, Crónica de Córdoba (Córdoba, 1892), II: 231; Turkovic, p. 218
61. Reid Andrews, The Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, 1800-1900. (Madison, WI, 1980), p. 137
62. Garzón, II, p. 350. Race-blind admission to public schools was revoked when Paz fell and not restored until 1852 (Compilación de leyes, decretas y acuerdos de la Excma, 1:170)
63. AHPC-G, 1830, tomo 115, folio 530; 1831. tomo 126, folio 590
64. David Rock, Argentina, 1516-1987. The Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín (Berkeley, 1987), p. 91
65. Sales de Bohigas, p. 281
66. Eduardo B. Astesano, San Martín y el orígen del capitalismo argentino (Buenos Aires, 1961), p. 58
67. Halperín Donghi, pp. 250-252