Cultural improvers in north-east England, 1920-1960: 'Polishing the pitmen'

Northern History

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 163-180

  Vall, Natasha ^a  

^a NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33749852701     PISSN: 0078172X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/nhi.2004.41.1.163     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. T (yne) (and) W (ear) A (rchives), SX51, Bensham Grove Settlement, Students' Conference Report, January 1935
2. For the settlement movement generally see A F. Davis, Spearheads for Reform. The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement 1890-1914 (New York, 1967)
3. J. F. C Harrison, Learning and Living 1790-1960: a study in the history of English Adult Education (Aldershot, 1994)
4. B. Simon for a critique of settlement paternalism in Education and the Labour Movement (1965)
5. and R. Lilley, 'The University and the City: the educational work of Toynbee Hall', The Journal of the History of Education Society, 11 (1982), 113-25, for a more sympathetic assessment of the settlement's faith in Arnoldian fellowship
6. Michael Rose, 'The Settlement House and Social Welfare: Britain and the United States, c. 1880-1940' (Department of History, University of Manchester Working Paper no. 6, January 1991), p. 16, also by the same author, 'Neighbourhood as Springboard: the urban community and the settlement house movement in Britain and the U.S.A c. 1890-1990' (Working Papers in Economic and Social History, Department of History, University of Manchester, 1993), pp. 4-9
7. TWAS, SX51, 'Bensham Settlement Report issued for the year ended December 31st, 1933'
8. M. Rose and A. Woods, Everything went on at the Round House: a hundred years of the Manchester University Settlement (Manchester, 1996), p. 8
9. The Pilgrim Trust, Men Without Work. A Report Made by the Pilgrim Trust (Cambridge, 1938), p. 305
10. Some parts of County Durham and Northumberland experienced prolonged periods of unemployment rates of 60-70 per cent. B. Supple The History of the British Coal Industry, Volume 4, 1913-1946 (Oxford, 1987), p. 449
11. In addition to the well-known plight of Jarrow, during the early 1930s smaller villages, such as Willington Quay in Northumberland, sustained unemployment rates for men of over 80 per cent. Ministry of Labour Statistics Division, Local Unemployment Index (1932), no. 62, p. 2
12. S.G.Jones, Workers at Play (1986), p. 124
13. D. Russell, Popular Music in England 1840-1914 (Manchester, 1997), pp. 23-73 provides a useful point of departure for a discussion of moral reformers and popular music before 1914. Recent work, drawing parallels between mutual improvement societies and settlement houses, has indicated that 'success' in both cases was largely dependent on the appropriation of existing traditions of working-class education
14. See J. Rose, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes (New Haven, 2001), pp. 78-79
15. E. Wilson, Bohemians: The Glamorous Outcasts (2000), p. 22; Rose, Intellectual Life, p. 80
16. Lilley, JnlHist. Education Soc., 11, 121
17. TWAS, SX/51/1/1, Bensham Grove Settlement, Students' Association Minute Book, Meeting held 21 August 1923. An exploration of similar expeditions from Toynbee Hall found them to be of little appeal to the ordinary working man of East London. J. D. Brown, 'The Toynbee Travellers Club', Jnl Hist. Education Soc., 15 (1986), 11-17
18. D. Cannadine, G. M. Trevelyan, A Life in History (1993), pp. 9-17
19. TWAS, SX51, Bensham Grove Settlement, Students' Association Minute Book, Meeting held 30 April 1929
20. Ibid
21. N (ewcastle) C (entral) L (ibrary), Local Studies Collection, Tyneside Council of Social Services, Report on Boys' Clubs on Tyneside by Frank Sendall, January 1935, p. 8
22. Ibid
23. Rose, Intellectual Life, p. 79
24. NCL, Local Studies Collection, Tyneside Council of Social Services, Report of the Director, 1935-36, p. 22
25. J. B. Priestley, English Journey (1934), p. 251
26. R (ock) H (ouse) C Community) A (ssociation) A (rchives), History of Seaham Sponsored by the Trustee Savings Bank, North East and compiled by the Seaham (Rock House) Community Association (n.d.), pp. 88-89
27. J. Harris, William Beveridge, An Autobiography (Oxford, 1977), p. 426
28. RHCAA, Rock House Educational Settlement, Seaham Harbour, A Centre for Adult Education, Syllabus, 1932-33
29. P. Usherwood, 'Another Country: the North as nowhere' (unpublished research paper, School of Humanities, Northumbria University, 2001)
30. Priestley, English Journey, p. 278
31. Homespun, The Story of Spennymoor and its famous Settlement told by local people, ed. K. Armstrong (North Shields, 1992), p. 35
32. DUL, ASC, GB-OO33-SPE, Spennymoor Settlement, First Investigation 1931
33. DUL, ASC, GB-OO33-SPE, Spennymoor Settlement, First Annual Report, 1931-32
34. Ibid
35. Supple, British Coal Industry, 4, 481
36. DUL, ASC, GB-OO33-SPE, Spennymoor Settlement, First Investigation, 1931, p. 6
37. See also M. Benney, Charity Main. A Coalfield Chronicle (1946), pp. 9-26 for an insight into the lives of women in mining communities in the North East
38. DUL, ASC, GB-0033-SPE, Spennymoor Settlement, Third Annual Report, 1933-34
39. Although Thain provided assistance, the Sketching Club operated without formal tuition, depending instead on mutual criticism and debate. R. McManners and G. Wales, Shafts of Light. Mining Art in the Great Northern Coalfield (Bishop Auckland, 2002), p. 131
40. DUL, ASC, GB-OO33-SPE, Spennymoor Settlement, Eighteenth Annual Report, 1948-49, Accounts and Balance Sheet
41. DUL, ASC, GB-OO33-SPE, Letter sent from Mrs A. R. Hess to W. Farrell, warden of Spennymoor Settlement, n.d
42. Ibid
43. V. and W. Reade, Tisa Schulenberg: Exhibition Catalogue (Jarrow, 2000)
44. N. Herman, Josef Herman A Working Life (1996), p. 84
45. Russell, Popular Music, p. 65
46. DUL, ASC, GB-0O33-SPE, Letter from Jos Thain to W.G. Farrell, Dec. 1953
47. Auckland Chronicle, 11 June 1942; DUL, ASC, GB-OO33-SPE, Spennymoor Settlement 1935-36
48. Annual Statement of Accounts; Spennymoor Settlement, Eighth Annual Report, 1939
49. Ibid
50. Auckland Chronicle, 27 April 1944; DUL, ASC, GB-0033-SPE, Spennymoor Settlement, 1936-37, Warden's Report
51. Spennymoor Settlement, Seventh Annual Report, 1938
52. Spennymoor Settlement, Sixteenth Annual Report, 1947
53. Daily Express, 5 March 1940
54. R. Colls also expands on the unequal relationship between the 'observed' and the 'observers' in the experience of the Ashington Group in Geordies. Roots of Regionalism, ed. R. Colls and B. Lancaster (Edinburgh, 1992), pp. 14-16
55. W. Feaver, Pitmen Painters, The Ashington Group 1934-1984 (1988), pp. 74-79
56. Ibid
57. P. Stead, Film and the Working Class. The Feature Film in British and American Society (1989), pp. 113-19
58. F. M. Leventhal, '"The Best for the Most": CEMA and State Sponsorship of the Arts in Wartime, 1939-1945', Twentieth Century British History, 1 (1990), 295
59. R. Weight, 'Building a New British Culture: The Arts Centre Movement, 1943-53', in The Right to Belong, Citizenship and National Identity in Britain 1930-1960, ed. A. Beach and R. Weight (1998), p. 178
60. Herman, Josef Herman, p. 103
61. J. Richards, Films and British National Identity: from Dickens to Dad's Army (Manchester, 1997), p. 130
62. Northern Echo, 29 Sept. 1954
63. The Guardian, 8 May 1963
64. DUL, ASC, GB-OO33-SPE, Letter, 18 Jan.1939, from Sid Chaplin, Fircroft College, Birmingham, to Jack Maddison, sub-warden of the Spennymoor Settlement
65. S. Chaplin, in In Blackberry Time, ed. M. and R. Chaplin (Newcastle, 1987), pp. 98, 234
66. The Guardian, 4 May 1960
67. DUL, ASC, GB-OO33-SPE, Letter dated 11 July 1960, sent to W. G. Farrell from Ronald Marshall
68. Newcastle Journal, 28 March 1970
69. J. Baxendale and C. Rawling also lend weight to this suggestion in Narrating the Thirties: A Decade in the Making 1930 to present (1996), p. 39
70. M. Rose and A. Woods, Round House, pp. 16, 38, 52
71. A. Croft, Red Letter Days: British Fiction in the 1930s (1990)
72. Alexander Hartog, Born to Sing (1978), pp. 44-45, cited in Rose, Intellectual Life, p. 80
73. DUL, ASC, GB-OO33-SPE, Letter of application from William Farrell to the BBC, 28 Nov. 1936
74. Colls, Geordies, p. 16