Rumination and interpersonal dependency: Explaining women's vulnerability to depression

Canadian Psychology

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 184-194

  Mcbride, Carolina ^a,b   Bagby, R Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749630079     PISSN: 07085591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/cp2006008     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Alloy, L. B. (2002). Depressive rumination: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16, 387-389.
2. Bacchiochi, J. R., Bagby, R. M, Cristi, C., & Watson, J. (2003). Validation of connectedness and neediness as dimensions of the dependency construct. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 233-242.
3. Bagby R. M., Joffe, R. T., Parker, J. D. A., Kalemba, V., & Harkness, K. (1995). Major depression and the five factor model of personality. Journal of Personality Disorder's, 9, 224-234.
4. Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (2001). Relation of rumination and distraction with neuroticism and extraversion in a sample of patients with major depression. Cognitive Theory and Research, 25, 91-102.
5. Bagby, R. M., Rector, N. A., Bacchiochi, J., & McBride, C. (2004). The stability of the Response Styles Rumination Scale in a sample of patients with major depression. Cognitive Theory and Research, 28, 527-538.
6. Bagby, R. M., Rector, N. A., Segal, Z. V., Joffe, R. T., Levitt, A. J., Kennedy, S. H., et al. (1998). Rumination and distraction in major depression: Assessing response to pharmacological treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 55, 225-229.
7. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
8. Beck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. In P. J. Clayton & J.E. Barret (Eds.), Treatment of depression: Old Controversies and new approaches. New York: Raven Press.
9. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Harrison, R. P., & Emery, G. (1983). Development of the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale: A measure of personality factors in psychopathology. Unpublished manuscript.
10. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
11. Blatt, S. J. (1974). Levels of object representation in analytic and introjective depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29, 109-157.
12. Blatt, S. J. (2004). Experiences of depression: Theoretical, research, and clinical perspectives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
13. Blatt, S. J., D'Afflitti J. P., & Quinlan, D. M. (1976). The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
14. Blatt, S. J., Zohar, A. H., Quinlan, D. M., Zuroff, D. C., & Mongrain, M. (1995). Subscales within the dependency factor of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 319-339.
15. Bornstein, R. F. (1992). The dependent personality: Developmental, social, and clinical perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 3-23.
16. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base. New York: Basic Books.
17. Briscoe, C. W., & Smith, J. B. (1973). Depression and marital turmoil. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 811-817.
18. Butler, L. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles, 30, 331-346.
19. Christensen, A. (1987). Detection of conflict patterns in couples. In K. Hahlweg & M. J. Goldstein (Eds.), Understanding major mental disorder: The contribution of family interaction research (pp. 250-265). New York: Family Process Press.
20. Christensen, A. (1988). Dysfunctional interaction patterns in couples. In P. Noller & M. A. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Perspectives on marital interaction (pp. 31-52). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
21. Christensen, A., & Shenk, J. L. (1991). Communication, conflict, and psychological distance in nondistressed, clinic, and divorcing couples. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 59, 458-463.
22. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R professional manual: Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
23. Daley, S. E., & Hammen, C. (2002). Depressive symptoms and close relationships during the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from dysphoric women, their best friends, and their romantic partners. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 129-141.
24. Daley, S. E., Hammen, C., & Rao, U. (2000). Predictors of first onset and recurrence of major depression in young women during the 5 years following high school graduation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 525-533.
25. Denmark, F. L., & Paludi, M. A. (Eds.). (1993). Psychology of women: A Handbook of issues and theories. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press/Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
26. Donaldson, C., & Lam, D. (2004). Rumination, mood and social problem-solving in major depression. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1309-1318.
27. Formanek, R., & Gurian, A. (Eds.). (1987). Women and depression: A lifespan perspective. New York: Springer Publishing Co.
28. Fresco, D. M., Armey, M., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002, November). The association of rumination to GAD and to deficits in emotion regulation. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Reno, NV.
29. Fritz, H. L. (1999). Rumination and adjustment to a first coronary event. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 105.
30. Gammel, D. J., & Stoppard, J. M. (1999). Women's experiences of treatment of depression: Medicalization or empowerment? Canadian Psychology, 40, 112-128.
31. Gilbert, L. A. (1987). Female and male emotional dependency and its implications for the therapist-client relationship. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 18, 555-561.
32. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1988). The social psychophysiology of marriage. In P. Noller & M. A. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Perspectives on marital interaction (pp. 182-200). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
34. Greenberg, L. S., & Johnson, S. M. (1988). Emotionally focused therapy for couples. New York: Guilford Press.
35. Guisinger, S., & Blatt, S. J. (1994). Individuality and relatedness: Evolution of a fundamental dialectic. American Psychologist, 49, 104-111.
36. Haigh, E. A. P., Armey, M., Fresco, D. M., Auerbach, R., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2004, November). Brooding and pondering: Isolating the active ingredients of depressive rumination with confirmatory factor analysis in an adult clinical sample. Poster presented at the annual convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New Orleans.
37. Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 383-395.
38. Jack, D. C. (1991). Silencing the self: Women and depression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Jacobson, N. S. (1989). The politics of intimacy. The Behavior Therapist, 12, 29-32.
40. Johnson, S. M. (2004). The practice of emotionally focused marital therapy: Creating connection (2nd ed.). New York: Bruner Routledge.
41. Just, N., & Alloy, L. B. (1997). The response style theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 221-229.
42. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Swartz, M., Blazer, D. G., & Nelson, C. B. (1993). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey 1: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29, 85-96.
43. Kiecolt-Glasser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001). Marriage and health: His and hers. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 472-503.
44. Kirsch, G. A., & Kuiper, N. (2002). Individualism and relatedness themes in the context of depression, gender, and a self-schema model of emotion. Canadian Psychology, 43, 76-90.
45. Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166-177.
46. Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176-190.
47. Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (pp. 1-47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
48. McBride, C., Bacchiochi, J. R., & Bagby, R. M. (2005). Gender differences in the manifestation of sociotropy and autonomy personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 129-136.
49. McBride, C., Zuroff, D., Bagby, R. M., & Bacchiochi, J. (2006). Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: Does it measure pathological and non-pathological forms of Dependency. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 34, 1-16.
50. McMullen, L. M. (1999). Metaphors in the talk of "depressed" women in psychotherapy. Canadian Psychology, 40, 102-111.
51. Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., & Hyde, J. S. (2002). Domain specificity of gender differences in rumination. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16, 421-434.
52. Miller, J. B. (1976). Towards a new psychology of women. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
53. Murphy, E. M. (2003). Being born female is dangerous to your health. American Psychologist, 58, 205-210.
54. Neff, L. A., & Karney, B. R. (2005). Gender differences in social support: A question of skill or responsiveness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 79-90.
55. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259-282.
56. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Sex differences in depression. Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press.
57. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.
58. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Epidemiology and theories of gender differences in unipolar depression. In M. V. Seeman (Ed.), Gender and psychopathology (pp. 63-87). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
59. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 173-176.
60. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999). "Thanks for sharing that": Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801-814.
61. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424-443.
62. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Harrel, Z. A. (2002). Rumination, depression, and alcohol use: Tests of gender differences. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16, 391-404.
63. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Jackson, B. (2001). Mediators of the gender difference in rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 37-47.
64. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1061-1072.
65. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-28.
66. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92-104.
67. Pollack, S., & Gilligan, C. (1982). Images of violence in Thematic Apperception Test stories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 159-167.
68. Robins, C. J., Bagby, M. R., Rector, N. A., Lynch, T. R., & Kennedy, S. H. (1997). Sociotropy, autonomy, and patterns of symptoms in patients with major depression: A comparison of dimensional and categorical approaches. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 285-300.
69. Robins, C. J., Ladd, J., Welkowitz, J., Blaney, P. H., Diaz, R., & Kutcher, G. (1994). The Personal Style Inventory: Preliminary validation studies of new measures of sociotropy and autonomy. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 16, 277-300.
70. Robins, C. J., & Luten, A. G. (1991). Sociotropy and autonomy differential patterns of clinical presentation in unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 74-77.
71. Rude, S. S., & Burnham, B. L. (1995). Connectedness and neediness: Factors of the DEQ and SAS dependency scales. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 323-340.
72. Sanathara, V. A., Gardner, C. O., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2003). Interpersonal dependence and major depression: Aetiological inter-relationship and gender differences. Psychological Medicine, 33, 927-931.
73. Scheibe, S., Preuschhof, C., Cristi, C., & Bagby, R. M. (2003). Are there gender differences in major depression and its response to antidepressants? Journal of Affective Disorders, 75, 223-235.
74. Seeman, M. V. (1997). Psychopathology in women and men: Focus on female hormones. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1641-1647.
75. Segertrom, S. C., Stanton, A. L., Alden, L. E., & Shortridge, B. E. (2003). A multidimensional structure for repetitive thought: What's on your mind, and how, and how much? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 909-931.
76. Sharar, G., Joiner, T. E., Zuroff, D. C., & Blatt, S. J. (2004). Personality, interpersonal behavior, and depression: Co-existence of stress-specific moderating and mediating effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1583-1596.
77. Siegle, G. J., Moore, P. M., & Thase, M. E. (2004). Rumination: One construct, many features in healthy individuals, depressed individuals, and individuals with lupus. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 645-668.
78. Spasojevic, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2002). Who becomes a depressive ruminator? Developmental antecedents of ruminative response style. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16, 405-420.
79. Stoppard, J. M. (1999). Why new perspectives are needed for understanding depression in women. Canadian Psychology, 40, 79-90.
80. Striver, I. P. (1991). The meaning of 'dependency' in female-male relationships. In J. V. Jordan, A. G. Kaplan, J. B. Miller, I. P. Striver, & J. L. Surrey (Eds.), Women's growth in connection (pp. 141-161). New York: Guilford Press.
81. Surrey, J. L. (1991). Relationship and empowerment. In J. V. Jordan, A. G. Kaplan, J. B. Miller, I. P. Striver, & J. L. Surrey (Eds.), Women's growth in connection (pp. 162-180). New York: Guilford Press.
82. Treynor, W., Gonzales, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247-259.
83. Weissman, M. M., & Klerman, G. L. (1977). Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 98-111.
84. Whiffen, V. E., Aubé, J. A., Thompson, J. M., & Campbell, T. L. (2000). Attachment beliefs and interpersonal contexts associated with dependency and self-criticism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 188-205.
85. Wyer, R. S., Jr. (Ed.). (1996). Advances in social cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
86. Zuroff, D. C., Moskowitz, D. S., & Côté, S. (1999). Dependency, self-criticism, interpersonal behaviour and affect: Evolutionary perspectives. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 231-250.