Assessing isocyanate exposures in polyurethane industry sectors using biological and air monitoring methods

Annals of Occupational Hygiene

Volumn 50, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 609-621

  Creely, K S ^a   Hughson, G W ^a   Cocker, J ^b   Jones, K ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b HEALTH AND SAFETY LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biological monitoring; Inhalation exposure; Isocyanates

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; CREATININE; INHALATION EXPOSURE; ISOCYANATES; HEXAMETHYLENE DIISOCYANATE; LIMIT OF QUANTIFICATIONS; METABOLITE CONCENTRATIONS; MOTOR VEHICLE REPAIRS; RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT;

ABSORPTION; CASTING; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; METABOLITES; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; POLYURETHANES; AIR POLLUTION; BIOMOLECULES; BODY FLUIDS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT; REPAIR;

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS; MONITORING;

ISOCYANATE; POLYURETHAN; RESIN;

AIR MONITORING; AIR SAMPLING; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; GAS MASK; HUMAN; INHALATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PAINTING; PERSONAL MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN ABSORPTION; TOXICOKINETICS; UNITED KINGDOM; URINE LEVEL; WORKPLACE;

AIR POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; ISOCYANATES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POLYURETHANES;

EID: 33749579887     PISSN: 00034878     EISSN: 14753162     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mel024     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Brorson T, Skarping G, Nielsen J. (1990) Biological monitoring of isocyanates and related amines II. Test chamber exposure of humans to 1,6 hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI). Int Arch Occup Environ Health; 62: 385-89.
2. Brorson T, Skarping G, Sango C. (1991) Biological monitoring of isocyanates and related amines IV. 2,4 and 2,6 toluene-diamine in hydrolysed plasma and urine after test chamber exposure of humans to 2,4 and 2,6 toluene diisocyanate. Int Arch Occup Environ Health; 63: 253-59.
3. Cowie HA, Hughson GW, Creely KS et al. (2005) An occupational hygiene assessment of the use and control of isocyanates in the UK. HSE Research Report 311. Sudbury, England: Health and Safety Executive, HSE Books.
4. England E, Key-Schwartz R, Lesage J et al. (2000) Comparison of sampling methods for monomer and polyisocyanates of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate during spray finishing operations. Appl Occup Environ Hyg; 15: 472-78.
5. Goossens A, Detienne T, Bruze M. (2002) Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by isocyanates. Contact Dermatitis; 47: 304-8.
6. HSE. (1999). Methods for the determination of hazardous substances: organic isocyanates in air. MDHS 25/3. Sudbury, England: Health and Safety Executive, HSE Books.
7. HSE. (2005a) Biological monitoring for isocyanates. WATCH 2005/13. Available from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/ hsc/iacs/acts/watch/051005/13. pdf, accessed 17 October 2005.
8. HSE. (2005b). Workplace exposure limits, EH40/2005. Sudbury, England: Health and Safety Executive, HSE Books.
9. Huggins V, Anees W, Robertson AS et al. (2001) SHIELD 2001: A surveillance scheme of occupational asthma in the Midlands. Available from: http://www.occupationalasthma. com/occupationalasthma/shield/shield2001.shtml
10. Johnson VJ, Matheson JM, Luster MI. (2004) Animal models for diisocyanate asthma: answers for lingering questions. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol; 4: 105-10.
11. Kaaria K, Hirvonen A, Norppa H et al. (2001a) Exposure to 2,4- and 2,6- toluene diisocyanate (TDI) during production of flexible foam: determination of airborne TDI and urinary 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediamine (TDA). Analyst; 126: 1025-31.
12. Kaaria K, Hirvonen A, Norppa H et al. (2001b) Exposure to 4, 4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) during moulding of rigid polyurethane foam: determination of airborne MDI and urinary 4, 4′-methylendianiline (MDA). Analyst; 126: 476-9.
13. Klees JE, Ott MG. (1999) Diisocyanates in polyurethane plastics applications. Occup Med; 14: 759-76.
14. Maitre A, Berode M, Perdix A et al. (1993) Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toluene diisocyanate. Int Arch Occup Environ Health; 65: 97-100.
15. Maitre A, Berode M, Perdix A et al. (1996) Urinary hexane diamine as an indicator of occupational exposure to hexamethylenediisocyanate. Int Arch Occup Environ Health; 69: 65-8.
16. Persson P, Dalene M, Skarping G et al. (1993) Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toluene diisocyantate: measurement of toluenediamine in hydrolysed urine and plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Br J Ind Med; 50: 1111-8.
17. Rosenberg C, Saviolainen H. (1986) Determination of occupational exposure to toluenediisocyanate by biological monitoring. J Chromatogr; 367: 385-92.
18. Rosenberg C, Nikkila K, Henriks-Ekerman ML et al. (2002) Biological Monitoring of aromatic diisocyanates in workers exposed to thermal degradation products of polyurethanes. J Environ Monit; 4: 711-6.
19. Schutze D, Sepai O, Lewalter J et al. (1995) Biomonitoring of workers exposure to 4,4′-methylenedianiline or 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Carcinogenesis; 16: 573-82.
20. Sennbro CJ, Lindh CH, Ostin A et al. (2004) A survey of airborne isocyanate exposure in 13 Swedish polyurethane industries. Ann Occup Hyg; 48: 405-14.
21. Sennbro CJ, Littorin M, Tinnerberg H et al. (2005) Upper reference limits for biomarkers of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates. Int Arch Occup Environ Health; 78: 541-6.
22. Streicher RP, Reh CM, Key-Schwartz RJ et al. (2000) Determination of airborne isocyanate exposure: considerations in method selection. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 61: 544-56.
23. Tinnerberg H, Skarping G, Dalene M et al. (1995) Test chamber exposure of humans to 1,6 hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate. Int Arch Occup Environ Health; 67: 367-74.
24. Vanoirbeek JA, Tarkowski M, Ceuppens JL et al. (2004) Respiratory response to toluene diisocyanate depends on prior frequency and concentration of dermal sensitization in mice. Toxicol Sci; 80: 310-21.
25. White J. (2006) MDHS 25 revisited; development of MDHS 25/ 3, the determination of organic isocyanates in air. Ann Occup Hyg; 50: 15-27.
26. Williams NR, Jones K, Cocker J. (1999) Biological monitoring to assess exposure from use of isocyanates in motor vehicle repair. Occup Environ Med; 56: 598-601.
27. Woskie SR, Sparer J, Gore RJ et al. (2004) Determinants of isocyanate exposures in auto body repair and refinishing shops. Ann Occup Hyg; 48: 393-403.