Solar proton events for 450 years: The Carrington event in perspective

Advances in Space Research

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 232-238

  Shea, M A ^a   Smart, D F ^a   McCracken, K G ^b   Dreschhoff, G A M ^c   Spence, H E ^d  

^a AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^d BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Carrington event; Solar proton event comparisons; Solar proton events

Indexed keywords

EARTH (PLANET); GEOMAGNETISM; NITRATES; OPTICAL RESOLVING POWER; PLANETS; PROTONS;

CARRINGTON EVENT; SOLAR PROTON EVENT COMPARISONS; SOLAR PROTON EVENTS;

SOLAR SYSTEM;

EID: 33749576173     PISSN: 02731177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.100     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Jahrgang 1860, Wein, 1861, in German.
2. Bromwich D.H., Chen Q.-S., Li Y., and Cullather R.I. Precipitation over Greenland and its relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. 104 D18 (1999) 22,103-22,116
3. Carrington R.C. Description of a singular appearance seen on the Sun on September 1,1859. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 20 (1860) 13-15
4. Dreschhoff G.A.M., and Zeller E.J. Evidence of individual solar proton events in Antarctic snows. Solar Phys. 127 (1990) 333-346
5. Ellis W. On the relation between magnetic disturbance and the period of solar spot frequency. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. London 60 (1900) 142-157
6. Forbush S.F. Three unusual cosmic-ray increases possibly due to charged particles from the Sun. Phys. Rev. 70 (1946) 771-772
7. Heis. (Ed.), Wochenschrift für Astronomie, Meteorologie und Geographie Neue Folge, zweiter Jahrgang (new series 2), 1859, in German.
8. Hodgson R. On a curious appearance seen in the Sun. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 20 (1860) 15
9. Jackman, C.H., McPeters, R.D. The effects of solar proton events on Ozone and other constituents, in: Solar Variability and its Effect on Climate, Geophysics Monograph 4, 305-319, American Geophysics Union, Washington, DC, 2004.
10. Jackman C.H., Douglass A.R., Rood R.B., and McPeters R.D. Effect of solar proton events on the middle atmosphere during the past two solar cycles as computed using a two-dimensional model. J. Geophys. Res. 95 D6 (1990) 7,417-7,428
11. Jackman C.H., Cerniglia M.C., Nielson J.E., Allan D.J., Zawodny J.M., McPeters R.D., Douglass A.R., Rosenfield J.E., and Rood R.B. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional model simulations, measurements, and interpretation of the influence of the October 1989 solar proton events on the middle atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 100 D6 (1995) 11,641-11,660
12. Kimball, D.S. A Study of the Aurora of 1859. Scientific Report No. 6, NSF Grant No. Y/22.6/327, University of Alaska Report UAG-R109, Fairbanks, Alaska, April 1960.
13. Křivský, L., Pejml, K. Solar Activity, Aurorae and Climate in Central Europe During the Last 1000 Years, Publ. 75, Publ. Astron. Inst. of the Czech. Acad. Sci., Ondřejov 1988.
14. Loomis E. The great auroral exhibition of August 28th to September 4th,1859. Am. J. Sci. Arts Second Series XXVIII 84 (1859) 285-408
15. Loomis E. The great auroral exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859. - (2d Article). Am. J. Sci. Arts, Second Series XXIX 85 (1860) 92-97
16. Loomis E. The great auroral exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859. - (3D Article). Am. J. Sci. Arts, Second Series XXIX 86 (1860) 249-265
17. Loomis E. The great auroral exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859. - 4th article. Am. J. Sci. Arts, Second Series XXIX 87 (1860) 386-399
18. Loomis E. The great auroral exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859; and the geographical distribution of auroras and thunderstorms. - 5th article. Am. J. Sci. Arts Second Series XXX 88 (1860) 79-100
19. McCracken K.G., Dreschhoff G.A.M., Zeller E.J., Smart D.F., and Shea M.A. Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561-1994; (1) Identification in Polar Ice, 1561-1950. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 21,585-21,598
20. McCracken K.G., Dreschhoff G.A.M., Smart D.F., and Shea M.A. Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561-1994; (2) The Gleissberg periodicity. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 21,599-21,609
21. McCracken K.G., Dreschhoff G.A.M., Smart D.F., and Shea M.A. A study of the frequency of occurrence of large-fluence solar proton events and the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field. Solar Phys. 224 (2004) 359-372
22. Reames D.V. Particle acceleration at the Sun and in the heliosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 90 (1999) 413-491
23. Royal Greenwich Observatory, Sunspot and Geomagnetic Storm Data Derived from the Greenwich Observations, 1874-1954, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Norwich, England, 1955.
24. Shea M.A., and Smart D.F. A summary of major solar proton events. Solar Phys. 127 (1990) 297-320
25. Shea M.A., and Smart D.F. The use of geomagnetic data in studies of the historical solar-terrestrial environment. Solar Phys. 224 (2004) 483-493
26. Shea M.A., and Smart D.F. Solar proton fluxes as a function of the observation location with respect to the parent solar activity. Adv. Space Res. 17 4/5 (1996) 4/5225-4/5228
27. Shea, M.A., Smart, D.F., Dreschhoff, G.A.M., Zeller, E.J. The flux and fluence of major solar proton events and their record in Antarctic snow, in: 23rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Contributed Papers, 3, 846-849, 1993.
28. Shea M.A., Smart D.F., and Dreschhoff G.A.M. Identification of major proton fluence events from nitrates in polar ice cores. Rad. Meas. 30 3 (1999) 287-296
29. Silverman, S. Silverman catalog of ancient auroral observations, 666 BCE to 1951. Available from: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/auroral/auroral.html 2002.
30. Smart D.F., and Shea M.A. A review of solar proton events during the 22nd solar cycle. Adv. Space Res. 30 (2002) 1033-1044
31. Smart D.F., and Shea M.A. Comment on estimating the solar proton environment that may affect Mars missions. Adv. Space Res. 31 (2003) 45-50
32. Smart D.F., Shea M.A., and McCracken K.G. The Carrington Event: Possible Solar Proton Intensity-Time Profile. Adv. Space Res. 38 (2006) 215-225
33. Yau, K.K.C., Stephenson, F.R., Willis, D.M. A Catalogue of Auroral Observations from China, Korea and Japan (193 B.C. AD 1770), Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CLRC) Technical Report, RAL-TR-95-073, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK, 1995.
34. Zeller E.J., Dreschhoff G.A.M., and Laird C.M. Nitrate flux on The Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica and its relation to solar cosmic rays. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13 12 (1986) 1264-1267