The Copenhagen Stroke Study experience

Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 5-16

  Jørgensen, Henrik Stig ^a  

^a BISPEBJERG HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749500027     PISSN: 10523057     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1052-3057(96)80020-6     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. Silent infarction in acute stroke patients. Prevalence, localization, risk factors, and clinical significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 25 (1994) 97-104
2. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. Silent infarction in first-ever stroke patients. Stroke 25 (1994) 2293-2294
3. Nakayama H., Jørgensen H.S., Raaschou H.O., et al. The influence of age on stroke outcome. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 25 (1994) 808-813
4. Nakayama H., Jørgensen H.S., Raaschou H.O., et al. Recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75 (1994) 394-398
5. Nakayama H., Jørgensen H.S., Raaschou H.O., et al. The role of compensation in the recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75 (1994) 852-857
6. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. Effect of blood pressure and diabetes on stroke in progression. Lancet 344 (1994) 156-159
7. Jørgensen H.S., Sperling B., Nakayama H., et al. Spontaneous reperfusion of cerebral infarcts in acute stroke patients. Incidence, time course and clinical outcome: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Neurol 51 (1994) 865-873
8. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. Stroke in patients with diabetes. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 25 (1994) 1977-1984
9. Jørgensen H.S., Jespersen H.F., Nakayama H., et al. Headache in stroke: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurology 44 (1994) 1793-1797
10. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76 (1995) 27-32
11. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. Leucoaraiosis in stroke patients: Incidence, risk factors and prognostic importance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 26 (1995) 588-592
12. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. Outcome and time course of recovery in stroke. Part I: Outcome. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76 (1995) 399-405
13. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. Outcome and time course of recovery in stroke. Part II: Time course of recovery. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76 (1995) 406-412
14. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage versus infarction. A comparison of stroke severity, risk factors and outcome. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Ann Neurol 38 (1995) 45-50
15. Jørgensen H.S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H.O., et al. The effect of a stroke unit: reductions in mortality, discharge rate to nursing home, length of hospital stay, and cost. A community-based study. Stroke 26 (1995) 1178-1182
16. Jørgensen H.S., Plesner A.M., Larsen K., et al. Marked increase of stroke incidence in men between 1972 and 1990 in Frederiksberg, Denmark. Stroke 23 (1992) 1701-1704
17. Garraway W.M., Akhtar A.J., Prescott R.J., et al. Management of acute stroke in the elderly: Preliminary results of a controlled trial. Br Med J 280 (1980) 1040-1043
18. Garraway W.M., Akhtar A.J., Hockey L., et al. Management of acute stroke in the elderly: Follow-up of a controlled trial. Br Med J 281 (1980) 827-829
19. Stevens R.S., Ambler N.R., and Warren M.D. A randomized controlled trial of a stroke rehabilitation ward. Age Ageing 13 (1984) 65-75
20. Strand T., Asplund K., Eriksson S., et al. A non-intensive stroke unit reduces functional disability and the need for long-term hospitalization. Stroke 16 (1985) 29-34
21. Indredavik B., Bakke F., Solberg R., et al. Benefit of a stroke unit: A randomized controlled trial. Stroke 22 (1991) 1026-1031
22. Kalra L., Dale P., and Crome P. Improving stroke rehabilitation. A controlled study. Stroke 24 (1993) 1462-1467
23. Langhorne P., Williams B.O., Gilchrist W., et al. Do stroke units save lives?. Lancet 342 (1993) 395-398
24. (abstr). Langhorne P. Specialist stroke unit care improves survival and functional outcomes: A statistical overview (abstr). Cerebrovasc Dis 4 (1994) 207
25. Indredavik B., Håheim L.L., and Bakke F. Treatment in an acute stroke unit-which aspects are important?. (abstr). Cerebrovasc Dis 4 (1994) 207
26. Scandinavian Stroke Study Group. Multicenter trial of hemodilution in ischemic stroke: Background and study protocol. Stroke 16 (1985) 885-890
27. Lindenstrøm E., Boysen G., Christiansen L.W., et al. Reliability of Scandinavian Stroke Scale. Cerebrovasc Dis 1 (1991) 103-107
28. Mahoney F.D., and Barthel D.W. Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index. Md Med J 14 (1965) 61-63
29. Wade D.T., and Hewer R.L. Functional abilities after stroke: Measurement, natural history and prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50 (1987) 177-182
30. Wade D.T., Hewer R.L., Wood V.A., et al. The hemiplegic arm after stroke: Measurement and recovery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46 (1983) 514-521
31. Parker V.M., Wade D.T., and Hewer R.L. Loss of arm function after stroke: Measurements, frequency, and recovery. Int Rehabil Med 8 (1986) 69-73
32. Olsen T.S. Arm and leg paresis as outcome predictors in stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 21 (1990) 247-251
33. Olsen T.S. Improvement of function and motor impairment after stroke. J Neurol Rehabil 3 (1989) 187-192
34. Friedman P.J. Gait recovery after hemiplegic stroke. Int Dis Studies 12 (1991) 119-122
35. Skilbeck C.E., Wade D.T., Hewer R.L., et al. Recovery after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48 (1985) 7-13
36. McDowell F.H., and Louis S. Improvement in motor performance in paretic and paralyzed extremities following nonembolic cerebral infarction. Stroke 2 (1972) 395-399
37. Andrews K., Brocklehurst J.C., Richards B., et al. The rate of recovery from stroke-and its measurement. Int Rehabil Med 3 (1981) 155-161
38. Kotila M., Waltimo O., Niemi M., et al. The profile of recovery from stroke and factors influencing outcome. Stroke 15 (1984) 1039-1044
39. Dombovy M.L., Basford J.R., Whisnant J.P., et al. Disability and use of rehabilitation services following stroke in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1979. Stroke 18 (1987) 830-836
40. Reding M.J., and Potes E. Rehabilitation outcome following initial unilateral hemisperic stroke. Life table analysis approach. Stroke 19 (1988) 1354-1358
41. Kelly-Hayes M., Wolf P.A., Kase C.S., et al. Time course of functional recovery after stroke: The Framingham Study. J Neurol Rehabil 3 (1989) 65-70
42. Hewer R.L. Stroke rehabilitation: The scientific basis for a "model" service. In: Young R.R., and Delwaide P.J. (Eds). Principles and Practice of Restorative Neurology (1992), Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford 113-124
43. Basmajian J.V., Gowland A.C., Finlayson A.J., et al. Stroke treatment: Comparison of integrated behavioral-physical therapy vs. traditional physical therapy programs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 68 (1987) 267-272
44. Dickstein R., Hockerman S., Pillar T., et al. Stroke rehabilitation. Three exercise therapy approaches. Phys Ther 66 (1986) 1233-1238
45. Logigian M.K., Samuels M.A., Falconer J., et al. Clinical exercise trial for stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 64 (1983) 364-367
46. Stern P.H., McDowell F., Miller J.M., et al. Effects of facilitation exercise techniques in stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 71 (1970) 526-531
47. Jongbloed L., Stacey S., and Brighton C. Stroke rehabilitation: sensorimotor integrative treatment versus functional treatment. Am J Occup Ther 43 (1989) 391-397
48. Wagenaar R.C., Meijer O.G., van Wieringen P.C.W., et al. The functional recovery of stroke: A comparison between neurodevelopmental treatment and Brunnstrom method. Scand J Rehabil Med 22 (1990) 1-8
49. Olsen T.S. Aphasia following apoplexy. Frequency, remission, and effect of treatment. Ugeskrift for l{high symbol}ger 155 (1993) 612-616
50. Newman M. The process of recovery after hemiplegia. Stroke 3 (1972) 702-710
51. Dalal P.M., Shah P.M., Sheth S.C., et al. Cerebral embolism: Angiographic observations on spontaneous clot lysis. Lancet 1 (1965) 61-64
52. Olsen T.S., and Lassen N.A. A dynamic consept of middle cerebral artery occlusion and cerebral infarction in the acute state based on interpreting severe hyperemia as a sign of embolic migration. Stroke 15 (1984) 458-468
53. Hakim A.M., Pokrupa R.P., Villanueava J., et al. The effect of spontaneous reperfusion on metabolic function in early human cerebral infarcts. Ann Neurol 21 (1987) 279-289
54. Marchal G., Serrati C., Rioux P., et al. PET imaging of cerebral perfusion and oxygen consumption in acute ischemic stroke: Relation to outcome. Lancet 341 (1993) 925-927
55. Olsen T.S., Larsen B., Herning M., et al. Blood flow and vascular reactivity in collaterally perfused brain tissue. Evidence of an ischemic penumbra in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 14 (1983) 332-342
56. Astrup J., Symon L., and Siesjö B.K. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia-the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 12 (1981) 723-725
57. O'Brien M.D., Jordan M.M., and Waltz A.G. Ischemic cerebral edema and the blood-brain barrier. Arch Neurol 30 (1974) 461-465
58. Shaw C.M., Alvord E.C., and Berry R.G. Swelling of the brain following ischemic infarction with arterial occlusion. Arch Neurol 1 (1959) 161-177
59. Dennis M.S., Bamford J.M., Molyneux A.J., et al. Rapid resolution of signs of primary hemorrhage in computed tomograms of the brain. Br Med J 295 (1987) 379-381
60. Gardner W.J. Removal of the right cerebral hemisphere for infiltrating glioma. JAMA 101 (1933) 823-826
61. Kisbourne M. The minor cerebral hemispheres as a source of aphasic speech. Arch Neurol 25 (1971) 302-306
62. Brion J.-P., Demeurisse G., and Capon A. Evidence of cortical reorganization in hemiparetic patients. Stroke 20 (1989) 1079-1084
63. Chollet F., DiPiero V., Wise R.J.S., et al. The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: A study with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 29 (1991) 63-71
64. Demeurisse G., and Capon A. Brain activation during linguistic task in conduction aphasia. Cortex 27 (1991) 285-294
65. Fisher C.M. Concerning the mechanism of recovery in stroke hemiplegia. Can J Neurol Sci 19 (1992) 57-63
66. Millikan C.H., Bauer R.B., Goldschmidt J., et al. A classification and outline of cerebrovascular diseases II. Stroke 6 (1975) 564-616
67. Britton M., and Röden A. Progression of stroke after arrival at hospital. Stroke 16 (1985) 629-632
68. Dávalos A., Cendra E., Teruel J., et al. Deteriorating ischemic stroke: Risk factors and prognosis. Neurology 40 (1990) 1865-1869
69. Asplund K. Deterioration of acute stroke. In: Del Zoppo G.J., Mori E., and Hacke W. (Eds). Thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke II (1993), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany 119-128
70. Bentsen N., Larsen B.O., and Lassen N.A. Chronically impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in longterm diabetes. Stroke 6 (1975) 497-502
71. Abbott R.D., Donahue R.P., MacMahon S.W., et al. Diabetes and the risk of stroke: The Honolulu Heart Program. JAMA 257 (1987) 949-952
72. Jamrozik K., Broadhurst R.J., Anderson C.S., et al. The role of lifestyle factors in the ethiology of stroke: A population-based case-control study in Perth, Western Australia. Stroke 25 (1994) 51-59
73. Asplund K., Hägg E., Helmers C., et al. The natural history of stroke in diabetic patients. Acta Med Scand 207 (1980) 417-424
74. Oppenheimer S.M., Hoffbrand B.I., Oswald G.A., et al. Diabetes mellitus and early mortality after stroke. Br Med J 291 (1985) 1014-1015
75. Kiers L., Davis S.M., Larkins R., et al. Stroke topography and outcome in relation to hyperglycemia and diabetes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55 (1992) 263-270
76. Fuller J.H., Shipley M.J., Rose G., et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in relation to degree of glycemia: The Whitehall Study. Br Med J 287 (1983) 867-870
77. Pulsinelli W.A., Levy D.E., Sigsbee B., et al. Increased damage after ischemis stroke in patients with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus. JAMA 74 (1983) 540-544
78. Topic E., Pavlicek I., Brinar V., et al. Glucosylated haemoglobin in clarification of the origin of hyperglycemia in acute cerebrovascular accident. Diabetic Med 6 (1988) 12-15
79. Woo J., Lam C.W.K., Kay R., et al. The influence of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus on immediate and 3-month morbidity and mortality after acute stroke. Arch Neurol 47 (1990) 1174-1177
80. Candelise L., Landi G., Orazio E.D., et al. Prognostic significance of hyperglycemia in acute stroke. Arch Neurol 42 (1985) 661-663
81. Cox N.H., and Lorains J.W. The prognostic value of blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin estimation in patients with stroke. Postgrad Med J 62 (1986) 7-10
82. Toni D., Sacchetti M.L., Argentino C., et al. Does hyperglycemia play a role on the outcome of acute ischemic stroke patients?. J Neurol 239 (1992) 382-386
83. Murros K., Fogelholm R., Kettunen S., et al. Blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, and outcome of ischemic brain infarction. J Neurol Sci 111 (1992) 59-64
84. O'Neill P.A., Davies I., Fullerton K.J., et al. Stress hormone and blood glucose response following acute stroke in the elderly. Stroke 22 (1991) 842-847
85. van Kooten F., Hoogerbrugge N., Naarding P., et al. Hyperglycemia in the acute phase of stroke is not caused by stress. Stroke 24 (1993) 1129-1132
86. Lithner F., Asplund K., Eriksson S., et al. Clinical characteristics in diabetic stroke patients. Diabetes Metab 14 (1988) 15-19
87. Wade D.T., and Hewer R.L. Stroke: Associations with age, sex and side of weakness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 67 (1986) 540-547
88. Kojima S., Omura T., Wakamatsu W., et al. Prognosis and disability of stroke patients after 5 years in Akita, Japan. Stroke 21 (1990) 72-77
89. Arbin M.V., Britton M., and De Faire U. Mortality and recurrences during eight years following stroke. J Intern Med 231 (1992) 43-48
90. Dennis M.S., Burn J.P.S., Sandercock P., et al. Long-term survival after first stroke: The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke 24 (1993) 796-800
91. Kalra L. Does age affect benefits of stroke unit rehabilitation?. Stroke 25 (1994) 346-351
92. Shah S., Vanclay F., and Cooper B. Stroke rehabilitation: Australian patient profile and functional outcome. J Clin Epidemiol 44 (1991) 21-28
93. Censori B., Camerlingo M., Casto L., et al. Prognostic factors in first-ever stroke in the carotid artery territory seen within 6 hours after onset. Stroke 24 (1993) 532-535
94. Broderick J.P., Phillips S.J., Whisnant J.P., et al. Incidence rates of stroke in the eighties: The end of the decline in stroke?. Stroke 20 (1989) 577-582
95. Bamford J., Sandercock P., Dennis M., et al. A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: The Oxfordshire community stroke project-1981-1986. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53 (1990) 16-22
96. Ricci S., Celani M.G., La Rosa F., et al. SEPIVAC: A community-based study of stroke incidence in Umbria, Italy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54 (1991) 695-698
97. Chambers B.R., Norris J.W., Shurvell B.L., et al. Prognosis of stroke. Neurology 37 (1987) 221-225
98. Lefkovitz J., Davis S.M., Rossiter S.C., et al. Acute stroke outcome: Effects of stroke type and risk factors. Aust N Z J Med 22 (1992) 30-35
99. Abu-Zeid H., Choi N.W., Hsu P.H., et al. Prognostic factors in the survival of 1,484 stroke cases observed for 30 to 48 months. Arch Neurol 35 (1978) 121-125
100. Silver F.L., Norris J.W., Lewis A.J., et al. Early mortality following stroke. A prospective review. Stroke 15 (1984) 492-496
101. Franke C.L., van Swieten, Algra A., et al. Prognostic factors in patients with intracerebral hematoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55 (1992) 653-657
102. Chodosh E.H., Foulkes M.A., Kase C.S., et al. Silent stroke in the NINCDS stroke data bank. Neurology 38 (1988) 1674-1679
103. Kase C.S., Wolfe P.A., Chodosh E.H., et al. Prevalence of silent stroke in patients presenting with initial stroke: The Framingham Study. Stroke 20 (1989) 850-852
104. Herderscheê D., Hijdra A., Algra A., et al. Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. Stroke 23 (1992) 1220-1224
105. Ricci S., Celani M.G., La Rosa F., et al. Silent brain infarction in patients with first-ever stroke: A community-based study in Umbria, Italy. Stroke 24 (1993) 647-651
106. Hachinski V.C., Potter P., and Merskey H. Leuco-araiosis. Arch Neurol 44 (1987) 21-23
107. Miayo S., Takano A., Teramoto J., et al. Leucoaraiosis in relation to prognosis for patients with lacunar infarction. Stroke 23 (1992) 1434-1438
108. Solzi P., Ring H., Najenson T., et al. Hemiplegia after a first stroke: Late survival and risk factors. Stroke 14 (1983) 703-709
109. Wade D.T., Skilbeck C.E., Wood V.A., et al. Long-term survival after stroke. Age Ageing 13 (1984) 76-82
110. Shah S., Vanclay F., and Cooper B. Predicting discharge status at commencement of stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 20 (1989) 766-769
111. Howard G., Walker M.D., Becker C., et al. Community hospital-based stroke programs: North Carolina, Oregon and New York, Ill: Factors influencing survival after stroke: Proportional hazards analysis of 4219 patients. Stroke 17 (1986) 294-299
112. Sacco R.L., Shi T., Zamanillo M.C., et al. Predictors of mortality and recurrence after hospitalized cerebral infarction in an urban community: The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Neurology 44 (1994) 626-634
113. Sacco R.L., Wolf P.A., Kannel W.B., et al. Survival and recurrences following stroke. The Framingham Study. Stroke 13 (1982) 290-295