The internet in India and China

First Monday

Volumn 7, Issue 10, 2002, Pages

  Press, Larry ^a   Foster, William ^b   Wolcott, Peter ^c   McHenry, William ^d  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF AKRON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749473246     PISSN: 13960466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5210/fm.v7i10.997     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. By China, we mean Mainland China, less Hong Kong and Macao.
2. In his thorough treatment of the context surrounding the Internet and its political implications in India and China, Marcus Franda suggests that "IT - and especially Internet-related aspects of economics, technology and communications - is likely to have a major, perhaps crucial, impact on how this massive Asian power rivalry evolves in the future."
3. Center for Information Strategy and Policy, "Asian Giants On-Line," December 1988. This report includes chapters on India (http://mosaic.unomaha.edu/Asian_Giants_India.pdf)
4. and China (http://mosaic.unomaha.edu/Asian_Giants_China.pdf).
5. Larry Press, Grey Burkhart, Will Foster, and Sy Goodman, "The Internet in India and China," INET '99, San Jose, Calif., June, 1999, at http://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/inet/99/proceedings/3a/3a_3.htm.
6. Peter Wolcott, Larry Press, William McHenry, Seymour E. Goodman, William Foster, "A Framework for Assessing the Global Diffusion of the Internet," Journal of the Association for Information Systems, November, 2001, volume 2 article 6, at http://jais.aisnet.org/articles/2-6/article.pdf.
7. For case studies see, http://mosaic.unomaha.edu/gdi.html, and for surveys and background,
8. see http://som.csudh.edu/cis/lpress/gdiff/index.htm.
9. For our recent studies of India and China see: Peter Wolcott and Seymour Goodman, "Is the Elephant Learning to Dance? The Diffusion of the Internet in The Republic of India," Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University and Georgia Tech University, 2002, at http://mosaic.unomaha.edu/India_2002.pdf. Many assertions and conclusions in this paper are supported in these reports, and we will not explicitly reference them beyond this point.
10. William Foster and Seymour E. Goodman, "The Diffusion of the Internet in China," Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University, November, 2000, at http://www.public.asu.edu/ ∼wfoste1/chinainternet.pdf.
11. China Network Information Center, at http://www.cnnic.net.cn/develst/ 2002-7e/index.shtml;
12. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Telecommunication Development Report 2002, at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_02/ index.html;
13. Telecordia Netsizer:, at http://www.netsizer.com/daily/TopCountry.html;
14. and, Computer Industry Almanac at http://www.c-i-a.com/.
15. NW: Network Wizards Internet Domain Survey, http://www.isc.org/ds/WWW- 200201/index.html;
16. Netsizer: Telecordia Netsizer, http://www.netsizer.com/;
17. and, CNNIC: http://www.cnnic.net.cn/develst/2002-7e/index.shtml
18. India's Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited provided local telecommunications service in Delhi and Mumbai.
19. People's Daily, "State Council Approves China Telecom's North-South Split Plan," 12 December 2001, at http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200112/ 11/eng20011211_86402.shtml
20. For the description of the Taskforce and its history and reports, see http://it-taskforce.nic.in/vsit-taskforce/
21. http://www.mit.gov.in/atrnt.htm
22. CNNIC, http://www.cnnic.net.cn/mapinfo/english/cnnic-english.html
23. A ninth network (Great Wall) belongs to the People's Liberation Army, which is in a class by itself and is different from the other Interconnecting Networks.
24. CNNIC, http://www.cnnic.net.cn/mapinfo/english/cnnic-english.html.
25. CNNIC, http://www.cnnic.net.cn/mapinfo/english/cnnic-english.html.
26. http://www.dotindia.com/isp/ispindex.htm.
27. http://www.dotindia.com/ip/ipindex.htm.
28. Vinod Mahanta, "How To Survive the ISP Shakeout," Business Today (23 December 2001), at http://www.hclinfinet.com/pr.html.
29. Madanmohan Rao, "IP Telephony to Have a Dramatic Impact on Asian Voice, Data Communications Markets," OnTheInternet, http://www.isoc.org/ oti/articles/0601/rao3.html.
30. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 2002 World Telecommunication Development Report (WTDR), at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/ wtdr_02/index.html.
31. Packet Geography 2002, Telegeography, Washington, D.C., see http://www.telegeography.com/.
32. CNNIC, http://www.cnnic.net.cn/mapinfo/english/cnnic-english.html.
33. Hongyang Jy, "IX in China," APIA Newsletter, number 8 (Winter 2001/2), http://www.apia.org/pdf/nl8.pdf. Also personal correspondence with Mr. Jy.
34. CNNIC, http://www.cnnic.net.cn/mapinfo/english/cnnic-english.html.
35. We consider "broadband" to be access from home by other than analog modem.
36. Note that there is some double counting since some users have more than one mode of access.
37. Cisco press release, "Cisco Teams With China Telecom To Build Information Highway" (7 May 2001), http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ corp_050701d.html.
38. http://www.cnnic.net.cn/e-sl.shtml. Note that only one Web site is counted per domain name.
39. Jiangping Wu, "CERNET Update," Dante Global Summit (21 May 2002), at http://www.dante.net/conference/globalsummit2002/html/2-4wu/sld001. htm.
40. http://www.cyprg.arizona.edu/.
41. Transparency is a measure of the amount of data an agency makes available through its Web site and interactivity indicates how easy it is for visitors to use the information on the Web site, give feedback to the agency, contact agency officials, etc.
42. Larry Press, Grey Burkhart, Sy Goodman, Arun Mehta, and Arun Mittal, "The Role of State Government in Developing India's Internet," OnTheInternet (November/December 1998), pp. 35-37, and at http://som.csudh.edu/ fac/lpress/devnat/nations/india/otigovt.htm.
43. http://www.gujaratindia.com/it/itp1.html.
44. It is indicative of the situation that 29 percent had invalid or non-existent URLs.
45. Sherry M.B. Thatcher, "Business-to-Business E-Commerce: A Study of Greater Chinese and U.S. Electronics and Apparel/Textile Firms," Center for Advanced Purchasing Studies, University of Arizona, 2002, at http://www.capsresearch.org/ReportPDFs/China_eCommerce.pdf.
46. Michael Minges and Vanessa Gray, "The Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on Intenet Use in South East Asia," Proceedings of the 2002 International Networking Conference, Washington D.C., July 2002.
47. China's sustained growth since 1990 has lifted 150 million people out of poverty, World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002, http://www.worldbank. com/data/wdi2002/.
48. Their early focus on "informatization" was due in part to the influence of U.S. futurist Alvin Toffler.
49. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Telecommunication Development Report 2002, at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_02/ index.html.
50. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Telecommunication Development Report 2002, at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_02/ index.html;
51. Computer Industry Almanac, at http://www.c-i-a.com/.
52. "Mainland China," Global Sources (14 January 2002), at http://www.globalsources.com/MAGAZINE/CP/0201/OUTCH.HTM.
53. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Telecommunication Development Report 2002, at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_02/ index.html.
54. Global Reach estimates that 40.2 percent of Internet content is English and 9.8 percent is Chinese, http://www.glreach.com/globstats/index.php3. Note that China has embarked on a program to teach English to technical workers.
55. Language data is from Ethnologue, http://www.ethnologue.com/. Cantonese (Yue) uses the same character set, and many people in other nations including Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, the U.S., and Vietnam speak both languages.
56. Huang Yufu, personal communication based on http://rmyd.cnii.com.cn/ 20020201/ca16330.htm.
57. Larry Press, "A Client-Centered Networking Project in Rural India," OnTheInternet (January/February 1999), pp. 36-38,
58. and at http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/devnat/nations/india/pondyoti.htm. Note that the public telephones in four of the villages were not functioning at the time of the survey!
59. The area of China is nearly three times that of India.
60. Björn Wellenius, "Extending Telecommunications Service to Rural Areas - the Chilean Experience," Public Policy for the Private Sector, Note 105 (February 1997), World Bank, http://www1.worldbank.org/viewpoint/ HTMLNotes/105/105welle.pdf.
61. http://itformasses.nic.in/.
62. 2002 United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report, http://www.undp.org/currentHDR_E/.
63. Mari Pangestu, "Industrial Policy and Developing Countries," In: Development, Trade and the WTO: A Handbook. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2002.
64. Larry Press, Larry, "The Internet in Singapore 1997: A Benchmark Report," Mosaic Group, 2000, http://http://mosaic.unomaha.edu/ SINGAPORE_2000.pdf,
65. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Vietnam Internet Case Study, 2002, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/cs/vietnam/index.html and Larry Press, Cuban Computer Networks and their Determinants (DRR-1814-OSD), Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, February 1998.
66. International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Telecommunication Development Report 2002, at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_02/ index.html.
67. 2002 United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report, at http://www.undp.org/currentHDR_E/.
68. Constantine Michalopoulos, "WTO Accession," In: Development, Trade and the WTO: A Handbook. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2002. There has already been some privatization. China Mobile is part owner of several private mobile operators, and Unicom is partially private with its shares traded on the Hong Kong SAR stock exchange.
69. World Development Indicators, http://www.worldbank.com/data/wdi2002/.
70. Larry Press, "Software Export from Developing Nations," IEEE Computer (December 1993), http://som.csudh.edu/cis/lpress/articles/ SoftExportFromDevNats.txt.
71. Richard Heeks reports that Indian software export grew at a rate of 42 percent per year from 1990-2001, at http://idpm.man.ac.uk/idpm/isiexpt.htm.
72. http://www.nasscom.org/articles/annual-result.asp.
73. Joseph Manu, "China Threatens India Eminence," Wired News (23 February 2001), http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,41656,00.html.
74. "Mainland China," Global Sources (14 January 2002), at http://www.globalsources.com/MAGAZINE/CP/0201/OUTCH.HTM.
75. AnnaLee Saxenian, "Local and Global Networks of Immigrant Professionals in Silicon Valley," Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, 2002, at http://www.ppic.org/publications/PPIC159/PPIC159RB.pdf.
76. Greg Staples (editor), Telegeography 1997/98, Telegeography, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1997,
77. and http://www.cnnic.net.cn/mapinfo/english/cnnic-english.html.
78. Marcus F. Franda, China and India Online: Information Technology Politics and Diplomacy in the World's Two Largest Nations, Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.
79. http://www.mit.gov.in/itmasses/repg3.htm.
80. Xiao Qiang and Sophie Beach, "The Great Firewall of China," Los Angeles Times (25 August 2002), and at http://www.cpj.org/news/2002/ China_Firewall25aug02.html.
81. World Bank, World Development Report, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
82. India was 73 percent urban in 1995; see World Bank, World Development Report, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
83. "Residence System Reform Speeds up Human Resources Flow," People's Daily (1 November 2001), at http://www.china.org.cn/english/2001/Nov/ 21457.htm.
84. For example, the Simputer, http://www.picopeta.com/, is an example of a low-cost Internet appliance being developed in India,
85. and Teledesic, http://www.teledesic.com/ may bring IP connectivity to rural villages at reasonable cost if they achieve their goal of being up by 2005.
86. Example projects are Drishtee, which hopes to install 50,000 kiosks serving 500 million people over the next six years, http://www.drishtee.com/ index.htm;
87. Gyandoot, with rural kiosks for e-governance and other applications in Madhya Pradesh, http://gyandoot.nic.in/;
88. and, the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation Information Village Research Project, http://www.mssrf.org/informationvillage/informationvillage. html, which has conducted in-depth studies of the information needs of villagers in one area and is now attempting to serve them.
89. See Larry Press, "A Client-Centered Networking Project in Rural India," OnTheInternet, volume 5, number 2 (January/February 1999), pp. 36-38, at http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/devnat/nations/india/pondyoti.htm.
90. http://www.nsrc.org/oclb/msg00048.html.
91. We have observed a similar staging in Cuba, which began with the rapid expansion of academic networks (by the standards of the region), followed by a flat period of assessment of the risks and benefits of the Internet, and the emergence of a decision to proceed under the control of the government. See Larry Press, Cuban Computer Networks and their Determinants (DRR-1814-OSD), Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, February 1998.
92. http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2002/22.html.