Japanese women in science and technology

Minerva

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 203-216

  Kuwahara, Motoko ^a  

^a Momoyama Gakuin University   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749456655     PISSN: 00264695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1010332611830     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Kazuko Motizuki, ‘Path of a Woman Scientist’, Butsuri, 45 (5) (Physical Society of Japan, 1990), 347-349. Motizuki was honoured as a world class solid state physicist.
2. Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency, Report on the Survey of Research and Development (Tokyo: The Association of Japan Statistics, 1998), 12. All disciplines are included.
3. UN Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Missing Links: Gender Equity in Science and Technology for Development (New York: Unifem, 1995), 186.
4. UNDP, Gender and Human Development 1995 (New York: United Nations, 1995);
5. Mitsuhiro Ikeda et al., ‘An Influence of Education in Japan on Asian Countries’, paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Comparative Education, 5 July 1998.
6. See Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action, 1940-1972 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 382.
7. See, for example, Motoko Kuwahara, ‘Gender in Science and Technology I’, Bulletin, Vol. 6 (Research Institute for Education, Momoyama Gakuinn University, Osaka, 1997), 55-56.
8. Ministry of Education, Basic School Survey: Higher Education Institutions, Heisei 9 Edition (Tokyo: Government Printing Office, 1997), 192-195.
9. See also Yasuzo Nakagawa, Female Engineers at the Worksite (Tokyo: Gakusyukenkyusya, 1996), 22-46.
10. Ministry of Education, Basic School Survey: Higher Education Institutions, op. cit. note 7, 49-53.
11. See Vera Mackie, Creating Socialist Women in Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 13.
12. This was the first nationwide population census. See Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda (eds.), Japanese Women: New Feminist Perspectives on the Past, Present, and Future (New York: The Feminist Press, 1995), 272.
13. Nobuko Kouti, Controversy on Motherhood (Tokyo: Domesu Publishers, 1984), 323-334;
14. Barbara Molony, ‘Equality versus Difference: The Japanese Debate over Motherhood Protection, 1915-1988’, in Janet Hunter (ed.), Japanese Women Working (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), 122-148.
15. The Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University, Catalog of Chika Kuroda’s (1884-1968) Archives (2000);
16. Akiko Tugawa and Satoko Kanomi, Hiraku: Paths of Japanese Women Scientists (Tokyo: Domesu Publishers, 1996), 212-215.
17. En Yagi, Hisako Matsuda and Kiyomi Narita, ‘Toshiko Yuasa (1909-1980), and the Nature of her Archives at Ochanornizu University in Tokyo’, Historia Scientiarum, 7-2 (1997), 154.
18. See also, The Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University, Catalog of Toshiko Yuasa (1909-1980) Archives, Second Series, 1998.
19. Toshiko Asabuki, ‘Simone de Beauvoir’, in Asahi Journal, Women’s History after World War II (Tokyo: Asahi News Paper, 1985), 246.
20. Kate Millet, Sexual Politics (New York: Doubleday, 1970);
21. Japanese version translated by Mioko Fujieda et al., Sexual Politics (Tokyo: Jiyukokuminsya, 1973).
22. For example, Matsuko Kimura, ‘A Study on a Discourse of the Remainder of the Feudal System in a Teacher’s Community’, paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Women’s Studies Association of Japan, 28 November 1999.
23. Emiko Otiai, Toward the 21st Century Family (Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1994).
24. Ministry of Labour, Bureau of Women, Facts on Working Women, Heisei 7 Edition (Tokyo: Government Printing Office, 1995), Appendix, 5.
25. Facts on Working Women, Heisei 7 Edition Ibid., Appendix, 9.
26. On the education policy at that time, see Yasuko Itibangase and Emiko Okuyama (eds.), Women’s Liberation and Education (Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1975);
27. Harue Fujii (ed.), Women’s Higher Education in Japan (Tokyo: Domesu Publishers, 1973).
28. On the problem of home economics, see Tatsuko Kamiko, ‘Recent Situation in Junior High School Text Books’, in Yoshinori Ito et al., Gender Discrimination in Text Books (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1991), 175-184.
29. In 1950, when the new system of higher education was established, a mere 1.2% of women of the appropriate age group entered universities and two-year colleges. In 1996, 24.6% of women of the relevant age group entered universities, which was more than the 23.7% entering two-year colleges. The year 1996 was memorable for Japanese women. See Ministry of Education, Basic School Survey: Higher Education Institution (Tokyo: Government Printing Office, printed annually).
30. See also The Prime Minister’s Office, The Present Status of Gender Equality and Measures, Heisei 11 Edition (Tokyo: Government Printing Office, 1999), 245.
31. Economic Planning Agency (ed.), White Paper: Working Women, Toward a New Social System, Heisei 9 Edition (Tokyo: Government Printing Office, 1997), 25;
32. OECD, Women and Structural Change: New Perspectives, 1994 (Japanese edition published by the Japan Institute of Worker’s Evolution, Tokyo, 1995).
33. This is called the ‘feminization of the labour force’. Jane Jenson et al. (eds.), Feminization of the Labour Force: Paradoxes and Promises (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988).
34. See also Veronica Beachey, Unequal Work (London: Verso, 1987);
35. Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumlation on a World Scale (London: Zed Books Ltd., 1986).
36. For the case of Japan, see Emiko Takenaka and Yoshiko Kuba (eds.), Feminization of the Labour Force (Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1994).
37. Ministry of Labour, Fact of Working Women, op. cit. note 19, Appendix, 8.
38. Motoko Kuwahara, ‘Gender in Science and Technology II: The Participation of Japanese Women in Science and Technology’, Bulletin (Research Institute for Education, Momoyama Gakuin University, March 1999), Vol. 8, 7.
39. See, for example, Sammuel Coleman, ‘Gender’, Japanese Science: From the Inside (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), 128-149.
40. Coleman investigated women life scientists and technicians at two bioscience laboratories in Osaka. For the case of high energy physics, see Sharon Traweek, Beamtimes and Lifetimes (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), 116.
41. The Women’s Studies Association of Japan was founded in 1979. On women’s studies in Japan, see The National Women’s Education Center Hall (ed.), Education of Women’s Studies (Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1997).
42. However, there were some important medical studies, especially dealing with reproductive technologies. See, for example, Yumiko Ehara (ed.), Reproductive Technology and Gender (Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1996);
43. and Azumi Tsuge et al., ‘Reproductive Health and Self-Determination for Japanese Women: Technology, Information and Choice’, Proceedings of 1994 Tokyo Symposium on Women (Tokyo: The International Group for the Study of Women, December 1994), 308-323.
44. Akiko Tugawa and Satoko Kanomi, Hiraku, op. cit. note 13.
45. This is also the case with women scientists in Western countries. For example, Emmy Noeter and Sofia Kovalevskaia were supported by the great mathematicians Weierstrass and Hilbert in Germany. See, for example, Lynn M. Osen, Women in Mathematics (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1974), Japanese version translated by Mitiko Usijima et al. (Tokyo: Housei University Press, 1987), 133-135, 152-154.
46. This was also published by Domesu Publishers in Tokyo, 1987.
47. See, for example, Motoko Kuwahara, ‘Gender in Science and Technology’, in Shigeru Nakayama et al. (eds.), The Social History of Science and Technology in Contemporary Japan, vol. 5-II (Tokyo: Gakuyo Shobo, 1999), 718-736.
48. Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency, Report on the Survey of Research and Development (Tokyo: The Association of Japan Statistics, 1976-1998).
49. Katuko Saruhashi and Syoubei Shiota, Women Scientists: A History and a Perspective (Tokyo: Domesu Publishers, 1985).
50. The Japanese Women Engineers Forum (JWEF), Women Engineers: The Report of Survey on Working Environment and Life Style (1993);
51. The Report of Survey on the Practical Use of Women Engineers (1996).
52. JWEF was founded in 1992. The Society of Japanese Women Scientists (SJWS), The Survey on Promoting Women Talented in Science and Technology Field (1994/1996). SJWS was founded in 1958.
53. Masako Tanaka et al., Women Entering the Fields of Science and Engineering in Higher Education and the Background (Tokyo: JAUW, 1995), 8, 15, 24, 26.
54. National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTP), The Barriers against Women Majoring Science and Engineering (Tokyo: Science and Technology Agency, 1996).
55. Yasuko Muramatsu et al., For the Advancement of Women in Science and Technology (Tokyo: Nihon Hyoronsya, 1996).
56. The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) Report, The Second International Comparative Study on Mathematics Education, Japanese version: NRIE (National Research Institute for Education), International Comparison on Mathematics Education, Bulletin No. 119 (1991), 168.
57. Ann Oakley, Woman’s Work: The Housewife Past and Present (New York: Pantheon, 1974).
58. The Economic Planning Agency (ed.), White Paper: Working Women, Toward to a New Social System, Heisei 9 Edition (Tokyo: Government Printing Office, 1997), 24-25.
59. Motoko Kuwahara and Kunio Goto, ‘Reform of the Higher Education System and Science and Technology Education’, in Nakayama et al. (eds.), The Social History of Science and Technology in Contemporary Japan, op. cit. note 33. 558-570.
60. For the Third Industrial Revolution, see Jurgen Schmandt and Robert Wilson (eds.), Growth Policy in the Age of High Technology (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990), 28-32.
61. The Prime Minister’s Office, The Present Status of Gender Equality and Measures (Tokyo: Government Printing Office, 1997), 22-23.
62. Mari Osawa, ‘Corporate-Centered Society and Women’s Labor in Japan Today’, in US-Japan Women’s Journal English Supplement, No. 3 (September 1992), 3-35.
63. SJWS, The Survey on Promoting Women Talented in Science and Technology Field, op. cit. note 36, 71.
64. Science and Technology Agency, White Paper on S&T, Heisei 5 Edition (Tokyo: Government Printing Office, 1993), 26.
65. White Paper on S&T, Heisei 5 Edition Ibid., 90.
66. See JAICOWS (ed.), Women Scientists (Tokyo: Domesu Publisher, 1996), 17-21.
67. The Economic Planning Agency, White Paper, op. cit. note 42, 88-96.