"Now that we have girls in the office": Clerical work, masculinity, and the refashioning of gender for a bureaucratic age

Boys and their Toys: Masculinity, Class and Technology in America

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 55-90

  Davidson, Janet F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

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EID: 33749428646     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (43)

1. "Give a Man a Man's Work: Railway Age Gazette 65 (1918): 285.
2. Paul E. Johnson, Shopkeepers' Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester; New York, 1815-1837 (New York: HilI and Wang, 1978)
3. Jean Boydston, Home and Work: Housework, Wages, and the 1deology of Labor in the Early &public (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
4. W. Fred Cottrell, The Railroader (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1940), 4.
5. Sharon Hartman Strom, "'We're No Kitty Foils': Organizing Office Workers for the Congress of Industrial Organizations, 1937-50, " in Women, Work and Protest: A Century of U. S. Women's Labor History, Ruth Milkman, ed. (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), 208.
6. Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 26.
7. Phil E. Ziegler, "History of the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks, Freight Handlers, and Station Employees: Railway Clerk 18 (June 1919): 420.
8. Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 26.
9. Phil E. Ziegler, "History of the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks, Freight Handlers, and Station Employees: Railway Clerk 18 (June 1919): 420.
10. Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); Lisa M. Fine, The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990); Cindy Sondik Aron, Ladies and Gentleman of the Civil Service: Middle Class Workers in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Sharon Hartman Strom, Beyond the 'Typewriter: Gender; Class, and the Origins of Modem Office Work, 1900-1930 (Urbana and Chicago: University of lllinois Press, 1992); Margery W. Davies, Woman's Place Is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982).
11. Lisa M. Fine, The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990)
12. Cindy Sondik Aron, Ladies and Gentleman of the Civil Service: Middle Class Workers in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987)
13. Sharon Hartman Strom, Beyond the 'Typewriter: Gender; Class, and the Origins of Modem Office Work, 1900-1930 (Urbana and Chicago: University of lllinois Press, 1992)
14. Margery W. Davies, Woman's Place Is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982).
15. Margaret A. Hobbes, "War Time Employment of Women, " American Labor Legislation Review 8 (1918): 335.
16. Janet F. Davidson, "Women and the Railroad: The Gendering of Work during the First World War Era, 1917-1920' (Ph.D. diss., University of Delaware, 1999), 94-95.
17. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995)
18. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of 1dentity (New York: Routledge, 1990)
19. Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott, eds., Feminists Theorize the Political (New York: Routledge, 1992)
20. Joan W. Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).
21. Thomas C. Jepsen, Ma Kiley: The Life of a Railroad Thlegrapher (EI Paso: Thxas Western Press, University ofThxas at EI Paso, 1997), 14-15.
22. Maurine Weiner Greenwald, Women, War and Work: The Impact of World War I on Women Workers in the United States (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980), 87.
23. Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the Twentieth-Century Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920, 2d ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995).
24. Louise Marlon Bosworth, The Living Wage of Women Workers: A Study of Incomes and Expenditures of450 Warnen in the City of Boston (New York: Londmans, Green, 1911),9,37.
25. Alexander M. Bing, Wartime Strikes and Their Adjustment (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1921),212-21.
26. Phyllis Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt: Housewives and Domestic Servants in the United States, 1920-1945 (Philadelphia: Thmple University Press, 1985);
27. David M. Katzman, Seven Days a Week: Women and Domestic Service in Industrializing America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
28. lllinois Industrial Survey, Hours and Health of Women Workers: Report of Illinois Industrial Survey, December 1918 (Springfield, lll.: Schnepp and Barnes State Printers, 1919), 57.
29. Virginia Yans-McLaughlin, Family and Community: Italian Immigrants in Buffalo, 1880-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), 184.
30. Lawrence B. Glickman, A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997). Other work on the subject, much of it looking more c10sely at women, inc1udes Martha May, 'The Historica1 Problem of the Family Wage: Ford Motor Company and the Five Dollar Day,' Feminist Studies 8 (1982): 399-424; Martha May, 'Bread Before Roses: American Workingmen, Labor Unions and the Family Wage,' in Milkman, ed., Women, Work and Protest; Joanne Meyerowitz, Wornen Adrift: Independent Wage Eamers in Chicago, 1880-1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Alice Kessler-Harris, A Woman's Wage: Historieal Meanings and Soeial Consequenees (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990); Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "A Genealogy of Dependency: 'Iracing a Keyword in the U.S. Welfare State: Signs: A Journal ofWomen in Culture and Society 19 (1994): 309-36.
31. Martha May, 'Bread Before Roses: American Workingmen, Labor Unions and the Family Wage,' in Milkman, ed., Women, Work and Protest; Joanne Meyerowitz, Wornen Adrift: Independent Wage Eamers in Chicago, 1880-1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988)
32. Alice Kessler-Harris, A Woman's Wage: Historieal Meanings and Soeial Consequenees (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990)
33. Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, "A Genealogy of Dependency: 'Iracing a Keyword in the U.S. Welfare State: Signs: A Journal ofWomen in Culture and Society 19 (1994): 309-36.
34. Lawrence B. Glickman, "Inventing the 'American Standard of Living:' Gender, Race and Working-Class Identity, 1880-1925: Labor History 34 (1993) 231, 235.
35. Thomas H. Russell, The Girl's Fight for a Living: How to Protect Working Women from Dangers Due to Low Wages (Chicago: M. A. Donohue, 1913).
36. N. H. Greenberg, 'Women As Railroad Clerks: Railway Age Gazette 65 (1918): 422.
37. Nixon Denton, History of the Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employees, with Emphasis on the Years in which George M. Harrison was Grand President (Cincinnati, Ohio: The George M. Harrison Biographical Committee, 1956).
38. Shane White and Graham White, Stylin': African American Expressive Culture from (Its Beginnings to the Zoot Suit (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998), 133.
39. Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
40. Samuel Gompers, Labor and the Employer (New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1920), 8.
41. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920 (Cambridge, Mass.: Haryard University Press, 1993), 1
42. Eric Arnesen, '''Like Banquo's Ghost, It Will Not Down': The Race Question and the American Railroad Brotherhoods, 1880-1920, " Amencan Histoncal Review 99 (1994): 1601-1633
43. Paul Taillon, 'Culture, Politics, and the Making of the Railroad Brotherhoods, 1863-1916" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1997), 210-26.