Early Cambrian metazoan eggs, embryos, and phosphatic microfossils from Northwestern Canada

Journal of Paleontology

Volumn 80, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 811-825

  Pyle, Leanne J ^a   Narbonne, Guy M ^b   Nowlan, Godfrey S ^c   Xiao, Shuhai ^d   James, Noel P ^b  

^a Geological Survey of Canada Sidney   (Canada)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^d VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAMBRIAN; EGG; EMBRYO; METAZOAN; MICROFOSSIL;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA;

ANIMALIA; METAZOA; OLIVOOIDES;

EID: 33749427977     PISSN: 00223360     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[811:ECMEEA]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. AYALA, F. J., A. RHETSKY, AND F. J. AYALA. 1998. Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95:606-611.
2. AZMI, R. J. 1983. Microfauna and age of the Lower Tal Phosphorite of Mussoorie Syncline, Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India. Himalayan Geology, 11:373-409.
3. AZMI, R. J., AND V. P. PANCHOLI. 1983. Early Cambrian (Tommotian) conodonts and other shelly microfauna from the Upper Krol of Mussoorie Syncline, Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, with remarks on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Himalayan Geology, 11:360-372.
4. AZMI, R. J., AND S. K. PAUL. 2004. Discovery of Precambrian Cambrian boundary protoconodonts from the Gangolihat Dolomite of Inner Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: Implication on age and correlation. Current Science, 86:1653-1660.
5. BAHDE, J., C. BARETTA, L. CEDERSTRAND, M. FLAUGHER, R. HELLER, M. IRWIN, C. SWARTZ, S. TRAUB, J. D. COOPER, AND C. FEDO. 1997. Neoproterozoic-Lower Cambrian sequence stratigraphy, eastern Mojave desert, California: Implications for base of the Sauk sequence, craton-margin hinge zone, and evolution of the Cordilleran continental margin, p. 1-20. In G. H. Girty, R. E. Hanson, and J. D. Cooper (eds.), Geology of the Western Cordillera: Perspectives from Undergraduate Research. Pacific Section SEPM, Fullerton, California.
6. BENGTSON, S., AND Z. YUE. 1997. Fossilized metazoan embryos from the earliest Cambrian. Science, 277:1645-1646.
7. BENGTSON, S., S. CONWAY MORRIS, B. J. COOPER, P. A. JELL, AND B. N. RUNNEGAR. 1990. Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir, 9, 364 p.
8. BHATT, D. K., V. D. MAMGAIN, AND R. S. MISRA. 1985. Small shelly fossils of early Cambrian (Tommotian) age from Chert-Phosphorite Member, Tal Formation, Mussoorie Syncline, Lesser Himalaya, India and their chronostratigraphic evaluation. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 30:92-102.
9. BRASIER, M. D. 1990. Phosphogenic events and skeletal preservation across the Precambrian Cambrian boundary interval, p. 289-303. In A. J. G. Notholt and I. Jarvis (eds.), Phosphorite Research and Development. Geological Society of London Special Publication, No. 52.
10. BRASIER, M. D., AND J. F. LINDSAY. 2001. Did supercontinent amalgamation trigger the "Cambrian Explosion"?, p. 69-89. In A. Y. Zhuravlev and R. Riding (eds.), The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation. Columbia University Press, New York.
11. BRASIER, M. D., AND P. SINGH. 1987. Microfossils and Precambrian Cambrian boundary stratigraphy at Maldeota, Lesser Himalaya. Geological Magazine, 124:323-345.
12. BRIGGS, D. E. G., AND P. R. WILBY. 1996. The role of calcium carbonate-calcium phosphate switch in the mineralization of soft-bodied fossils. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 153:665-668.
13. CHEN, P. 1984. Discovery of Lower Cambrian small shelly fossils from Jijiapo, Yichang, West Hubei and its significance. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology, 13:61-64.
14. COBBOLD, E. S. 1935. Lower Cambrian faunas from Hérault, France. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 10), 16:25-48.
15. COBBOLD, E. S., AND R. W. POCOCK. 1934. The Cambrian area of Rushton (Shropshire). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B, 223:305-409.
16. CONWAY MORRIS, S., AND S. BENGTSON. 1994. Cambrian predators: Possible evidence from boreholes. Journal of Paleontology, 68:1-23.
17. CONWAY MORRIS, S., AND M. CHEN. 1989. Lower Cambrian anabaritids from South China. Geological Magazine, 126:615-632.
18. CONWAY MORRIS, S., AND M. CHEN. 1990. Blastulospongia polytreta n. sp., an enigmatic organism from the Lower Cambrian of Hubei, China. Journal of Paleontology, 64:26-30.
19. CONWAY MORRIS, S., AND M. CHEN. 1992. Carinachitiids, hexangulaconularids, and Punctatus: Problematic metazoans from the early Cambrian of South China. Journal of Paleontology, 66:384-405.
20. CONWAY MORRIS, S., AND W. H. FRITZ. 1980. Shelly microfossils near the Precambrian Cambrian boundary, Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada. Nature, 286:381-384.
21. COOK, P. J., AND J. H. SHERGOLD. 1984. Phosphorus, phosphorites, and skeletal evolution at the Precambrian Cambrian boundary. Nature, 308:231-236.
22. CRIMES, P. T., AND M. M. ANDERSON. 1985. Trace fossils from late Precambrian-Early Cambrian strata of southeastern Newfoundland (Canada); temporal and environmental implications. Journal of Paleontology, 59:310-343.
23. DING, W., AND Y. QIAN. 1988. Late Sinian to Early Cambrian small shelly fossils from Yangjiaping, Shimen, Hunan. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 5:39-56.
24. DONG, X.-P., P. C. J. DONOGHUE, H. CHENG, AND J. LIU. 2004. Fossil embryos from the Middle and Late Cambrian Period of Hunan, South China. Nature, 427:237-240.
25. DONOVAN, S. K. 1987. The fit of the continents in the late Precambrian. Nature, 327:138-141.
26. D'ORBIGNY, A. 1842. Paléontologie Francaise. Text and Atlas. Masson, Paris, 662 p.
27. DZIK, J. 1994. Evolution of "small shelly fossils" assemblages of the Early Paleozoic. Acta Palaeontological Polonica, 39:247-313.
28. ELICKI, O. 1998. First report of Halkieria and enigmatic globular fossils from the Central European Marianian (Lower Cambrian, Gorlitz Syncline, Germany), p. 51-64. In V. Gamez, J. Antonio, T. Palacios et al. (eds.), Special Issue in Memory of Professor Gonzalo Vidal. Revista Espanola de Paleontologia, Special Issue.
29. FRITZ, W. H., G. M. NARBONNE, AND S. P. GORDEY. 1983. Strata and trace fossils near the Precambrian Cambrian boundary, Mackenzie, Selwyn, and Wernecke Mountains, Yukon and Northwest territories. Current Research, Pt. B, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 83-1B:365-375.
30. GERMS, G. J. B. 1972. New shelly fossils from the Nama Group, South West Africa. American Journal of Science, 272:752-761.
31. GRAVESTOCK, D. I., E. M. ALEXANDER, Y. E. DEMIDENKO, N. V. ESAKOVA, L. E. HOLMER, J. B. JAGO, T. LIN, L. M. MELNIKOVA, P. Y. PARKHAEV, A. Y. ROZANOV, G. T. USHANTINSKAYA, W. ZANG ET AL. 2001. The Cambrian Biostratigraphy of the Stansbury Basin, South Australia. Nauka/Interperiodica, Moscow, 343 p.
32. GROTZINGER, J. P., W. A. WATTERS, AND A. H. KNOLL. 2000. Calcified metazoans in thrombolitic stromatolite reefs of the terminal Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia. Paleobiology, 26:334-359.
33. HAGADORN, J. W., AND B. WAGGONER. 2000. Ediacaran fossils from the southwestern Great Basin, United States. Journal of Paleontology, 74:349-359.
34. HAMDI, B. 1989. Stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Late Precambrian to Early Cambrian in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. Geological Survey of Iran Report, 59:1-41.
35. HE, T., AND Y. XIE. 1989. Some problematic small shelly fossils from the Meishucunian of the Lower Cambrian in the western Yangtze region. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 6:111-127.
36. HOFMANN, H. J., AND E. W. MOUNTJOY. 2001. Namacalathus-Cloudina assemblage in Neoproterozoic Miette Group (Byng Formation), British Columbia: Canada's oldest shelly fossils. Geology, 29:1091-1094.
37. HUANG, B., R. ZHU, O. YANG, AND Z. YANG. 2000. The Early Paleozoic paleogeography of the North China block and other major blocks of China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 45:1057-1065.
38. KERBER, M. 1988. Mikrofossilien aus unterkambrishchen Gesteinen der Montagne Noire, Frankreich. Palaeontolographica, A202:127-203.
39. KHOMENTOVSKY, V. V., AND G. A. KARLOVA. 1993. Biostratigraphy of the Vendian-Cambrian beds and the Lower Cambrian boundary in Siberia. Geological Magazine, 130:29-45.
40. KNOLL, A. H., AND S. B. CARROLL. 1999. Early animal evolution: Emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science, 284:2129-2137.
41. KOUCHINSKY, A., AND S. BENGTSON. 2002. The tube wall of Cambrian anabaritids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47:431-444.
42. KOUCHINSKY, A., S. BENGTSON, AND L. GERSHWIN. 1999. Cnidarian-like embryos associated with the first shelly fossils in Siberia. Geology, 27:609-612.
43. KUMAR, G., D. K. BHATT, AND B. K. RAINA. 1987. Skeletal microfauna of Meishucunian and Qiongzhusian (Precambrian-Cambrian boundary) age from the Ganga Valley, Lesser Himalaya, India. Geological Magazine, 124:167-171.
44. LI, G., AND Y. QIAN. 1999. A review of the research on the phosphatized spheroidal fossils in China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 16:287-296.
45. LOUTIT, T. S., J. HARDENBOL, P. R. VAIL, AND G. R. BAUM. 1988. Condensed sections; the key to age determination and correlation of continental margin sequences, p. 183-213. In C. K. Wilgus, B. S. Hastings, C. A. Ross et al. (eds.), Sea-level changes; an integrated approach. SEPM Special Publication, 42.
46. LUO, H., Z. JIANG, X. WU, X. SONG, L. OUYANG ET AL. 1982. The Sinian-Cambrian Boundary in Eastern Yunnan. People's Publishing House, Yunnan, 265 p.
47. MARTIN, D., D. E. G. BRIGGS, AND R. J. PARKES. 2003. Experimental mineralization of invertebrate eggs and the preservation of Neoproterozoic embryos. Geology, 31:39-42.
48. MCILROY, D., AND H. SZANIAWSKI. 2000. A lower Cambrian protoconodont apparatus from the Placentian of southeastern Newfoundland. Lethaia, 33:95-102.
49. MCMENAMIN, M. A. S. 1982. A case for two late Proterozoic-earliest Cambrian faunal province loci. Geology, 10:290-292.
50. MILLER, J. F. 1984. Cambrian and earliest Ordovician conodont evolution, biofacies, and provincialism, p. 43-68. In D. L. Clark (ed.), Conodont Biofacies and Provincialism. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 196.
51. MISSARZHEVSKY, V. V. 1969. Description of hyolithids, gastropods, hyolithelminths, camenids and forms of an obscure taxonomic position, p. 105-175. In A. Y. Rozanov et al. (eds.), The Tommotian Stage and the problem of the lower boundary of the Cambrian. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, Trudy Akademiya Nauk SSSR.
52. MISSARZHEVSKY, V. V. 1973. Conodont-shaped organisms from Precambrian-Cambrian boundary strata of the Siberian Platform and Kazakhstan, p. 53-57. In I. T. Zhuralev (ed.), Problemy paleontologii i biostratigrafii nizhnego kembriya Sibiri i Dal'nego vostoko. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR, 49.
53. MISSARZHEVSKY, V. V. 1977. Conodonts(?) and phosphatic problematica from the Cambrian of Mongolia and Siberia, p. 10-19, 91, 100, 106. In L. P. Tatarinov, B. Luvsandansan, Y. I. Voronin et al. (eds.), Bespozvonochnye Paleozoya Mongolii, Trudy-Sovmestnaya SovetskoMongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya.
54. MISSARZHEVSKY, V. V. 1989. The oldest skeletal fossils and stratigraphy of the Precambrian Cambrian boundary beds. Trudy Geologiceskogo Instituta AN SSSR, 443:1-237.
55. MISSARZHEVSKY, V. V., AND A. J. MAMBETOV. 1981. Stratigraphy and fauna of Cambrian and Precambrian boundary beds of Maly Karatau. Trudy Akademii Nauka SSSR, Moscow, 326.
56. MOUNT, J. F., AND D. KIDDER. 1993. Combined flow origin of edgewise intraclast conglomerates; Sellick Hill Formation (Lower Cambrian) South Australia. Sedimentology, 40:315-329.
57. NARBONNE, G. M. 1994. New Ediacaran fossils from the Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 68:411-416.
58. NARBONNE, G. M., AND J. D. AITKEN. 1995. Neoproterozoic of the Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada. Precambrian Research, 73:101-121.
59. NOWLAN, G. S., G. M. NARBONNE, AND W. H. FRITZ. 1985. Small shelly fossils and trace fossils near the Precambrian Cambrian boundary in the Yukon Territory, Canada. Lethaia, 18:233-256.
60. OSBORNE, D. T., G. M. NARBONNE, AND J. CARRICK. 1986. Stratigraphic and economic potential of Precambrian Cambrian boundary strata. Wernecke Mountains, east-central Yukon. Yukon Geology, 1:131-138.
61. PELECHATY, S. M. 1996. Stratigraphic evidence for the Siberia-Laurentia connection and Early Cambrian rifting. Geology, 24:719-722.
62. PORTER, S. M. 2004. Closing the phosphatization window: Testing for the influence of taphonomic megabias on the pattern of small shelly fossil decline. Palaios, 19:178-183.
63. PYLE, L. J., G. M. NARBONNE, N. P. JAMES, R. W. DALRYMPLE, AND A. J. KAUFMAN. 2004. Integrated Ediacaran chronostratigraphy, Wernecke Mountains, northwestern Canada. Precambrian Research, 132:1-27.
64. QIAN, Y. 1977. Hyolitha and some problematica from the Lower Cambrian Meishucunian Stage in central and southwestern China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 16:255-275.
65. QIAN, Y., AND S. BENGTSON. 1989. Palaeontology and biostratigraphy of the Early Cambrian Meishucunian Stage in Yunnan Province, South China. Fossils and Strata, 24:1-156.
66. QIAN, Y., M. CHEN, AND Y. CHEN. 1979. Hyolithids and other small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian Huangshandong Formation in the eastern part of the Yangtze Gorge. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 18:207-232.
67. QIAN, Y., G. LI, T. HE, AND Y. XIE. 2001. Helmet-like fossils from the basal Cambrian phosphoric strata of China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 40:486-496.
68. SEARS, J. W., AND R. A. PRICE. 2000. New look at the Siberian connection: No SWEAT. Geology, 28:423-426.
69. SOKOLOV, B. S., AND I. T. ZHURALEVA. 1983. Lower Cambrian Stage Subdivision of Siberia, Atlas of Fossils. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR 558, Moscow, 216 p.
70. STEINER, M., M. ZHU, G. LI, Y. QIAN, AND B.-D. ERDTMANN. 2004a. New Early Cambrian bilaterian embryos and larvae from China. Geology, 32:833-836.
71. STEINER, M., G. LI, Y. QIAN, AND M. ZHU. 2004b. Lower Cambrian small shelly fossils of northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi (China), and their biostratigraphic importance. Geobios, 37:259-275.
72. SZANIAWSKI, H. 1982. Chaetognath grasping spines recognized among Cambrian protoconodonts. Journal of Paleontology, 56:806-810.
73. SZANIAWSKI, H. 2002. New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47:405-419.
74. VALENTINE, J. W. 2002. Prelude to the Cambrian explosion. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 30:285-306.
75. VAL'KOV, A. K. 1987. Lower Cambrian Biostratigraphy of the Eastern Siberian Platform. Nauka, Moscow, 137 p.
76. VAN WAVEREN, I. M. 1993. Morphology of Recent copepod egg envelopes from Turkey Point, Gulf of Mexico, and their implications for acritarch affinity, p. 111-124. In S. G. Molyneux and K. J. Dorning (eds.), Contributions to Acritarch and Chitinozoan Research. Special Papers in Paleontology, 48.
77. VORONIN, Y. I., L. G. VORONOVA, N. V. GRIGORIEVA, N. A. DROSDOVA, E. A. SHEGALLO, A. Y. ZHURAVLEV, A. L. RAGOZINA, A. Y. ROZANOV, T. A. SAYUTINA, V. A. SYSSOIEV, AND V. D. FONIN. 1982. The Precambrian/Cambrian boundary in the Geosynclinal areas (The reference section of Salany-Gol, MPR). Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, 18, Nauka Izdatelstvo, Moscow, 150 p.
78. WRAY, G. A., J. S. LEVINTON, AND L. H. SHAPIRO. 1996. Molecular evidence for deep Precambrian divergences among metazoan phyla. Science, 274:568-573.
79. WRONA, R. 2004. Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49:13-56.
80. XIAO, S., AND A. H. KNOLL. 1999. Fossil preservation in the Neoproterozoic Duoshanto phosphorite Lagerstätte, South China. Lethaia, 32:219-240.
81. XIAO, S., AND A. H. KNOLL. 2000. Phosphatized animal embryos from the Neoproterozoic Duoshantuo Formation at Weng'an, Guizhou, South China. Journal of Paleontology, 74:767-788.
82. XIAO, S., X. YUAN, AND A. H. KNOLL. 2000. Eumetazoan fossils in terminal Proterozoic phosphorites? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 97:13684-13689.
83. XIAO, S., Y. ZHANG, AND A. H. KNOLL. 1998. Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite. Nature, 391:553-558.
84. XING, Y., Q. DING, H. LUO, T. HE, AND Y. WANG. 1984. The Sinian-Cambrian boundary of China and its related problems. Geological Magazine, 121:155-170.
85. YIN, C., S. BENGTSON, AND Z. YUE. 2004. Silicified and phosphatized Tianzhushania, spheroidal microfossils of possible animal origin from the Neoproterozoic of South China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49:1-12.
86. YOUNG, C. M., M. A. SEWELL, AND M. E. RICE. 2002. Atlas of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Academic Press, San Diego, 626 p.
87. YUE, Z., AND S. BENGTSON. 1999. Embryonic and post-embryonic development of the Early Cambrian cnidarian Olivooides. Lethaia, 32:181-195.
88. YUE, Z., AND T. HE. 1989. A restudy of some Early Cambrian small shelly fossils from Ganluo and Emei, Sichuan, Southwest China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 6:389-407.
89. YUE, Z., AND J.-X. ZHAO. 1993. Meischucunian (Early Cambrian) rodlike fossils from western Zhejiang. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 10:89-97.
90. ZHANG, X., AND B. R. PRATT. 1994. Middle Cambrian arthropod embryos with blastomeres. Science, 266:637-639.
91. ZHOU, C., M. D. BRASIER, AND Y. XUE. 2001. Three-dimensional phosphatic preservation of giant acritarchs from the terminal Proterozoic Duoshantuo Formation in Guizhou and Hubei provinces, South China. Palaeontology, 44:1157-1178.