Megaloblastic anemia and other causes of macrocytosis

Clinical Medicine and Research

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 236-241

  Aslinia, Florence ^a   Mazza, Joseph J ^a   Yale, Steven H ^a  

^a MARSHFIELD CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Anemia; Macrocytosis; Megaloblastic

Indexed keywords

CYANOCOBALAMIN; FOLIC ACID; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYDROXOCOBALAMIN; METHYLMALONIC ACID; TRANSCOBALAMIN II;

ANAMNESIS; BLOOD SMEAR; BONE MARROW; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOSE RESPONSE; ELLIPTOCYTOSIS; ERYTHROCYTE; FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY; HUMAN; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA; MEGALOCYTOSIS; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; RETICULOCYTE COUNT; REVIEW;

ANEMIA, MACROCYTIC; ANEMIA, MEGALOBLASTIC; FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY; HUMANS; MEGALOBLASTS; VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY;

EID: 33749360042     PISSN: 15394182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3121/cmr.4.3.236     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Chanarin I, Metz J. Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency: the old and new. Br J Haematol 1997;97:695-700.
2. th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division; 2005.
3. Davidson RJ, Hamilton PJ. High mean red cell volume: its incidence and significance in routine haematology. J Clin Pathol 1978;31:493-498.
4. Hattersley PG, Gerard PW, Caggiano V, Nash DR. Erroneous values on the Model S Coulter Counter due to high titer cold autoagglutinins. Am J Clin Pathol 1971;55:442-446.
5. Lindenbaum J. Status of laboratory testing in the diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia. Blood 1983;61:624-627.
6. Lawrence AC, Bevington JM, Young M. Storage of blood and the mean corpuscular volume. J Clin Pathol 1975;28:345-349.
7. Breedveld FC, Bieger R, van Wermeskerken RK. The clinical significance of macrocytosis. Acta Med Scand 1981;209:319-322.
8. Colon-Otero G, Menke D, Hook CC. A practical approach to the differential diagnosis and evaluation of the adult patient with macrocytic anemia. Med Clin North Am 1992;76:581-597.
9. Savage DG, Ogundipe A, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J. Etiology and diagnostic evaluation of macrocytosis. Am J Med Sci 2000;319:343-352.
10. Hoffbrand AV, Pettit, JE. Clinical hematology: Sandoz atlas. London: Glower; 1988.
11. th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003; 1841.
12. Hoffbrand V, Provan D. ABC of clinical haematology. Macrocytic anaemias. BMJ 1997;314:430-433.
13. Sechi LA, De Carli S, Catena C, Zingaro L, Bartoli E. Benign familial macrocytosis. Clin Lab Haematol 1996;18:41-43.
14. Thomas CW Jr, Lowry PW, Franklin CL, Weaver AL, Myhre GM, Mays DC, Tremaine WJ, Lipsky JJ, Sandborn WJ. Erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume as a surrogate marker for 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentration monitoring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2003;9:237-245.
15. Papadakis KA. Mean corpuscular volume: a simple and inexpensive way to monitor azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease? Evidence-Based Gastroenterology 2004;5:22-23.
16. Petersen K, Hale BR, Wallace MR. Macrocytosis after nucleoside-containing HIV treatment regimens. Infect Dis Clin Pract 2005;13:65-67.
17. Steele RH, Keogh GL, Quin J, Fernando SL, Stojkova V. Mean cell volume (MCV) changes in HIV-positive patients taking nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): a surrogate marker for adherence. Int J STD AIDS 2002;13:748-754.
18. Bain BJ. Diagnosis from the blood smear. N Engl J Med 2005;353:498-507.
19. Torres Gomez A, Casano J, Sanchez J, Madrigal E, Blanco F, Alvarez MA. Utility of reticulocyte maturation parameters in the differential diagnosis of macrocytic anemias. Clin Lab Haematol 2003;25:283-288.
20. th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingston; 2005.
21. Harris JW, Kellermeyer RW. The red cell. rev ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1970. 387.
22. nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingston; 1995. 562-563.
23. Ward PC. Modern approaches to the investigation of vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Lab Med 2002;22:435-445.
24. Snow CF. Laboratory diagnosis of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency: a guide for the primary care physician. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1289-1298.
25. Andres E, Loukili NH, Noel E, Kaltenbach G, Abdelgheni MB, Perrin AE, Noblet-Dick M, Maloisel F, Schlienger JL, Blickle JF. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients. CMAJ 2004;3:251-259.
26. Oh RC, Brown DL. Vitamin B12 deficiency. Am Fam Physician 2003;67:979-986.
27. Ashraf MJ, Goyal M, Hinchey K, Cook JR. Clinical utility of folic acid testing for anemia and dementia screen. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19(s1):130.
28. nd ed. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Publishers; 1979.
29. st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1995; 1406.
30. st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1995; 1421.
31. Lindenbaum J, Allen RH. Clinical spectrum and diagnosis of folate deficiency. In: Bailey LB, ed. Folate in health and disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1995. 43-73.
32. rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingston; 2000. 446-485.
33. Jaffe JP, Schilling RF. Erythrocyte folate levels: a clinical study. Am J Hematol 1991;36:116-121.
34. Barney-Stallings RA, Heslop D. What is the clinical utility of obtaining a folate level in patients with macrocytosis or anemia? J Fam Pract 2001;50:544.
35. th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
36. Tisman G, Herbert V. B12 dependence of cell uptake of serum folate: an explanation for high serum folate and cell folate depletion in B12 deficiency. Blood 1973;41:465-469.
37. Stabler SP, Marcell PD, Podell ER, Allen RH, Savage DG, Lindenbaum J. Elevation of total homocysteine in the serum of patients with cobalamin or folate deficiency detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Clin Invest 1988;81:466-474.
38. Allen RH, Stabler SP, Savage DG, Lindenbaum J. Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency I: usefulness of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine concentrations. Am J Hematol 1990;34:90-98.
39. Lindenbaum J, Savage DG, Stabler SP, Allen RH. Diagnosis of cobalamine deficiency: II. Relative sensitivities of serum cobalamine, methylmalonic acid, and total homocysteine concentrations. Am J Hematol 1990;34:99-107.
40. Savage DG, Lindenbaum J, Stabler SP, Allen RH. Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies. Am J Med 1994;96:239-246.
41. Alpers DH. What is new in vitamin B(12)? Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2005;21:183-186.
42. Lloyd-Wright Z, Hvas A, Moller J, Sanders TA, Nexo E. Holotranscobalamin as an indicator of dietary vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Chem 2003;49:2076-2078.
43. Nilsson K, Isaksson A, Gustafson L, Hultberg B. Clinical utility of serum holotranscobalamin as a marker of cobalamin status in elderly patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:637-643.
44. Solomon LR. Cobalamin-responsive disorders in the ambulatory care setting: unreliability of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine testing. Blood 2005;105:978-985.
45. Robinson AR, Mladenovic J. Lack of clinical utility of folate levels in the evaluation of macrocytosis or anemia. Am J Med 2001;110:88-90.
46. Shojania AM. Protein synthesis-megaloblastic disorders. In: Gross S, Roath S, eds. Hematology. A problem-oriented approach. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1996. 25-54.
47. Nyholm E, Turpin P, Swain D, Cunningham B, Daly S, Nightingale P, Fegan C. Oral vitamin B12 can change our practice. Postgrad Med J 2003;79:218-220.
48. Bolaman Z, Kadikoylu G, Yukselen V, Yavasoglu I, Barutca S, Senturk T. Oral versus intramuscular cobalamin treatment in megaloblastic anemia: a single-center, prospective, randomized, open-label study. Clin Ther 2003;25:3124-3134.
49. Kuzminski AM, Del Giacco EJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J. Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin. Blood 1998;92:1191-1198.
50. Sharabi A, Cohen E, Sulkes J, Garty M. Replacement therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency: comparison between the sublingual and oral route. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;56:635-638.
51. Latif T, Hsi ED, Rybicki LA, Adelstein DJ. Is there a role for folate determinations in current clinical practice in the USA? Clin Lab Haematol 2004;26:379-383.
52. Smellie WS, Wilson D, McNulty CA, Galloway MJ, Spickett GA, Finnigan DI, Bareford DA, Greig MA, Richards J. Best practice in primary care pathology: review 1. J Clin Pathol 2005;58:1016-1024.