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32
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84958274302
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note
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Two causes can contribute to the presence of slower electrons: (i) the gun itself and (ii) space charge effects in the trochoidal analyzer. The normalization of the velocity distribution function enhances this lower tail when the beam is more spread [hence the observed periodicity at low wave amplitude, low electron velocity in Fig. 3(b)]. Figure 3(a), which focuses on accelerated electrons, is not polluted by these low energy electrons in the relevant domain.
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35
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note
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As the beam intersects the core of the cat eye, part of it merely rotates in the trapping domain. One should not mistake the image of the beam at later times, as in Fig. 7, with the unstable manifold of the hyperbolic point associated with the wave. However, the wiggles of the beam in the chaotic domain must follow grossly the wiggles of this unstable manifold.
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36
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84958274304
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note
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The many small peaks in the plot of f(v) are the result of the foldings of the smooth curve in (x,v) space, which was initially the monokinetic beam at v = 1. The probability density in v diverges at each fold, like the classical arc sine law.
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37
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note
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The squares are above the circles because they correspond to a lower estimate of the noise level.
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38
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18144432104
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C. Chandre, G. Ciraolo, F. Doveil, R. Lima, A. Macor, and M. Vittot, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 074101 (2005).
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Chandre, C.1
Ciraolo, G.2
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Macor, A.5
Vittot, M.6
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