"Rule out ectopic": Asking the right questions, getting the right answers

Ultrasound Quarterly

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 87-100

  Patel, Maitray D ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Early pregnancy failure; Ectopic pregnancy; Pregnancy and first trimester; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

ABORTION; ECHOGRAPHY; ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; EVALUATION; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MYOMETRIUM; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, PRENATAL;

EID: 33749331671     PISSN: 08948771     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00013644-200606000-00002     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Van Den Eeden SK, Shan J, Bruce C, et al. Ectopic pregnancy rate and treatment utilization in a large managed care organization. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1052-1057.
2. Grimes DA. The morbidity and mortality of pregnancy: still risky business. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170:1489-1494.
3. Schwartz RO, Di Pietro DL. beta-hCG as a diagnostic aid for suspected ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1980;56:197-203.
4. Russell SA, Filly RA, Damato N. Sonographic diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with endovaginal probes: what really has changed? J Ultrasound Med. 1993;12:145-151.
5. Stabile I, Campbell S, Grudzinskas JG. Can ultrasound reliably diagnose ectopic pregnancy? Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95:1247-1252.
6. de Crespigny LC. Demonstration of ectopic pregnancy by transvaginal ultrasound. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95:1253-1256.
7. Mahony BS, Filly RA, Nyberg DA, et al. Sonographic evaluation of ectopic pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med. 1985;4:221-228.
8. Cacciatore B, Stenman UH, Ylostalo P. Comparison of abdominal and vaginal sonography in suspected ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;73:770-774.
9. Stiller RJ, Haynes de Regt R, Blair E. Transvaginal ultrasonography in patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:930-933.
10. Dashefsky SM, Lyons EA, Levi CS, et al. Suspected ectopic pregnancy: endovaginal and transvesical US. Radiology. 1988;169:181-184.
11. Nyberg DA, Mack LA, Jeffrey RB Jr, et al. Endovaginal sonographic evaluation of ectopic pregnancy: a prospective study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149:1181-1186.
12. Vanderheyden JS, Van Dam PA. The rising incidence of heterotopic pregnancy: two case reports. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1987;24:341-346.
13. van Dam PA, Vanderheyden JS, Uyttenbroeck F. Application of ultrasound in the diagnosis of heterotopic pregnancy - a review of the literature. J Clin Ultrasound. 1988;16:159-165.
14. Bello GV, Schonholz D, Moshirpur J, et al. Combined pregnancy: the Mount Sinai experience. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1986;41:603-613.
15. Reece EA, Petrie RH, Sirmans MF, et al. Combined intrauterine and extrauterine gestations: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;146:323-330.
16. Hann LE, Bachman DM, McArdle CR. Coexistent intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy: a reevaluation. Radiology. 1984;152:151-154.
17. Dimitry ES, Subak-Sharpe R, Mills M, et al. Nine cases of heterotopic pregnancies in 4 years of in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1990;53:107-110.
18. Molloy D, Deambrosis W, Keeping D, et al. Multiple-sited (heterotopic) pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer. Fertil Steril. 1990;53:1068-1071.
19. Yeh HC, Goodman JD, Carr L, et al. Intradecidual sign: a US criterion of early intrauterine pregnancy. Radiology. 1986;161:463-467.
20. Tongsong T, Wanapirak C, Srisomboon J, et al. Transvaginal ultrasound in threatened abortions with empty gestational sacs. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1994;46:297-301.
21. Nyberg DA, Filly RA. Predicting pregnancy failure in 'empty' gestational sacs. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21:9-12.
22. Ackerman TE, Levi CS, Lyons EA, et al. Decidual cyst: endovaginal sonographic sign of ectopic pregnancy. Radiology. 1993;189:727-731.
23. Laing FC, Brown DL, Price JF, et al. Intradecidual sign: is it effective in diagnosis of an early intrauterine pregnancy? Radiology. 1997;204:655-660.
24. Yeh HC. Efficacy of the intradecidual sign and fallacy of the double decidual sac sign in the diagnosis of early intrauterine pregnancy. Radiology. 1999;210:579-582.
25. Chiang G, Levine D, Swire M, et al. The intradecidual sign: is it reliable for diagnosis of early intrauterine pregnancy? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:725-731.
26. Cacciatore B. Can the status of tubal pregnancy be predicted with transvaginal sonography? A prospective comparison of sonographic, surgical, and serum hCG findings. Radiology. 1990;177:481-484.
27. Bree RL, Edwards M, Bohm-Velez M, et al. Transvaginal sonography in the evaluation of normal early pregnancy: correlation with HCG level. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;153:75-79.
28. Levi CS, Lyons EA, Lindsay DJ. Early diagnosis of nonviable pregnancy with endovaginal US. Radiology. 1988;167:383-385.
29. Nyberg DA, Mack LA, Laing FC, et al. Early pregnancy complications: endovaginal sonographic findings correlated with human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Radiology. 1988;167:619-622.
30. Cacciatore B, Tiitinen A, Stenman UH, et al. Normal early pregnancy: serum hCG levels and vaginal ultrasonography findings. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97:899-903.
31. Kadar N, Bohrer M, Kemmann E, et al. The discriminatory human chorionic gonadotropin zone for endovaginal sonography: a prospective, randomized study. Fertil Steril. 1994;61:1016-1020.
32. Keith SC, London SN, Weitzman GA, et al. Serial transvaginal ultrasound scans and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels in early singleton and multiple pregnancies. Fertil Steril. 1993;59:1007-1010.
33. Daya S, Woods S, Ward S, et al. Transvaginal ultrasound scanning in early pregnancy and correlation with human chorionic gonadotropin levels. J Clin Ultrasound. 1991;19:139-142.
34. Mehta TS, Levine D, Beckwith B. Treatment of ectopic pregnancy: is a human chorionic gonadotropin level of 2,000 mIU/mL a reasonable threshold? Radiology. 1997;205:569-573.
35. McKenna KM, Feldstein VA, Goldstein RB, et al. The empty amnion: a sign of early pregnancy failure. J Ultrasound Med. 1995;14:117-121.
36. Brown DL, Emerson DS, Felker RE, et al. Diagnosis of early embryonic demise by endovaginal sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 1990;9:631-636.
37. Nyberg DA, Mack LA, Laing FC, et al. Distinguishing normal from abnormal gestational sac growth in early pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med. 1987;6:23-27.
38. Brown DL, Doubilet PM. Transvaginal sonography for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy: positivity criteria and performance characteristics. J Ultrasound Med. 1994;13:259-266.
39. Fleischer AC, Pennell RG, McKee MS, et al. Ectopic pregnancy: features at transvaginal sonography. Radiology. 1990;174:375-378.
40. Pellerito JS, Taylor KJ, Quedens-Case C, et al. Ectopic pregnancy: evaluation with endovaginal color flow imaging. Radiology. 1992;183:407-411.
41. Stovall TG. Medical management should be routinely used as primary therapy for ectopic pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1995;38:346-352.
42. Frates MC, Benson CB, Doubilet PM, et al. Cervical ectopic pregnancy: results of conservative treatment. Radiology. 1994;191:773-775.
43. Creinin MD, Feldstein VA. Conservative management options for cervical pregnancy; case reports and literature review. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995;40:175-186.
44. Doubilet PM, Benson CB, Frates MC, et al. Sonographically guided minimally invasive treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancies. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23:359-370.
45. Ackerman TE, Levi CS, Dashefsky SM, et al. Interstitial line: sonographic finding in interstitial (cornual) ectopic pregnancy. Radiology. 1993;189:83-87.
46. Chen GD, Lin MT, Lee MS. Diagnosis of interstitial pregnancy with sonography. J Clin Ultrasound. 1994;22:439-442.