War zone stress without direct combat: The Australian Naval experience of the Gulf War

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 193-204

  Ikin, Jillian F ^a,e   McKenzie, Dean P ^a   Creamer, Mark C ^b   McFarlane, Alexander C ^c   Kelsall, Helen L ^a   Glass, Deborah C ^a   Forbes, Andrew B ^a   Horsley, Keith W A ^d   Harrex, Warren K ^d   Sim, Malcolm R ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^d NATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (Australia)

^e ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BODY HEIGHT; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEAR; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MILITARY SERVICE; MORTALITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PUBLIC HOSPITAL; VETERAN; WAR; AGE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; HEALTH SURVEY; MEDICINE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL MODEL; TASK PERFORMANCE;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AUSTRALIA; COMBAT DISORDERS; GULF WAR; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NAVAL MEDICINE; RISK FACTORS; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; VETERANS;

EID: 33749320095     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.20028     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J.D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766.
3. Chinn, S. (2000). A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 19, 3127-3131.
4. Cronbach, L. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
5. CYTEL Software Corporation. (2002). LogXact 5 for Windows. Cambridge, MA.
6. Erickson, D.J., Wolfe, J., King, D.W., & King, L.A. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptomatology in a sample of Gulf War veterans: A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 41-49.
7. Fontana, A., & Rosenheck, R. (1994). Traumatic war stressors and psychiatric symptoms among World War II, Korean and Vietnam War veterans. Psychology & Aging, 9, 27-33.
8. Gallops, M., Laufer, R.S., & Yager, T. (1981). The combat scale revised. In A. Egendorf, C. Kadushin, R.S. Laufer, G. Rothbart, & L. Sloan (Eds.), Legacies of Vietnam: Comparative adjustment of veterans and their peers (pp. 125-129). New York: Center for Policy Research.
9. Goss Gilroy Inc. (1998). Health study of Canadian Forces personnel involved in the 1991 conflict in the Persian Gulf (Vol. 1). Ottawa, Canada: Author.
10. Hendin, H., & Haas, A.P. (1984). Combat adaptations of Vietnam veterans without posttraumatic stress disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 956-959.
11. Hosmer, D.W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
12. Hunt, N., & Robbins, I. (2001). The long-term consequences of war: The experience of World War II. Aging and Mental Health, 5, 183-190.
13. Ikin, J.F., Sim, M.R., Creamer, M.C., Forbes, A.B., McKenzie, D.P., Kelsall, H.L., et al. (2004). Increased risk of psychological disorders and their association with war-related psychological stressors in Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 116-126.
14. Ismail, K., Blatchley, N., Hotopf, M., Hull, L., Palmer, I., Unwin, C., et al. (2000). Occupational risk factors for ill health in Gulf veterans of the United Kingdom. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54, 834-838.
15. Keane, T.M., Fairbank, J.A., Caddell, J.M., Zimering, R.T., Taylor, K. L., & Mora, C.A. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment, 1, 53-55.
16. Kelsall, H.L., Sim, M.R., Forbes, A.B., Glass, D.C., McKenzie, D.P., Ikin, J.F., et al. (2004). Symptoms and medical conditions in Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: Relationship to immunisations and other Gulf War exposures. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61, 1006-1013.
17. Kidson, M., Douglas, J., & Holwill, B. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Australian World War II veterans attending a psychiatric-outpatient clinic. Medical Journal of Australia, 158, 563-566.
18. King, D.W., King, L.A., Gudanowski, D.M., & Vreven, D.L. (1995). Alternative representations of war zone stressors: Relationships to posttraumatic stress disorder in male and female Vietnam veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 184-196.
19. Kulka, R., Schienger, W., Fairbank, J.A., Hough, R., Jordan, B., Marmar, C., et al. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
20. McCarroll, J.E., Ursano, R.J., Fullerton, C.S., Liu, X., & Lundy, A. (2001). Effects of exposure to death in a war mortuary on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of intrusion and avoidance. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 44-48.
21. McFarlane, A.C. (1988). The longitudinal course of post-traumatic morbidity: The range of outcomes and predictors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 30-39.
22. McKenzie, D.P., Ikin, J.F., McFarlane, A.C., Creamer, M., Forbes, A.B., Kelsall, H.L., et al. (2004). Psychological health of Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: An assessment using the SF-12, GHQ-12 and PCL-S. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1419-1430.
23. Odgers, G. (2003). 100 years of Australians at war (Rev. ed.). Sydney: New Holland.
24. Schnurr, P.P., & Spiro, A., III. (1999). Combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and health behaviours as predictors of self-reported physical health in older veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 353-359.
25. Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., & Hobfoll, S.E. (1987). Objective versus subjective measurement of stress and social support: Combat related reactions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 55, 577-583.
26. Southwick, S.M., Morgan, C.A., III, Nicolaou, A.L., & Charney, D. S. (1997). Consistency of memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 173-177.
27. SPSS Inc. (2002). SPSS for Windows (Version 11.5). Chicago: Author.
28. StataCorp. (2002). Stata Statistical Software (Version 8). College Station, TX: Author.
29. Stimpson, N.J., Thomas, H.V., Weightman, A.L., Dunstan, F., & Lewis, G. (2003). Psychiatric disorders in veterans of the Persian Gulf War of 1991. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 391-403.
30. Sutker, P.B., Davis, J.M., Uddo, M., & Ditta, S.R. (1995). War zone stress, personal resources, and PTSD in Persian Gulf War returnees. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 444-452.
31. Unwin, C., Blatchley, N., Coker, W., Ferry, S., Hotopf, M., Hull, L., et al. (1999). Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet, 353, 169-178.
32. Wolfe, J., Brown, P.J., & Kelley, J.M. (1993). Reassessing war stress: Exposure and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 15-31.
33. Wessely, S., Unwin, C., Hotopf, M., Ismail, K., Nicolaou, V., & David, A. (2003). Stability of recall of military hazards over time: Evidence from the Persian Gulf War of 1991. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 314-322.