The ups and downs of mountain life: Historical patterns of adaptation in the Cascade Mountains

Western Historical Quarterly

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 193-213

  Marsh, Kevin R ^a  

^a IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33749259351     PISSN: 00433810     EISSN: 19398603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/25442970     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Wallace Stegner, "Living Dry," in The American West as Living Space, ed. Wallace Stegner (Ann Arbor, MI, 1987), 5-8.
2. Dan Flores provides a concise discussion on the development and drawbacks of the historiographical emphasis on aridity in "Islands in the Desert: The Rocky Mountains in Environmental History," in The Natural West: Environmental History in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, ed. Dan Flores (Norman, OK, 2001), 107-23.
3. These aspects are outlined in the collected essays of William Wyckoff and Lary M. Dilsaver, eds. , The Mountainous West: Explorations in Historical Geography (Lincoln, NE, 1995).
4. On a global scale, see The Panos Institute, High Stakes: The Future for Mountain Societies (London, 2002); also available at http://www. panos. org. uk/High-stakes1. pdf.
5. On the historical importance of mountains in the West, see Flores, "Islands in the Desert," 107-23.
6. Carlos Schwantes, The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History (Lincoln, NE, 1996), 7-14.
7. A fine example of a historical study of a western mountain range is William deBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation: The Life and Hard Times of a New Mexico Mountain Range (Albuquerque, NM, 1985).
8. D. W. Meinig, The Great Columbia Plain: A Historical Geography, 1805-1910 (1968; reprint, Seattle, WA, 1995), 5, 107.
9. Quoted in Edson Dow, Passes to the North: History of the Wenatchee Mountains (Wenatchee, WA, 1963), 29.
10. Roderick Peattie, Mountain Geography (Cambridge, MA, 1936), vii.
11. Robert E. Rhoades, "Cultural Echoes across the Mountains," Natural History 88 (January 1979): 56.
12. Burton Purrington, "Cultural Ecology in Highland Environments," in Cultural Adaptation to Mountain Environments, ed. Patricia D. Beaver and Burton L. Purrington (Athens, GA, 1984), 3-11
13. and Rhoades, "Cultural Echoes," 56.
14. Arnon Soffer, "Mountain Geography: A New Approach," Mountain Research and Development 2, no. 1 (1982): 391-8.
15. Robert E. Rhoades and Stephen I. Thompson, "Adaptive Strategies in Alpine Environments: Beyond Ecological Particularism," American Ethnologist 2 (August 1975): 537
16. Stephen B. Brush, Mountain, Field, and Family: The Economy and Human Ecology of an Andean Valley (Philadelphia, PA, 1977), 6-16.
17. Jerry F. Franklin and C. T. Dyrness, Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington, USDA Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report PNW-8 (Portland, OR, 1973), 70-88, 91. These vegetation zones, which are now widely recognized, come from their work. The western hemlock zone is not named for the most dominant tree species, which is the Douglas-fir. Rather, it refers to the climax species, which, theoretically, under no disturbance would in about one thousand years come to fully dominate the forest canopy and self-perpetuate its own existence.
18. Allan H. Smith, Ethnography of the North Cascades (Pullman, WA, 1987);
19. June M. Collins, "The Upper Skagit Indians and the Skagit River," in Of Man, Time, and a River: The Skagit River, How Should It Be Used?, ed. Roland L. DeLorme (Bellingham, WA, 1977), 2-3;
20. George Draffan, Ken Favrholdt, Mitch Friedman, and Bob Mierendorf, "History of the Greater North Cascades Ecosystem," in Cascadia Wild, ed. Mitch Friedman and Paul Lindholdt (Bellingham, WA, 1993), 24-5.
21. Gerald A. Holley and Ann Ramenofsky, A Cultural Resources Survey of Selected Areas of the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Office of Public Archaeology Reconnaissance Report No. 30 (Seattle, 1979), 20, 27-9.
22. Wayne Suttles and Barbara Lane, "Southern Coast Salish," in Northwest Coast, vol. 7, Handbook of North American Indians (Washington, DC, 1990), 492 (hereafter, HNAI).
23. Nels Bruseth, The Big Elk Hunts, 1, folder 6, box 1, #228-1, Nels Bruseth Papers, Special Collections, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle (hereafter, NBP, UWL). Bruseth, Dispossessed, 2-3, NBP, UWL. Also see accounts of the importance of Indian canoe travel to the railroad surveys in Fred Beckey's Range of Glaciers: The Exploration and Survey of the Notthern Cascade Range (Portland, OR, 2003), 216-28.
24. Franklin and Dyrness, Natural Vegetation, 93-100.
25. Nels Bruseth, The Big Elk Hunts, 1-2, NBP, UWL;
26. Hermann Haeberlin and Erna Gunther, The Indians of Puget Sound, vol. 4, no. 1, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology (Seattle, 1930), 21 (hereafter, UMPA);
27. Chief Bob Pasco, "Addressing the Cultural Resources of the North Cascades, from the Nlaka'pamux Nation," in Nature Has No Borders, by National Parks and Conservation Association (Seattle, 1994), 54.
28. Franklin and Dyrness, Natural Vegetation, 101-8.
29. Smith, Ethnography of the North Cascades, 263-70, 300;
30. Andrew H. Fisher, "The 1932 Handshake Agreement: Yakama Indian Treaty Rights and Forest Service Policy in the Pacific Northwest," Western Historical Quarterly 27 (Summer 1997): 187-8.
31. Draffan et al. , History of the Greater Cascades Ecosystem, 24
32. Rhoades and Thompson, Adaptive Strategies, 538;
33. Stephen B. Brush, "Introduction," Human Ecology 4 (April 1976): 130-1.
34. Haeberlin and Gunther, Indians of Puget Sound, 30, 37-8
35. and Suttles and Lane, "Southern Coast Salish," 490.
36. and Gretchen A. Luxenberg, Historic Resource Study, North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington (Seattle, 1986).
37. st Session, "Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean" (Washington, DC, 1859-1860),141-2.
38. Bruseth, Early day Railroad Survey, NBP, UWL, 1;
39. Sultan (Washington) Star, 12 October 1905, 1;
40. The Historical Committee, Community Development Project (Sultan, WA), "The History of Sultan," in Proceedings: Sultan Community Study, 1958-1959, vol. 3 (Seattle, 1959), 12.
41. William Whitfield discusses the reliance upon waterways in his edited volume, History of Snohomish County, Washington (Chicago, 1926), 281-2.
42. On Lawrence Joe, see Lawrence Joe, "Indian Freighting on the River," in Of Man, Time, and a River, ed. DeLorme, 10.
43. Historical Committee, "History of Sultan," 12.
44. Haeberlin and Gunther, Indians of Puget Sound, 20; Norman McCausland, interview by Harry Majors, 27 August 1973, tape recording, Acc. 2287, Special Collections, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle.
45. Quoted in Fisher, "The 1932 Handshake Agreement," 195. Estep was commenting on the progress of the allotment policy on the Yakama Reservation, hence "lessors" presumably refers to those Yakama who received allotments.
46. Frederick G. Plummer, "The Skykomish River Watershed," in "Field Notes of Examinations of Cascade Range, 1900," p. 1, cage 4012, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Library, Pullman;
47. Owen Oliver Calderhead, Testimony of O. O. Calderhead in Regard to Traffic Movement on the Great Northern Railway Before the Railroad Commission of Washington, November 22, 1908 (Olympia, WA, 1909), Special Collections, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle.
48. J. F. Pewters to H. H. Brown, 6 July 1937, Great Northern Railroad, Seattle, "Records," folder 129, box 5, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Library, Pullman;
49. Charles R. Wood, Lines West: A Pictorial History of the Great Northern Railway Operations and Motive Power from 1887 to 1967 (Seattle, WA, 1967), 132.
50. Donald Hathaway Clark, "An Analysis of Forest Utilization as a Factor in Colonizing the Pacific Northwest and in Subsequent Transitions" (Ph. D. diss. , University of Washington, 1952), 100.
51. Monroe (Washington) Monitor, 28 September 1899, 3.
52. Ralph Brindley, "Trend of Stumpage Prices in Western Washington," Forest Club Annual 4 (1916): 42;
53. Index (Washington) News, 25 April 1907, 1.
54. Monroe (Washington) Monitor, 14 May 1909, 2
55. and Sultan (Washington) Star, 22 June 1916, 3.
56. Schwantes, The Pacific Northwest, 250-5.
57. Wallace Stegner, Wolf Willow: A History, a Story, and a Memory of the Last Plains Frontier (New York, 1962), 280-1.
58. See, for example, John Bodnar, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington, IN, 1985), 54-6
59. and Sara Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (New York, 1987).
60. Monroe (Washington) Monitor, 16 June 1905, 1;
61. Index (Washington) News, 27 October 1910, 1
62. 2 December 1915, 2
63. and 14 July 1916, 2;
64. Sultan (Washington) Star, 22 November 1917, 3.
65. Index (Washington) News, 16 July 1908, 2
66. and 2 December 1915, 2.
67. Sultan (Washington) Star, 22 November 1917, 4
68. and Monroe (Washington) Monitor, 9 April 1915, 2.
69. Monroe (Washington) Monitor, 16 January 1914, 1
70. and Index (Washington) News, 2 and 9 December 1915, 1, 1.
71. Paige Raibmon of Simon Fraser University refers to this as part of the "tensions of empire. " Paige Raibmon, "Meanings of Mobility: Migration, Labor, and Civilization on the Late-Nineteenth Century Northwest Coast" (paper presented, 2002 Annual Meeting of the Western History Association, Colorado Springs, CO, 18 October 2002. ) Comments are based on the author's notes from Raibmon's oral presentation.