The C-terminal region of Bacteroides fragilis toxin is essential to its biological activity

Infection and Immunity

Volumn 74, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 5595-5601

  Sears, Cynthia L ^a   Buckwold, Simy L ^a   Shin, Jai W ^a   Franco, Augusto A ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FRAGILYSIN; INTERLEUKIN 8; UVOMORULIN;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; EVALUATION; GENE DELETION; GENE MUTATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POINT MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN STABILITY; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; TOXIN ANALYSIS; WESTERN BLOTTING;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BACTERIAL TOXINS; CADHERINS; CELLS, CULTURED; HUMANS; METALLOENDOPEPTIDASES; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MUTAGENESIS, SITE-DIRECTED; POINT MUTATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; SEQUENCE DELETION;

EID: 33749251674     PISSN: 00199567     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00135-06     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Basset, C., J. Holton, A. Bazeos, D. Vaira, and S. Bloom. 2004. Are Helicobacter species and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis involved in inflammatory bowel disease? Dig. Dis. Sci. 49:1425-1432.
2. Bode, W., F. Grams, P. Reinemer, F. X. Gomis-Ruth, U. Baumann, D. B. McKay, and W. Stocker. 1996. The metzincin-superfamily of zinc-peptidases. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 389:1-11.
3. Chambers, F. G., S. S. Koshy, R. F. Saidi, D. P. Clark, R. D. Moore, and C. L. Sears. 1997. Bacteroides fragilis toxin exhibits polar activity on monolayers of human intestinal epithelial cells (T84 cells) in vitro. Infect. Immun. 65:3561-3570.
4. Chung, G. T., A. A. Franco, S. Wu, G. E. Rhie, R. Cheng, H. B. Oh, and C. L. Sears. 1999. Identification of a third metalloprotease toxin gene in extraintestinal isolates of Bacteroides fragilis. Infect. Immun. 67:4945-4949.
5. Franco, A. A., S. Buckwold, J. W. Shin, M. Ascon, and C. L. Sears. 2005. Mutation of the zinc-binding metalloprotease motif affects Bacteroides fragilis toxin activity without affecting propeptide processing. Infect. Immun. 73:5273-5277.
6. Franco, A. A., R. K. Cheng, G. T. Chung, S. Wu, H. B. Oh, and C. L. Sears. 1999. Molecular evolution of the pathogenicity island of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis strains. J. Bacteriol. 181:6623-6633.
7. Franco, A. A., R. K. Cheng, A. Goodman, and C. L. Sears. 2002. Modulation of bft expression by the Bacteroides fragilis pathogenicity island and its flanking region. Mol. Microbiol. 45:1067-1077.
8. Franco, A. A., L. M. Mundy, M. Trucksis, S. Wu, J. B. Kaper, and C. L. Sears. 1997. Cloning and characterization of the Bacteroides fragilis metalloprotease toxin gene. Infect. Immun. 65:1007-1013.
9. Gomis-Ruth, F. X. 2003. Structural aspects of the metzincin clan of metalloendopeptidases. Mol. Biotechnol. 24:157-202.
10. Guiney, D. G., P. Hasegawa, and C. E. Davis. 1984. Plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Bacteroides fragilis: differential expression of antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7203-7206.
11. Johnson, J. 1978. Taxonomy of the Bacteroides. I. Deoxyribonucleic acid homologies among Bacteroides fragilis and other saccharolytic Bacteroides species. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:245-268.
12. Kato, N., C. X. Liu, H. Kato, K. Watanabe, Y. Tanaka, T. Yamamoto, K. Suzuki, and K. Ueno. 2000. A new subtype of the metalloprotease toxin gene and the incidence of the three bft subtypes among Bacteroides fragilis isolates in Japan. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 182:171-176.
13. Kim, J. M., Y. K. Oh, Y. J. Kim, H. B. Oh, and Y. J. Cho. 2001. Polarized secretion of CXC chemokines by human intestinal epithelial cells in response to Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin: NF-kappa B plays a major role in the regulation of IL-8 expression. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 123:421-427.
14. Kling, J. J., R. L. Wright, J. S. Moncrief, and T. D. Wilkens. 1997. Cloning and characterization of the gene for the metalloprotease enterotoxin of Bacteroides fragilis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 146:279-284.
15. Koshy, S. S., M. H. Montrose, and C. L. Sears. 1996. Human intestinal epithelial cells swell and demonstrate actin rearrangement in response to the metalloprotease toxin of Bacteroides fragilis. Infect. Immun. 64:5022-5028.
16. Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680-685.
17. Lee, J. H., S. H. Ahn, E. M. Lee, S. H. Jeong, Y. O. Kim, S. J. Lee, and I. S. Kong. 2005. The FAXWXXT motif in the carboxyl terminus of Vibrio mimicus metalloprotease is involved in binding to collagen. FEBS Lett. 579:2507-2513.
18. Miyoshi, S., K. Kawata, K. Tomochika, S. Shinoda, and S. Yamamoto. 2001. The C-terminal domain promotes the hemorrhagic damage caused by Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease. Toxicon 39:1883-1886.
19. Moncrief, J. S., R. Obiso, L. A. Barroso, J. J. Kling, R. L. Wright, R. L. Van Tassell, D. M. Lyerly, and T. D. Wilkins. 1995. The enterotoxin of Bacteroides fragilis is a metalloprotease. Infect. Immun. 63:175-181.
20. Morgunova, E., A. Tuuttila, U. Bergmann, M. Isupov, Y. Lindqvist, G. Schneider, and K. Tryggvason. 1999. Structure of human pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2: activation mechanism revealed. Science 284:1667-1670.
21. Mundy, L. M., and C. L. Sears. 1996. Detection of toxin production by Bacteroides fragilis: assay development and screening of extraintestinal clinical isolates. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23:269-276.
22. Myers, L. L., B. D. Firehammer, D. S. Shoop, and M. M. Border. 1984. Bacteroides fragilis: a possible cause of acute diarrheal disease in newborn lambs. Infect. Immun. 44:241-244.
23. Myers, L. L., D. S. Shoop, L. L. Stackhouse, F. S. Newman, R. J. Flaherty, G. W. Letson, and R. B. Sack. 1987. Isolation of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis from humans with diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:2330-2333.
24. Obiso, R. J., Jr., A. O. Azghani, and T. D. Wilkins. 1997. The Bacteroides fragilis toxin fragilysin disrupts the paracellular barrier of epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 65:1431-1439.
25. Prindiville, T. P., R. A. Sheikh, S. H. Cohen, Y. J. Tang, M. C. Cantrell, and J. Silva, Jr. 2000. Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin gene sequences in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6:171-174.
26. Ravanti, L., and V. M. Kahari. 2000. Matrix metalloproteinases in wound repair (review). Int. J. Mol. Med. 6:391-407.
27. Sack, R. B., M. J. Albert, K. Alam, P. K. B. Neogi, and M. S. Akbar. 1994. Isolation of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis from Bangladeshi children with diarrhea: a case-control study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:960-963.
28. Sack, R. B., L. L. Myers, J. Almeido-Hill, D. S. Shoop, W. C. Bradbury, R. Reid, and M. Santosham. 1992. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: epidemiologic studies of its role as a human diarrhoeal pathogen. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 10:4-9.
29. Sanfilippo, L., C. K. Li, R. Seth, T. J. Balwin, M. G. Menozzi, and Y. R. Mahida. 2000. Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin induces the expression of IL-8 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) by human colonic epithelial cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 119:456-463.
30. San Joaquin, V. H., J. C. Griffis, C. Lee, and C. L. Sears. 1995. Association of Bacteroides fragilis with childhood diarrhea. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 27:211-215.
31. Sears, C. L., L. L. Myers, A. Lazenby, and R. L. Van Tassell. 1995. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20(Suppl. 2):S142-S148.
32. Smith, C. J., M. B. Rogers, and M. L. McKee. 1992. Heterologous gene expression in Bacteroides fragilis. Plasmid 27:141-154.
33. Toprak, N. U., A. Yagci, B. M. Guluoglu, M. L. Akin, P. Demirkalem, T. Celenk, and G. Soyletir. 2006. Is there a possible role of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin in the etiology of colorectal cancer? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12:782-786.
34. Watanabe, K. 2004. Collagenolytic proteases from bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 63:520-526.
35. 1, treated with crude Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin dramatically alter their morphology. Infect. Immun. 60:321-327.
36. Wilson, J. J., O. Matsushita, A. Okabe, and J. Sakon. 2003. A bacterial collagen-binding domain with novel calcium-binding motif controls domain orientation. EMBO J. 22:1743-1752.
37. Wu, S., L. A. Dreyfus, A. O. Tzianabos, C. Hayashi, and C. L. Sears. 2002. Diversity of the metalloprotease toxin produced by enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. Infect. Immun. 70:2463-2471.
38. Wu, S., K.-C. Lim, J. Huang, R. F. Saidi, and C. L. Sears. 1998. Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin cleaves the zonula adherens protein, E-cadherin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:14979-14984.
39. Wu, S., J. Powell, N. Mathioudakis, S. Kane, E. Fernandez, and C. L. Sears. 2004. Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin induces intestinal epithelial cell secretion of interleukin-8 through mitogen-activated protein kinases and a tyrosine kinase-regulated nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. Infect. Immun. 72:5832-5839.
40. Zhang, G., B. Svenungsson, A. Karnell, and A. Weintraub. 1999. Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in adult patients with diarrhea and healthy controls. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29:590-594.