Physiologic Principles

Assisted Ventilation of the Neonate

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 15-40

  Wood, Brian R ^a  

^a Mission St Joseph's Health System   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749033107     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7216-9296-8.50007-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (181)

1. Lehninger AL Principles of Biochemistry 1982, Worth, New York.
2. Langston C, Kida K, Reed M, Thurlbeck WM Human lung growth in late gestation and in the neonate. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984, 129:607-613.
3. Muller NL, Bryan AC Chest wall mechanics and respiratory muscles in infants. Pediatr Clin North Am 1979, 26:503.
4. Keens TG, Bryan AC, Levison H, et al. Developmental pattern of muscle fiber types in human ventilatory muscles. J Appl Physiol 1978, 44:909.
5. Polgar G Opposing forces to breathing in newborn infants. Biol Neonate 1967, 11:1.
6. Mansell AL, Bryan C, Levison H Airway closure in children. J Appl Physiol 1972, 33:711.
7. Avery ME, Mead J Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. Am J Dis Child 1959, 97:517.
8. Coalson JJ, Kuehl TJ, Escobedo MB, et al. A baboon model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: II. Pathologic features. Exp Mol Pathol 1982, 37:35-63.
9. Bancalari E Pulmonary function testing and other diagnostic laboratory procedures. Neonatal Pulmonary Care 1986, 195. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Norwalk, Conn. 2nd ed. G.A. Gregory, D.W. Thibeault (Eds.).
10. LeSouef PN, England SJ, Bryan AC Influence of chest wall distortion on esophageal pressure. J Appl Physiol 1983, 55:3563.
11. Helms P, Stocks J Lung function in infants with congenital pulmonary hypoplasia. J Pediatr 1982, 101:918-922.
12. Heaf DP, Belik J, Spitzer AR, et al. Changes in pulmonary function during the diuretic phase of respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 1982, 101:918.
13. Bose C, Wood B, Bose G, et al. Pulmonary function following positive pressure ventilation initiated immediately after birth in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol 1990, 9:244-250.
14. Downs JB, Klein EF, Desautels D, et al. Intermittent mandatory ventilation: A new approach to weaning patients from mechanical ventilators. Chest 1973, 64:331.
15. Bancalari E, Garcia OL, Jesse MJ Effects of continuous negative pressure on lung mechanics in idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1973, 51:485-493.
16. Thurlbeck WM, Kida K, Langston C, et al. Postnatal lung growth after repair of diaphragmatic hernia. Thorax 1979, 34:338.
17. Hall RT, Rhodes PG Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome receiving continuous positive airway pressure. Pediatrics 1975, 55:493.
18. Greenough A, Morley CJ, Wood S, et al. Pancuronium prevents pneumothoraces in ventilated premature babies who actively expire against positive pressure inflation. Lancet 1984, 1:1.
19. Burger RS, Fanconi S, Simma B Paralysis of ventilated newborn babies does not influence resistance of the total respiratory system. Eur Respir J 1999, 14:357-362.
20. Boros SJ, Orgill AA Mortality and morbidity associated with pressure and volume-limited ventilators. Am J Dis Child 1978, 132:865.
21. Polgar G, String ST The viscous resistance of the lung tissues in newborn infants. J Pediatr 1966, 69:787.
22. Milner AD, Saunders RA, Hopkin IE Effects of delivery by caesarean section on lung mechanics and lung volume in the human neonate. Arch Dis Child 1978, 53:545-548.
23. Kao LC, Warburton D, Sargent CW, et al. Furosemide acutely decreases airways resistance in chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1983, 103:624-629.
24. Bancalari E Inadvertent positive end-expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation. J Pediatr 1986, 108:567.
25. Weigl J The infant lung: A case against high respiratory rates in controlled neonatal ventilation. Respir Ther 1973, 3:57.
26. Reynolds E Pressure waveform and ventilator settings for mechanical ventilation in severe hyaline membrane disease. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1974, 12:259.
27. Donahue LA, Thibeault DW Alveolar gas trapping and ventilator therapy in infants. Perinatol Neonatol 1979, 3:35.
28. Swyer PR, Reiman RC, Wright JJ Ventilation and ventilatory mechanics in the newborn. J Pediatr 1960, 56:612.
29. Ferris BG, Mead J, Opie LH Partitioning of respiratory flow resistance in man. J Appl Physiol 1964, 19:653.
30. Long EC, Hull WE Respiratory volume-flow in the crying newborn infant. Pediatrics 1961, 27:373.
31. Cave P, Fletcher G Resistance of nasotracheal tubes used in infants. Anesthesiology 1968, 29:588.
32. Kim EH, Boutwell WC Successful direct extubation of very low birth weight infants from low intermittent mandatory ventilation rate. Pediatrics 1987, 80:409.
33. LeSouef PN, England SJ, Bryan AC Total resistance of the respiratory system in preterm infants with and without an endotracheal tube. J Pediatr 1984, 104:108.
34. Wall MA Infant endotracheal tube resistance: Effects of changing length, diameter, and gas density. Crit Care Med 1980, 8:38.
35. Weibel ER Morphometrics of the human lung. Handbook of Physiology. Section 3: Respiration 1964, American Physiological Society, Washington, DC. W.O. Fenn, H. Rahn (Eds.).
36. Suter PM, Fairley HB, Isenberg MD Optimal end-expiratory airway pressures in patients with acute pulmonary failure. N Engl J Med 1975, 292:284.
37. Cogswell JJ, Hatch DJ, Kerr AA, et al. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on lung mechanics of babies after operation for congenital heart disease. Arch Dis Child 1975, 50:799-804.
38. Saunders RA, Milner AD, Hopkin IE The effects of continuous positive airway pressure on lung mechanics and lung volumes in the neonate. Biol Neonate 1976, 29:178-186.
39. Harris TR, Stevens RC, Nugent M On the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure [letter]. Pediatrics 1974, 53:768.
40. Wolfson MR, Bhutani UK, Shaffer TH, et al. Mechanics and energetics of breathing helium in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1984, 104:752-757.
41. Mortola JP, Fisher JT, Smith B, et al. Dynamics of breathing in infants. J Appl Physiol 1982, 52:1209.
42. Weinstein MR, Oh W Oxygen consumption in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1981, 99:958.
43. Grenvick A Respiratory, circulatory and metabolic effects of respirator treatment. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1966, 19(Suppl):1.
44. Gregory GA, Brooks J, Wiebe H, et al. The time course changes in lung function after a change in CPAP. Clin Res 1977, 25:193A.
45. Richardson CP, Jung AL Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on pulmonary function and blood gases in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Res 1978, 12:771.
46. Chang HK Mechanisms of gas transport during ventilation by high-frequency oscillation. J Appl Physiol 1984, 55:553.
47. Henderson Y, Chillingworth FP, Whitney JL The respiratory dead space. Am J Physiol 1915, 38:1.
48. Schroter RC, Sudlow MF Flow patterns in models of the human bronchial airways. Respir Physiol 1969, 7:341.
49. Fredberg JJ, Keefe DH, Glass GM, et al. Alveolar pressure non-homogeneity during small-amplitude high-frequency oscillation. J Appl Physiol 1984, 57:788.
50. Weibel ER The Pathway for Oxygen: Structure and Function in the Mammalian Respiratory System 1984, 144. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
51. Dudell G, Cornish JD, Bartlett RH What constitutes adequate oxygenation?. Pediatrics 1990, 85:39.
52. Ortega M, Famos AD, Platzker ACG, et al. Early prediction of ultimate outcome in newborn infants with severe respiratory failure. J Pediatr 1988, 113:744.
53. Boros SJ, Campbell K A comparison of the effects of high frequency-low tidal volume and low frequency-high tidal volume mechanical ventilation. J Pediatr 1980, 97:108.
54. Owen-Thomas JB, Ulan OA, Swyer PR The effect of varying inspiratory gas flow rate on arterial oxygenation during IPPV in the respiratory distress syndrome. Br J Anaesth 1968, 40:493.
55. Spahr RC, Klein AM, Brown DR, et al. Hyaline membrane disease: A controlled study of inspiratory to expiratory ratio in its management by ventilator. Am J Dis Child 1980, 134:373.
56. Herman S, Reynolds EOR Methods for improving oxygenation in infants mechanically ventilated for severe hyaline membrane disease. Arch Dis Child 1973, 48:612.
57. Paloski WH, Barie PS, Mullins RJ, et al. Effects of changing inspiratory to expiratory time ratio on carbon dioxide elimination during high-frequency jet ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985, 131:109.
58. Weisberger SA, Carlo WA, Chatburn RL, et al. Effect of varying inspiratory and expiratory times during high-frequency jet ventilation. J Pediatr 1986, 108:596.
59. Harris TR, Bunnell JB On the use of high frequency jet ventilation. Pediatr Res 1983, 17(A):1983.
60. Harris TR, Bunnell JB On understanding the mechanism of action of high frequency jet ventilation. Clin Res 1984, 32(A):131.
61. Courtney SE, Weber KR, Spohn WA, et al. Cardiorespiratory effects of changing inspiratory to expiratory ratio during high-frequency oscillation in an animal model of respiratory failure. Pediatr Pulmonol 1992, 13:113.
62. Boros SJ Variations in inspiratory:expiratory ratio and airway pressure wave form during mechanical ventilation: The significance of mean airway pressure. J Pediatr 1979, 94:114.
63. Boros SJ, Matalon SV, Ewald R, et al. The effect of independent variations in inspiratory-expiratory ratio and end expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation in hyaline membrane disease: The significance of mean airway pressure. J Pediatr 1977, 91:794.
64. Stewart AR, Finer NN, Peters KL Effects of alterations of inspiratory and expiratory pressures and inspiratory/expiratory ratios on mean airway pressure, blood gases, and intracranial pressure. Pediatrics 1981, 67:474.
65. Ciszek TA, Modanlou HD, Owings D, et al. Mean airway pressure: Significance during mechanical ventilation in neonates. J Pediatr 1981, 99:121.
66. Marchak BE, Thompson WK, Duffty P, et al. Treatment of RDS by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation: A preliminary report. J Pediatr 1981, 99:287.
67. Rouby JJ, Fusciardi J, Bourgain JL, et al. High-frequency jet ventilation in postoperative respiratory failure: Determinants of oxygenation. Anesthesiology 1983, 59:281.
68. Frantz IDI, Werthammer J, Stark AR High-frequency ventilation in premature infants with lung disease: Adequate gas exchange at low tracheal pressure. Pediatrics 1983, 71:483.
69. Fox WW, Gewitz MH, Berman LS, et al. The PaO2 response to changes in end expiratory pressure in the newborn respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1977, 5:226.
70. Kanarek DJ, Shannon DC Adverse effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on pulmonary perfusion and arterial oxygenation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975, 112:457.
71. Nelson RM, Egan EA, Eitzman DV Increased hypoxemia in neonates secondary to the use of continuous positive airway pressure. J Pediatr 1977, 91:87.
72. Eyal FG, Arad ID, Godder K, et al. High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation in neonates. Crit Care Med 1984, 12:793.
73. Clark RH, Gerstmann DR, Null DM, et al. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema treated by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Crit Care Med 1986, 14:926.
74. Harris TR, Christensen RD High frequency jet ventilation treatment of pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Pediatr Res 1984, 19(A):141.
75. Wood BR, Eggert LD, Bolam DL, et al. High frequency ventilation in neonatal pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Nebr Med J 1987, 72:362-366.
76. Donn SM, Nicks JJ, Bandy KP, et al. Proximal high-frequency jet ventilation of the newborn. Pediatr Pulmonol 1985, 1:267.
77. Pokora T, Bing D, Mammel M, et al. Neonatal high-frequency jet ventilation. Pediatrics 1983, 72:27.
78. Boros SJ, Mammel MC, Coleman JM, et al. Neonatal high-frequency jet ventilation: Four year's experience. Pediatrics 1985, 75:657.
79. Boynton BR, Mannino FL, Davis RF, et al. Combined high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and intermittent mandatory ventilation in critically ill neonates. J Pediatr 1984, 105:297.
80. Heicher DA, Kasting DS, Harrod JR Prospective clinical comparison of two methods for mechanical ventilation of neonates: Rapid rate and short inspiratory time versus slow rate and long inspiratory time. J Pediatr 1981, 98:957.
81. Gonzalez F, Richardson P, Carlstrom JR, et al. Rapid mechanical ventilation effects on tracheal airway pressure, lung volume, and blood gases of rabbits. Am J Perinatol 1986, 3:347.
82. Simon BA, Weinmann GG, Mitzner W Mean airway pressure and alveolar pressure during high frequency ventilation. J Appl Physiol 1984, 57:1069.
83. Kolton M, Cattran CB, Kent G, et al. Oxygenation during high-frequency ventilation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in two models of lung injury. Anesth Analg 1982, 61:323.
84. Bryan AC, Slutsky AS Lung volume during high frequency oscillation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986, 133:928.
85. Bryan AC, Bentivoglio LG, Beerel F, et al. Factors affecting regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion in the lung. J Appl Physiol 1964, 19:395.
86. Milic-Emili J Static distribution of lung volumes. Handbook of Physiology. Section 3: The Respiratory System 1986, volume 3:561. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC. A.P. Fishman, J. Mead (Eds.).
87. Kaneko K, Milic-Emili J, Dolovich MB, et al. Regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion as a function of body position. J Appl Physiol 1966, 21:767.
88. Glacier JB, Hughes JMB, Maloney JE, et al. Vertical gradient of alveolar size in lungs of dogs frozen intact. J Appl Physiol 1969, 26:65.
89. Remolina C, Khan AU, Santiago TV, et al. Positional hypoxemia in unilateral lung disease. N Engl J Med 1981, 304:523.
90. Seaton D, Lapp NL, Morgan WKC Effect of body position on gas exchange after thoracotomy. Thorax 1979, 34:518.
91. Cohen RS, Smith DW, Stevenson DK, et al. Lateral decubitus position as therapy for persistent focal pulmonary interstitial emphysema in neonates: A preliminary report. J Pediatr 1984, 104:441.
92. Swingle HM, Eggert LD, Bucciarelli RL New approach to management of unilateral tension pulmonary interstitial emphysema in premature infants. Pediatrics 1984, 74:354.
93. Froese AB, Bryan AC Effects of anesthesia and paralysis on diaphragmatic mechanics in man. Anesthesiology 1974, 41:242.
94. Douglas WW, Rehder K, Beynen FM, et al. Improved oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory failure: The prone position. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977, 115:559.
95. Martin RJ, Herrell N, Rubin D, et al. Effect of supine and prone positions on arterial oxygen tension in the preterm infant. Pediatrics 1979, 63:528.
96. Turnbull AD, Carlon GC, Howland WS, et al. High frequency jet ventilation in major airway or pulmonary disruption. Ann Thorac Surg 1981, 32:468.
97. Derderian SS, Rajagapal KR, Albrecht PH, et al. High frequency positive pressure jet ventilation in bilateral bronchopleural fistulae. Crit Care Med 1982, 10:119.
98. Gonzalez F, Harris TR, Black P, et al. Decreased gas flow through pneumothoraces of neonates receiving high frequency jet vs. conventional ventilation. J Pediatr 1987, 110:464.
99. Carlon GC, Miodawnik S, Ray C, et al. Technical aspects and clinical implications of high frequency jet ventilation with a solenoid valve. Crit Care Med 1981, 9(1):47.
100. Waterson CK, Militzer HW, Quan SF Airway pressure as a measure of gas exchange during high-frequency jet ventilation. Crit Care Med 1984, 12:74.
101. Schlachter MD, Perry ME Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on lung mechanics during high-frequency jet ventilation. Crit Care Med 1984, 12:755.
102. Banner MJ, Gallagher TJ, Banner TC Frequency and percent inspiratory time for high-frequency jet ventilation. Crit Care Med 1985, 13:795.
103. Harris TR, Bunnell JB High-frequency jet ventilation in clinical neonatology. Neonatology for the Clinician 1993, 311. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn. J.J. Pomerance, C.J. Richardson (Eds.).
104. Fredberg JJ, Glass GM, Boynton BR, et al. Factors influencing mechanical performance of neonatal high-frequency ventilators. J Appl Physiol 1987, 62:2485.
105. Clark RH, Null DM High-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Neonatology for the Clinician 1993, 289. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn. J.J. Pomerance, C.J. Richardson (Eds.).
106. Bryan AC, Cox PN History of high frequency oscillation. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1999, 129:1613-1616.
107. Rudolph AM Congenital Diseases of the Heart: Clinical-Psychological Considerations in Diagnosis & Management 1974, 29. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago.
108. Dawes GS, Mott JC The vascular tone of the foetal lung. J Physiol (Lond) 1962, 164:465.
109. Heymann MA, Rudolph AM, Niew AS, et al. Bradykinin production associated with oxygenation of the fetal lamb. Circ Res 1969, 25:521.
110. Rudolph AM, Yuan S Response of the pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia and H+ ion concentration changes. J Clin Invest 1966, 45:399.
111. Einhorning G, Adams FH, Norman A Effect of lung expansion on the fetal lamb circulation. Acta Paediatr Scand 1966, 55:441.
112. Sobel B, Boltex G, Emirgil C, et al. Gaseous diffusion from alveoli to pulmonary vessels of considerable size. Circ Res 1963, 13:71.
113. Lauer RM, Evans JA, Aoki H, et al. Factors controlling pulmonary vascular resistance in fetal lambs. J Pediatr 1965, 67:568.
114. Kadowitz PJ, Joiner PD, Hyman AL Physiological and pharmacological roles of prostaglandins. Ann Rev Pharmacol 1975, 15:285.
115. Cassin S, Tod M, Philips J, et al. Effects of prostacyclin on the fetal pulmonary circulation. Pediatr Pharmacol 1981, 1:197.
116. Cassin S, Tod M, Philips J, et al. Effects of prostaglandin D2 in perinatal circulation. Am J Physiol 1981, 240:755.
117. Abman S, Chatfield B, Hall S, McMurtry I Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor during transition of pulmonary circulation at birth. Am J Physiol 1990, 250:1921.
118. Palmer R, Ferrige A, Moncada S Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987, 327:524.
119. West JB Respiratory Physiology 1990, 32. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 4th ed.
120. Lee DS, Bevan MG, Olson DM Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by hyperoxia in perinatal rat lung cells. Am J Physiol 1990, 259(2 Pt 1):L95-L101.
121. Schwartz LS, Osburn BI, Frick OL An ontogenic study of histamine and mast cells in the fetal rhesus monkey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1974, 56:381.
122. Haas F, Bergofsky EH Role of the mast cell in the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia. J Clin Invest 1972, 51:3154.
123. Ahmed T, Oliver W, Robinson M, et al. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in conscious sheep: Role of mast cell degranulation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982, 126:291.
124. Taylor BJ, Fewell JE, Dearns GL, et al. Cromolyn sodium decreases the pulmonary vascular response to alveolar hypoxia in lambs. Pediatr Res 1986, 20:834.
125. Tiktinsky MH, Moran FC Increasing oxygen tension dilates the fetal pulmonary circulation via endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:376.
126. Dobyns EL, Griebel J, Kinsella JP, et al. Infant lung function after inhaled nitric oxide therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999, 28:24-30.
127. Cuesta EG, Diaz FJ, Renedo AA, et al. Transient response to inhaled nitric oxide in meconium aspiration in newborn lambs. Pediatr Res 1998, 43:198-202.
128. Cohen HE, Sacks EJ, Heymann MA, et al. Cardiovascular response to hypoxemia and acidemia in fetal lambs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974, 120:817.
129. Lewis AB, Heymann MA, Rudolph AM Gestational changes in pulmonary vascular responses in fetal lambs in utero. Circ Res 1976, 39:536.
130. Goldberg SJ, Levy RA, Siassi B, et al. The effects of maternal hypoxia and hyperoxia upon the neonatal pulmonary circulation. Pediatrics 1971, 48:528.
131. MacGlashan DW, Schleimer RP, Peters SP, et al. Generation of leukotrienes by purified human lung mast cells. J Clin Invest 1982, 70:747.
132. Sime F, Bachero N, Penaloze D, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in children born and living at high altitudes. Am J Cardiol 1963, 11:150.
133. Gersony WM, Duc GV, Sinclair JC PFC syndrome (persistent fetal circulation). Circulation 1969, 40(Suppl):87.
134. Siassi B, Goldberg SJ, Emmanouilides GC, et al. Persistent pulmonary vascular obstruction in newborn infants. J Pediatr 1971, 78:610.
135. Peckham GJ, Fox WW Physiologic factors affecting pulmonary artery pressure in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr 1978, 93:1005.
136. Levin DL, Heymann MA, Kitterman JA, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertensions of the newborn infant. J Pediatr 1976, 89:626.
137. Hutchison AA Respiratory disorders of the neonate. Curr Opin Pediatr 1994, 6:142-153.
138. Fox WW, Duara S Persistent pulmonary hypertension in the neonate: Diagnosis and management. J Pediatr 1983, 103:505.
139. Drummond WH, Gregory GA, Heymann MA, et al. The independent effects of hyper-ventilation, tolazoline, and dopamine on infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr 1981, 98:603.
140. Fiffler GI, Chatrath R, Williams GJ, et al. Dopamine infusion for the treatment of myocardial dysfunction associated with a persistent transitional circulation. Arch Dis Child 1980, 55:194.
141. Stevens DC, Schreiner RL, Bull MJ, et al. An analysis of tolazoline therapy in the critically ill neonate. J Pediatr Surg 1980, 15:964.
142. Gommers D, Hartog A, van't Veen A, et al. Improved oxygenation by nitric oxide is enhanced by prior lung reaeration with surfactant, rather than positive end-expiratory pressure, in lung-lavaged rabbits. Crit Care Med 1997, 25:1868-1873.
143. Jaillard S, Riou Y, Klosowski S, et al. Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on gas exchange and acute lung injury in premature lambs with moderate hyaline membrane disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000, 18:334-341.
144. Storme L, Riou Y, Dubois A, et al. Combined effects of inhaled nitric oxide and hyperoxia on pulmonary vascular permeability and lung mechanics. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:1168-1174.
145. Zavek M, Cleveland D, Morin FC Treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn lamb by inhaled nitric oxide. J Pediatr 1993, 122:743.
146. Roberts JD, Polaner DM, Lang L, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet 1992, 340:818.
147. Kinsella JP, Neish SR, Shaffer E, et al. Low-dose inhalational nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet 1992, 340:819.
148. Kinsella JP, Abman SH Inhalational nitric oxide therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatrics 1992, 91:997.
149. West JB, Dollery CT, Naimark A Distribution of blood flow in isolated lung: Relation to vascular and alveolar pressures. Am J Physiol 1964, 19:713.
150. Hyman AL, Kadowitz PJ Effects of alveolar and perfusion hypoxia and hypercapnia on pulmonary vascular resistance in the lamb. Am J Physiol 1975, 228:379.
151. Berry D, Jobe A, Jacobs H, et al. Distribution of pulmonary blood flow in relation to atelectasis in premature ventilated lambs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985, 132:500.
152. Marshall BE, Marshall C, Benumof J, et al. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs: Effects of lung segment size and oxygen tension. J Appl Physiol 1981, 51:1543.
153. Leonidas JC, Moylan FMB, Kahn PC, et al. Ventilation-perfusion scans in neonatal regional pulmonary emphysema complicating ventilatory assistance. Am J Roentgenol 1978, 131:243.
154. Krauss A The regulation of breathing. Newborn and Child. Pulmonary Physiology of the Fetus 1975, 83. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. E.M. Scarpelli (Ed.).
155. Avery MA, Fletcher BD, Williams RG The Lung and Its Disorders in the Newborn Infant 1981, 48. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. 4th ed.
156. Bryan AC, Bryan MH Control of respiration in the newborn. Neonatal Pulmonary Care 1986, 33. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Norwalk, Conn. 2nd ed. G.A. Gregory, D.W. Thibeault (Eds.).
157. Fisher JT, Mortola JP, Smith JB, et al. Respiration in newborns: Development of the control of breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982, 125:650-657.
158. Kattwinkel J, Nearman HS, Fanoroff AA, et al. Apnea of prematurity: Comparative therapeutic effects of cutaneous stimulation and nasal CPAP. J Pediatr 1975, 86:588.
159. Martin RJ, Nearman HS, Katona PG, et al. The effect of a low continuous positive airway pressure on the reflex control of respiration in the preterm infant. J Pediatr 1977, 90:976.
160. Davi M, Sankaran K, Simons K, et al. Physiological changes induced by theophylline in the treatment of apnea in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1978, 92:91.
161. Aubier M, DeTroyer A, Sampson M, et al. Aminophylline improves diaphragmatic contractility. N Engl J Med 1981, 305:249.
162. Carnielli VP, Verlato G, Benini F, et al. Metabolic and respiratory effects of theophylline in the preterm infant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000, 83:F39-F43.
163. Kavvadia VA, Greenough A, Dimitriou G Effect on lung function of continuous positive airway pressure administered either by infant flow driver or a single nasal prong. Eur J Pediatr 2000, 159:289-292.
164. Thome U, Kossel H, Lipowski G, et al. Randomized comparison of high-frequency ventilation with high-rate intermittent positive pressure ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory failure. J Pediatr 1999, 135:39-46.
165. Clark RH Support of gas exchange in the delivery room and beyond: How do we avoid hurting the baby we seek to save?. Clin Perinatol 1999, 26:669-681. vii-viii,.
166. Kalenga M, Battisti O, Francois A, et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in neonatal RDS: Initial volume optimization and respiratory mechanics. J Appl Physiol 1998, 84:1174-1177.
167. Hachey WE, Eyal FG, Curt-Eyal NL, et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation in a piglet model of early meconium aspiration. Crit Care Med 1998, 26:556-561.
168. Cox CA, Wolfson MR, Shaffer TH Liquid ventilation: A comprehensive overview. Neonatal Netw 1996, 15:31-43.
169. Kuo CY, Hsueh C, Wang CR Liquid ventilation for treatment of meconium aspiration syndrome in a piglet model. J Formos Med Assoc 1998, 97:392-399.
170. Carlo WA, Ambalavanan N Conventional mechanical ventilation: Traditional and new strategies. Pediatr Rev 1999, 20:e117-e126.
171. Mrozek JD, Bendel-Stenzel EM, Meyers PA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of volume-targeted synchronized ventilation and conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation following initial exogenous surfactant therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000, 29:11-18.
172. Schulze A Enhancement of mechanical ventilation of neonates by computer technology. Semin Perinatol 2000, 24:429-444.
173. Degraeuwe PL, Thunnisen FB, Vos GD, et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation, partial liquid ventilation, or conventional mechanical ventilation in newborn piglets with saline lavage-induced acute lung injury. A comparison of gas-exchange efficacy and lung histomorphology. Biol Neonate 1999, 75:118-129.
174. Mariani GL, Carlo WA Ventilatory management in neonates. Science or art?. Clin Perinatol 1998, 25:33-48.
175. Smith KM, Bing DR, Meyers PA, et al. Partial liquid ventilation: A comparison using conventional and high-frequency techniques in an animal model of acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1997, 25:1179-1186.
176. Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C, et al. Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999, 282:54-61.
177. Coalson JJ, Kuehl TJ, Prihoda TJ, deLemos RA Diffuse alveolar damage in the evolution of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the baboon. Pediatr Res 1988, 24:357-366.
178. Saugstad OD Is oxygen more toxic than currently believed?. Pediatrics 2001, 108:1203-1205.
179. Dreyfuss D, Saumon G Ventilator induced lung injury: Lesions from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157:294-323.
180. Jobe AH, Ikegami M Mechanism initiating lung injury in the preterm. Early Hum Dev 1999, 53:81-94.
181. Muscedere JG, Mullen JB, Gan K, Slutsky AS Tidal ventilation at low airway pressures can augment lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 149:1327-1334.