-
1
-
-
0035738867
-
The devil you know: Continuing problems in terrorism research
-
Winter
-
See specifically Andrew Silke, "The Devil You Know: Continuing Problems in Terrorism Research," Terrorism and Political Violence 13, no. 4 (Winter 2001).
-
(2001)
Terrorism and Political Violence
, vol.13
, Issue.4
-
-
Silke, A.1
-
2
-
-
33749012396
-
-
The dataset is available for download at www.nixoncenter.org or by e-mailing the authors.
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
33749008067
-
Broken borders
-
Certain commentators have consistently argued that the Mexican border with the United States is a serious security threat for the ease with which it can be transgressed. Lou Dobbs of CNN is probably the most vocal of these. A collection of his "Broken Borders" reports can be accessed at http://www.nbpc.net/multimedia/borders/. The Washington Times is another,
-
The Washington Times
-
-
Dobbs, L.1
-
4
-
-
33749039018
-
Insults from South of the Border
-
March 23
-
cf their editorial, "Insults from South of the Border," The Washington Times, March 23, 2005,
-
(2005)
The Washington Times
-
-
-
5
-
-
33749004374
-
Terrorists said to seek entry to U.S. via Mexico
-
April 7
-
as well as reports by Bill Gertz, "Terrorists Said to Seek Entry to U.S. via Mexico," The Washington Times, April 7, 2003,
-
(2003)
The Washington Times
-
-
Gertz, B.1
-
6
-
-
60949785045
-
Al Qaeda seeks tie to local gangs
-
September 28
-
and Jerry Seper, "Al Qaeda Seeks Tie to Local Gangs," The Washington Times, September 28, 2004.
-
(2004)
The Washington Times
-
-
Seper, J.1
-
7
-
-
33748989386
-
Is Mexico Thwarting U.S. Immigration Enforcement?
-
March 18
-
Fox News has also taken this angle in many immigration-related stories, for instance see the report by Matt Hayes, "Is Mexico Thwarting U.S. Immigration Enforcement?" Fox News, March 18, 2004.
-
(2004)
Fox News
-
-
Hayes, M.1
-
8
-
-
33749027877
-
Busted budgets on the border: Memos obtained by NBC reveal lax detention
-
July 26
-
See also Lisa Myers, "Busted Budgets on the Border: Memos Obtained by NBC Reveal Lax Detention," NBC Nightly News, July 26, 2004;
-
(2004)
NBC Nightly News
-
-
Myers, L.1
-
10
-
-
33749016604
-
Bordering on Nukes? New accounts from Al-Qaeda to attack the U.S. with weapons of mass destruction
-
November 22
-
Adam Zogorin, "Bordering On Nukes? New Accounts from Al-Qaeda to Attack the U.S. with Weapons of Mass Destruction," Time Magazine, November 22, 2004;
-
(2004)
Time Magazine
-
-
Zogorin, A.1
-
11
-
-
33749036113
-
Search underway for six who may pose terrorist threat to Boston
-
January 19
-
Donovan Slack, "Search Underway for Six Who May Pose Terrorist Threat to Boston," The Boston Globe, January 19, 2005.
-
(2005)
The Boston Globe
-
-
Slack, D.1
-
12
-
-
33749033196
-
Arab terrorists 'are getting into the US over Mexican border'
-
August 15
-
Some foreign papers have taken this line as well; see Julia Coman, "Arab terrorists 'are getting into the US over Mexican border'" The Telegraph (UK), August 15, 2004.
-
(2004)
The Telegraph (UK)
-
-
Coman, J.1
-
14
-
-
64149124680
-
-
Andrew Silke, ed. (London: Frank Cass)
-
For a general overview and discussion of these trends in terrorism research, see Andrew Silke, ed., Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements, and Failures (London: Frank Cass, 2004).
-
(2004)
Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements, and Failures
-
-
-
15
-
-
33749010460
-
-
Martha Crenshaw, ed. (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press)
-
See the introduction in Martha Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism in Context (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), 3-24.
-
(1995)
Terrorism in Context
, pp. 3-24
-
-
-
16
-
-
33645702442
-
An introduction to terrorism research
-
Silke, ed. (see note 5 above)
-
See also Andrew Silke, "An Introduction to Terrorism Research," in Silke, ed., Research on Terrorism (see note 5 above), 1-9.
-
Research on Terrorism
, pp. 1-9
-
-
Silke, A.1
-
17
-
-
0003392415
-
-
Oxford, UK: North Holland
-
Alex P. Schmid and Albert J. Jongman, Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature (Oxford, UK: North Holland, 1988), 138.
-
(1988)
Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature
, pp. 138
-
-
Schmid, A.P.1
Jongman, A.J.2
-
18
-
-
84933483581
-
Academic research and government policy on terrorism
-
Spring
-
See also Ariel Merari, "Academic Research and Government Policy on Terrorism," Terrorism and Political Violence 3, no. 1 (Spring 1999), 88-102.
-
(1999)
Terrorism and Political Violence
, vol.3
, Issue.1
, pp. 88-102
-
-
Merari, A.1
-
21
-
-
33749023157
-
-
Lanham, MD: Lexington Books
-
Richard J. Chasdi's Tapestry of Terror (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002) is a comprehensive and scholarly attempt to gather and analyze data on terrorism.
-
(2002)
Chasdi's Tapestry of Terror
-
-
Richard, J.1
-
22
-
-
85138341055
-
-
London: Routledge
-
Likewise for Christopher Hewitt, Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda, (London: Routledge, 2003). In addition to works such as Chasdi's and Hewitt's, numerous online databases populated with terrorism statistics are available and many are free to the public. Arguably the most comprehensive is the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) database at http://db.mipt.org/Home.jsp. The restricted access Intelcenter database at http://www.intelcenter.com/icd/index.html is also a comprehensive summary of actors, groups, methods, and individuals. Similar research by the International Policy Institute for Counterterrorism (Israel) is available at http://www.ict.org.il/institute/Projectdet. cfm?ProjectID = 6. The Centre for Defence and International Security Studies (UK) has compiled data on terrorist attacks from 1945 to 1998, available at http://www. cdiss.org/terror.htm. The U.S. Department of State keeps a tally of terrorist incidents which are used to compile the annual "Patterns of Global Terrorism."
-
(2003)
Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda
-
-
Hewitt, C.1
-
23
-
-
4644234019
-
Misunderestimating terrorism
-
October
-
This database, and the statistical methodology used to reach the conclusions drawn from it in the production of the 2003 edition of the "Patterns of Global Terrorism," are critiqued by Alan B. Kreuger and David D. Laitin, "Misunderestimating Terrorism," Foreign Affairs 83, no. 5 (October 2004) 8-13.
-
(2004)
Foreign Affairs
, vol.83
, Issue.5
, pp. 8-13
-
-
Kreuger, A.B.1
Laitin, D.D.2
-
25
-
-
84903667395
-
-
Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press
-
Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004);
-
(2004)
Understanding Terror Networks
-
-
Sageman, M.1
-
26
-
-
0002444249
-
The readiness to kill and die: Suicidal terrorism in the Middle East
-
Walter Reich, ed. (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center Press)
-
Ariel Merari, "The Readiness to Kill and Die: Suicidal Terrorism in the Middle East," in Walter Reich, ed., Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center Press, 1990), 192-207.
-
(1990)
Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind
, pp. 192-207
-
-
Merari, A.1
-
27
-
-
33745956382
-
-
Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Justice
-
Other exceptions to Silke's observation are Michael Taarnby, Profiling Islamic Suicide Terrorists (Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Justice, 2005)
-
(2005)
Profiling Islamic Suicide Terrorists
-
-
Taarnby, M.1
-
28
-
-
84972262953
-
Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Islamic Groups: Methodological note and preliminary findings
-
and Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Islamic Groups: Methodological Note and Preliminary Findings," International Journal of Middle East Studies, no. 12 (1980): 423-453.
-
(1980)
International Journal of Middle East Studies
, vol.12
, pp. 423-453
-
-
Ibrahim, S.E.1
-
29
-
-
84933486878
-
Political socialization in Left-Wing underground organizations: Biographies of Italian and German militants
-
Other notable attempts to quantify research on terrorists, though they are less applicable to our research on Islamist terrorism, include: Donatella della Porta, "Political Socialization in Left-Wing Underground Organizations: Biographies of Italian and German Militants," International Social Movement Research, no. 4 (1992), 259-290;
-
(1992)
International Social Movement Research
, vol.4
, pp. 259-290
-
-
Della Porta, D.1
-
30
-
-
85165322789
-
The political socialization of West German terrorists
-
Peter Merkl, ed. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press)
-
Klaus Wasmund, "The Political Socialization of West German Terrorists," in Peter Merkl, ed., Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986), 191-228;
-
(1986)
Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations
, pp. 191-228
-
-
Wasmund, K.1
-
31
-
-
0003662136
-
West German Left Wing terrorism
-
Crenshaw, ed. (see note 6 above)
-
and Peter Merkl, "West German Left Wing Terrorism," in Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism in Context (see note 6 above), 160-210.
-
Terrorism in Context
, pp. 160-210
-
-
Merkl, P.1
-
34
-
-
27944497220
-
-
Washington, DC: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission), appendix C
-
and Thomas R. Eldridge et al, 9/11 and Terrorist Travel (Washington, DC: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission), 2004), appendix C.
-
(2004)
9/11 and Terrorist Travel
-
-
Eldridge, T.R.1
-
36
-
-
0142093448
-
-
Washington, DC, February 14
-
"National Strategy for Combating Terrorism," (Washington, DC: The White House, February 14, 2003), 8. Available online at http://www. whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2003/02/20030214-7.html.
-
(2003)
National Strategy for Combating Terrorism
, pp. 8
-
-
-
37
-
-
33749005510
-
-
note
-
Salafi, literally the preceeders, is a descriptive term we use to refer to those Sunni Muslims who idolize the era of the rashiddun, the "rightly guided" first four caliphs. Bin Laden, Zawahiri, and Zarqawi, along with their followers, are of this type. However, the violent, terrorist salafi movement is not the only manifestation of "Salafi" Islam. There are many Salafi's who do not endorse Al Qaeda's message or their means.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
33749015318
-
-
note
-
We also omitted cells and groups whose jihad exclusively targeted the governments of their home countries, such as the cell led by Abdelilah Ziyad, convicted in the mid-1990s for attempting to overthrow the Moroccan government. Even though this group was based in France and mainly compiled of French-born Moroccans, their jihad was local (directed towards Morocco) and they did not make an effort to target Westerners or Western countries (although a botched robbery killed two Spanish vacationers in Morocco).
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
33749006351
-
-
note
-
We do agree that Hezbollah has been implicated in a number of attacks on American citizens and targets, although we believe that it would be incorrect to classify Hezbollah as a participant in the Global Salafi Jihad. Hezbollah's command leadership is largely tied to Iranian foreign policy goals and as such is confined by strictures that do not bind the Global Salafi Jihadi. Additionally, Hezbollah's Shiite character would likely never allow more than limited cooperation on certain areas of mutual interests.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
27644585068
-
U.S. campaign produces few convictions on terrorism charges
-
June 12 and 13 (in two parts)
-
There is, unfortunately, no standard for conferring the designation of "terrorist" upon an individual. Legal charges and convictions are an unacceptable barometer, as the charge of "terrorism" is often jettisoned in favor of charges such as immigration violations or possession of dangerous materials, more likely to stick (and achieve the same purpose of disrupting a terrorist cell). For an analysis based solely on convictions of terrorism-related charges, see Dan Eggen and Julie Tate, "U.S. Campaign Produces Few Convictions on Terrorism Charges," The Washington Post, June 12 and 13 (in two parts), 2005. In high profile cases, charges may not even be brought by the prosecution, if one even exists. For this project, we decided that the best procedure for each case would be to consider each individually based on the available evidence rather than the actual charge(s) leveled by the prosecution. Because of this, we have removed numerous individuals from inclusion after information has emerged that called into question their individual cases.
-
(2005)
The Washington Post
-
-
Eggen, D.1
Tate, J.2
-
42
-
-
2642571574
-
-
see note 12 above
-
Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, (see note 12 above), 18. In addition, the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center in New York by jihadi is loosely tied to and inspired by men like bin Laden and Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman (the Blind Sheikh), and marks a major operationalization of the Global Salafi Jihad ideology and thus provides a satisfactory starting point for our survey.
-
Understanding Terror Networks
, pp. 18
-
-
Sageman1
-
43
-
-
33749022588
-
-
Subsequent news articles continued with this designation, until government and UN documents added a comma and listed the name as El-Ayashi, Radi, (See, for instance the UN: http://www.unis. unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/ 2003/sc7920.html, the Bank of England: http://www.bankof england.co.uk/ pressreleases/2003/123.htm, and the U.S. Treasury: http://www.ustreas.gov/press/ releases/reports/italianalqaidacellfactsheet.htm listings of "Radi Ayashi.")
-
For instance, the common Muslim name Muhammad appears in the Matrix spelled four separate ways (Muhammad, Mohammad, Mohammed, and Mohamed). Each search permutation of "Mohammed Atta," for instance, would yield data specific to only "Mohammed Atta," not to Muhammad, Mohamed, or Mohammad Atta. Likewise, in some cases the Arabic prefix al- was sometimes given as el-, ul-, or dropped altogether. We attempted to embrace all permutations of the name in question in order to gather as much information as possible. Of course, we then had to determine if Muhammad Atta and Mohamed Atta was the same person. Another difficulty we encountered was the order of first and last names. This was particularly evident in Italian cases. For instance, Radi Ayashi was also listed as Ayashi Radi. In an initial "Statement of the Case," Italian prosecutors listed his name as "El-Ayashi Radi." (See http://www.dt.tesoro.it/Aree-Docum/Prevenzion/Comitato-di-Sicurezza-Finanziaria/ Documentaz/Comunicati/Financial-Security-Committee-Fight-a.pdf). Subsequent news articles continued with this designation, until government and UN documents added a comma and listed the name as El-Ayashi, Radi, (See, for instance the UN: http://www.unis. unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2003/sc7920.html, the Bank of England: http://www.bankof england.co.uk/pressreleases/2003/123.htm, and the U.S. Treasury: http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/reports/ italianalqaidacellfactsheet.htm listings of "Radi Ayashi.")
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
33749020949
-
-
note
-
Initial French law provided that anyone born of French parents was a French citizen. In 1993 this changed, and French-born children of immigrants had to apply for citizenship before age 18. In 1998 the regulation was changed again to allow children born in France of foreign parents to become citizens at age 18 if they had lived in France for five of the last seven years. Because Algeria was considered a part of France before the independence in 1962, the French law applies to the individuals whose parents were born in Algeria before 1962. Media reports often deploy the term "Franco-Algerian" when referring to these cases. Unfortunately no uniform definition of "Franco-Algerian" exists. It traditionally refers to second-generation individuals born in France to Algerian parents, though it also sometimes refers to individuals born in Algeria who were granted French nationality through the naturalization process, such as through marriage to a French citizen (such as Djamel Beghal, a key European lieutenant for Al Qaeda) or another process. Finally, the term "Franco-Algerian" has been abused to describe an Algerian-born individual who has been living in France under a definite or temporary status, without acquiring the French nationality. Thus our approach in these cases was to probe beyond the term "Franco-Algerian" and only enter that information if we could uncover additional evidence of the subject's history.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
4043181222
-
The terrorist within
-
from June 23 to July 7
-
For the fullest reconstruction of Ahmed Ressam's peregrinations, see Hal Bernton, et al., "The Terrorist Within," The Seattle Times, from June 23 to July 7, 2002. Available online at: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/ nation-world/terroristwithin/
-
(2002)
The Seattle Times
-
-
Bernton, H.1
-
46
-
-
33748989117
-
-
note
-
See, for example, "Il comparaissait comme témoin dans un procès aux Etats-Unis: L'enquête de la DST sur la pieuvre islamiste," Le Figaro, April 7, 2001; "Attentats USA - France; La menace des soldats d'Allah," Le Point, September 14, 2001; "Pas d'inquietude particuliere en France," Le Monde, December 30, 1999.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
33749009407
-
-
note
-
This difficulty was also illustrated by members of the "Hamburg Cell," who traveled to Germany individually and then went on to the United States to carry out the 9/11 attacks.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
33748991010
-
-
note
-
In the next generation of the Matrix we would like to explore more pre-9/11/2001 European cases.
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
2642571574
-
-
see note 12 above
-
We partly borrow this method of analysis from Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, (see note 12 above), 70-73.
-
Understanding Terror Networks
, pp. 70-73
-
-
Sageman1
-
50
-
-
33749034021
-
-
note
-
For this chart, "remainder" refers to the countries who have contributed four or less of their nationals to the Matrix. These countries include Afghanistan, Guyana, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Bosnia, Qatar, Iraq, Somalia, Uganda, The Netherlands, UAE, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Germany, Lebanon, and four subjects of unknown nationality.
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
33749016341
-
-
New York: Russell Sage Foundation
-
Alejandro Portes et al., The New Second Generation (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996), 32-33;
-
(1996)
The New Second Generation
, pp. 32-33
-
-
Portes, A.1
-
57
-
-
33749004640
-
The links of Arab 'Diasporas' to their countries of origin
-
Geneva: International Organization for Migration
-
Abdelkader Latreche, "The Links of Arab 'Diasporas' To Their Countries of Origin," in Arab Migration in a Globalized World (Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2004), 219.
-
(2004)
Arab Migration in a Globalized World
, pp. 219
-
-
Latreche, A.1
-
58
-
-
33748994676
-
-
note
-
This data on France must be analyzed while keeping in mind our earlier discussion of the problems of French nationality, particularly regarding the Franco-Algerian case. See note 24 above.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
33749009145
-
-
note
-
For figures, see the Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques-website at www.insee.fr. It should be noted that Portugese-born also account for 13.3 percent of the foreign born population, although these census numbers do not take into account the number of second or third-generation immigrants who were born in France to parents of a foreign nationality.
-
-
-
-
60
-
-
12144284418
-
-
Paris; Haut Conseil A L'Integration
-
L'Islam dans la Republique (Paris; Haut Conseil A L'Integration, 2000): 25-26. Available online at http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/ 014000017/0000.pdf
-
(2000)
L'Islam Dans la Republique
, pp. 25-26
-
-
-
62
-
-
33749005775
-
Europe's magnetic South
-
June 24
-
"Europe's Magnetic South," The Economist, June 24 2004.
-
(2004)
The Economist
-
-
-
63
-
-
84865524129
-
-
Brussels: Universite Libre de Bruxelles, May
-
This percentage has been gradually falling from a high of 15.9 percent in 1992 as immigrants gain Belgian citizenship. L'Immigration en Belgique: Effectifs, Mouvements, et Marche du Travail (Brussels: Universite Libre de Bruxelles, May 2003), 48-49. Available online at http://www.meta.fgov.be/pdf/pd/ frdg10.pdf#search = 'L'immigrationpercent20en percent20Belgique'
-
(2003)
L'Immigration en Belgique: Effectifs, Mouvements, et Marche du Travail
, pp. 48-49
-
-
-
64
-
-
21244476502
-
-
Rome: Caritas/Migrantes
-
Immigrazione: Dossier Statistico 2004 (Rome: Caritas/Migrantes, 2004), 4. Available online at http://www.db.caritas.glauco.it/caritastest/temi/ Immigrazione/Dossier 2004/ sintesi.pdf
-
(2004)
Immigrazione: Dossier Statistico 2004
, pp. 4
-
-
-
65
-
-
22144431972
-
-
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
-
European Social Statistics: Migration (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002), 18.
-
(2002)
European Social Statistics: Migration
, pp. 18
-
-
-
66
-
-
33749002110
-
Man convicted of role in 9/11 terror
-
February 20
-
Dirk Laabs, "Man Convicted of Role in 9/11 Terror," Los Angeles Times, February 20, 2003;
-
(2003)
Los Angeles Times
-
-
Laabs, D.1
-
67
-
-
84903669394
-
How terrorists hatched a simple plan to use planes as bombs
-
September 1
-
Terry McDermott, "How Terrorists Hatched a Simple Plan to Use Planes as Bombs," The Los Angeles Times, September 1, 2002;
-
(2002)
The Los Angeles Times
-
-
McDermott, T.1
-
68
-
-
33749032915
-
-
Director, Deutsches Orient-Institut, Hamburg, March 27
-
Personal interview with Udo Steinbach, Director, Deutsches Orient-Institut, Hamburg, March 27, 2003.
-
(2003)
Personal Interview with Udo Steinbach
-
-
-
69
-
-
33749017467
-
-
note
-
Britain began to reexamine asylum rules in 2003 after asylum claimants were implicated in a terrorist plot. This culminated in July of 2004 when new asylum legislation was passed which significantly tightened the refugee process. Full text of the law is available online at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/ acts/acts2004/20040019.htm
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
33748992713
-
-
note
-
For this chart we utilized only the subjects we had data for. Additionally, we excepted those who did not utilize a method of entry, e.g., French nationals arrested in France. This left us with a sample size of 140 rather than the total number of subjects in the matrix, 373.
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
3442891527
-
Fair Game: Al Qaeda's new soldiers
-
April 26
-
Robert S. Leiken, "Fair Game: Al Qaeda's new soldiers," The New Republic, April 26, 2004.
-
(2004)
The New Republic
-
-
Leiken, R.S.1
-
73
-
-
31444448958
-
-
see note 12 above
-
Roy, Globalized Islam (see note 12 above), 322.
-
Globalized Islam
, pp. 322
-
-
Roy1
-
74
-
-
33749019557
-
-
note
-
Again, these findings must be considered in the context of differing security regimes.
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
84903152234
-
-
issued by the U.S. State Department to contain the best available statistics, particularly for its attempts to include estimates of both legal and illegal population. When a range was given, we utilized the mean. We found percentages by then dividing this number by 13,144,000, the sum of the Muslim populations in the eight selected European countries
-
Due to the absence of confessional categories in European censuses, these figures are deductions. We found The International Religious Freedom Report for 2004 issued by the U.S. State Department to contain the best available statistics, particularly for its attempts to include estimates of both legal and illegal population. When a range was given, we utilized the mean. We found percentages by then dividing this number by 13,144,000, the sum of the Muslim populations in the eight selected European countries. The sections used are online at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/c12783.htm
-
The International Religious Freedom Report for 2004
-
-
-
76
-
-
33749037546
-
Militant Imams under Scrutiny across Europe
-
January 25
-
Don Van Natta Jr. and Lowell Bergman, "Militant Imams under Scrutiny across Europe," The New York Times, January 25, 2005;
-
(2005)
The New York Times
-
-
Van Natta Jr., D.1
Bergman, L.2
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79
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(see note 4 above), especially chapters 6-8
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On this issue, see Leiken, Bearers of Global Jihad, (see note 4 above), especially chapters 6-8.
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Bearers of Global Jihad
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Leiken1
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80
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33748991008
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note
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U.S. v. Salim Boughader-Mucharrafille et al., Indictment, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California, August 8, 2001. Unsealed December 13, 2002.
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81
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The North African countries of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia are experiencing significant and growing immigration to Canada, particularly in the last 10-15 years. See 2001 Canadian census figures, available online at http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/ home/index.cfm
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82
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33749035839
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Of the Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian immigrants to Canada, a majority of each (51 percent, 76 percent, and 64 percent, respectively) settled in Montreal. See 2001 Canadian Census figures, available online at http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/home/ index.cfm
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85
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33749000696
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The Challenge of terror: Authorities are still figuring out how to cope with the fact that Canada is a significant node on a global network
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January 27
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Steven Frank, "The Challenge of Terror: Authorities are Still Figuring out How to Cope with the Fact that Canada is a Significant Node on a Global Network," Time International, January 27, 2003.
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(2003)
Time International
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Frank, S.1
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86
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33749006046
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Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies
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See Robert S. Leiken, Enchilada Lite (Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, 2003).
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(2003)
Enchilada Lite
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Leiken, R.S.1
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87
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33749031660
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note
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We have found isolated instances of Hezbollah operatives utilizing the southern border; see U.S. v. Salim Boughader-Mucharrafille et al. (see note 55 above).
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95
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Immigration checks register 130,000
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April 25
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"Immigration checks register 130,000", The Arizona Daily Star, April 25, 2003;
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(2003)
The Arizona Daily Star
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96
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Immigration law: Special registration and monitoring of certain non-immigrants
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July 22
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Michael D. Patrick, "Immigration Law: Special Registration and Monitoring of Certain Non-Immigrants," New York Law Journal, July 22, 2002.
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(2002)
New York Law Journal
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Patrick, M.D.1
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98
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33748995209
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INS detentions spark protests; Debate grows over targeting of Middle Easterners
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December 20
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Karen Brandon, "INS detentions spark protests; Debate grows over targeting of Middle Easterners," The Chicago Tribune, December 20, 2002.
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(2002)
The Chicago Tribune
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Brandon, K.1
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99
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The tightening border: Facing registry deadline, men from Muslim Nations Swamp Immigration Office
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December 17
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John M. Broder and Susan Sachs, "The Tightening Border: Facing Registry Deadline, Men From Muslim Nations Swamp Immigration Office," The New York Times, December 17, 2002.
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(2002)
The New York Times
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Broder, J.M.1
Sachs, S.2
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100
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Thinking outside the tank
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Winter
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As Steven Simon and Jonathan Stevenson recently wrote, cooperation between government and the outside analytic world could be a vital part of winning the war on terrorism. Such cooperation would furnish outside researchers with access to classified materials and allow the government to benefit from outsider analyses and points of view not normally considered within the bureaucracy. See Steven Simon and Jonathan Stevenson, "Thinking Outside the Tank," The National Interest, no. 78 (Winter 2004/2005), 90-98.
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(2004)
The National Interest
, vol.78
, pp. 90-98
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Simon, S.1
Stevenson, J.2
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