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Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 503-521

The quantitative analysis of terrorism and immigration: An initial exploration

Author keywords

Al Qaeda; Europe; Immigration; Quantitative; Statistics; Terrorism

Indexed keywords


EID: 33749016254     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: 15561836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550600880294     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (59)

References (100)
  • 1
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    • The devil you know: Continuing problems in terrorism research
    • Winter
    • See specifically Andrew Silke, "The Devil You Know: Continuing Problems in Terrorism Research," Terrorism and Political Violence 13, no. 4 (Winter 2001).
    • (2001) Terrorism and Political Violence , vol.13 , Issue.4
    • Silke, A.1
  • 2
    • 33749012396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dataset is available for download at www.nixoncenter.org or by e-mailing the authors.
  • 3
    • 33749008067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broken borders
    • Certain commentators have consistently argued that the Mexican border with the United States is a serious security threat for the ease with which it can be transgressed. Lou Dobbs of CNN is probably the most vocal of these. A collection of his "Broken Borders" reports can be accessed at http://www.nbpc.net/multimedia/borders/. The Washington Times is another,
    • The Washington Times
    • Dobbs, L.1
  • 4
    • 33749039018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insults from South of the Border
    • March 23
    • cf their editorial, "Insults from South of the Border," The Washington Times, March 23, 2005,
    • (2005) The Washington Times
  • 5
    • 33749004374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrorists said to seek entry to U.S. via Mexico
    • April 7
    • as well as reports by Bill Gertz, "Terrorists Said to Seek Entry to U.S. via Mexico," The Washington Times, April 7, 2003,
    • (2003) The Washington Times
    • Gertz, B.1
  • 6
    • 60949785045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al Qaeda seeks tie to local gangs
    • September 28
    • and Jerry Seper, "Al Qaeda Seeks Tie to Local Gangs," The Washington Times, September 28, 2004.
    • (2004) The Washington Times
    • Seper, J.1
  • 7
    • 33748989386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Mexico Thwarting U.S. Immigration Enforcement?
    • March 18
    • Fox News has also taken this angle in many immigration-related stories, for instance see the report by Matt Hayes, "Is Mexico Thwarting U.S. Immigration Enforcement?" Fox News, March 18, 2004.
    • (2004) Fox News
    • Hayes, M.1
  • 8
    • 33749027877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Busted budgets on the border: Memos obtained by NBC reveal lax detention
    • July 26
    • See also Lisa Myers, "Busted Budgets on the Border: Memos Obtained by NBC Reveal Lax Detention," NBC Nightly News, July 26, 2004;
    • (2004) NBC Nightly News
    • Myers, L.1
  • 9
    • 33749032916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What it will take to terror-proof border?
    • December 10
    • Kris Axtman and Peter Grier, "What it Will Take to Terror-Proof Border?" The Christian Science Monitor, December 10, 2004;
    • (2004) The Christian Science Monitor
    • Axtman, K.1    Grier, P.2
  • 10
    • 33749016604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bordering on Nukes? New accounts from Al-Qaeda to attack the U.S. with weapons of mass destruction
    • November 22
    • Adam Zogorin, "Bordering On Nukes? New Accounts from Al-Qaeda to Attack the U.S. with Weapons of Mass Destruction," Time Magazine, November 22, 2004;
    • (2004) Time Magazine
    • Zogorin, A.1
  • 11
    • 33749036113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Search underway for six who may pose terrorist threat to Boston
    • January 19
    • Donovan Slack, "Search Underway for Six Who May Pose Terrorist Threat to Boston," The Boston Globe, January 19, 2005.
    • (2005) The Boston Globe
    • Slack, D.1
  • 12
    • 33749033196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arab terrorists 'are getting into the US over Mexican border'
    • August 15
    • Some foreign papers have taken this line as well; see Julia Coman, "Arab terrorists 'are getting into the US over Mexican border'" The Telegraph (UK), August 15, 2004.
    • (2004) The Telegraph (UK)
    • Coman, J.1
  • 14
    • 64149124680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Andrew Silke, ed. (London: Frank Cass)
    • For a general overview and discussion of these trends in terrorism research, see Andrew Silke, ed., Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements, and Failures (London: Frank Cass, 2004).
    • (2004) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements, and Failures
  • 15
    • 33749010460 scopus 로고
    • Martha Crenshaw, ed. (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press)
    • See the introduction in Martha Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism in Context (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), 3-24.
    • (1995) Terrorism in Context , pp. 3-24
  • 16
    • 33645702442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An introduction to terrorism research
    • Silke, ed. (see note 5 above)
    • See also Andrew Silke, "An Introduction to Terrorism Research," in Silke, ed., Research on Terrorism (see note 5 above), 1-9.
    • Research on Terrorism , pp. 1-9
    • Silke, A.1
  • 18
    • 84933483581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic research and government policy on terrorism
    • Spring
    • See also Ariel Merari, "Academic Research and Government Policy on Terrorism," Terrorism and Political Violence 3, no. 1 (Spring 1999), 88-102.
    • (1999) Terrorism and Political Violence , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-102
    • Merari, A.1
  • 21
    • 33749023157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lanham, MD: Lexington Books
    • Richard J. Chasdi's Tapestry of Terror (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002) is a comprehensive and scholarly attempt to gather and analyze data on terrorism.
    • (2002) Chasdi's Tapestry of Terror
    • Richard, J.1
  • 22
    • 85138341055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Routledge
    • Likewise for Christopher Hewitt, Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda, (London: Routledge, 2003). In addition to works such as Chasdi's and Hewitt's, numerous online databases populated with terrorism statistics are available and many are free to the public. Arguably the most comprehensive is the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) database at http://db.mipt.org/Home.jsp. The restricted access Intelcenter database at http://www.intelcenter.com/icd/index.html is also a comprehensive summary of actors, groups, methods, and individuals. Similar research by the International Policy Institute for Counterterrorism (Israel) is available at http://www.ict.org.il/institute/Projectdet. cfm?ProjectID = 6. The Centre for Defence and International Security Studies (UK) has compiled data on terrorist attacks from 1945 to 1998, available at http://www. cdiss.org/terror.htm. The U.S. Department of State keeps a tally of terrorist incidents which are used to compile the annual "Patterns of Global Terrorism."
    • (2003) Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda
    • Hewitt, C.1
  • 23
    • 4644234019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Misunderestimating terrorism
    • October
    • This database, and the statistical methodology used to reach the conclusions drawn from it in the production of the 2003 edition of the "Patterns of Global Terrorism," are critiqued by Alan B. Kreuger and David D. Laitin, "Misunderestimating Terrorism," Foreign Affairs 83, no. 5 (October 2004) 8-13.
    • (2004) Foreign Affairs , vol.83 , Issue.5 , pp. 8-13
    • Kreuger, A.B.1    Laitin, D.D.2
  • 25
    • 84903667395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press
    • Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004);
    • (2004) Understanding Terror Networks
    • Sageman, M.1
  • 26
    • 0002444249 scopus 로고
    • The readiness to kill and die: Suicidal terrorism in the Middle East
    • Walter Reich, ed. (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center Press)
    • Ariel Merari, "The Readiness to Kill and Die: Suicidal Terrorism in the Middle East," in Walter Reich, ed., Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center Press, 1990), 192-207.
    • (1990) Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind , pp. 192-207
    • Merari, A.1
  • 27
    • 33745956382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Justice
    • Other exceptions to Silke's observation are Michael Taarnby, Profiling Islamic Suicide Terrorists (Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Justice, 2005)
    • (2005) Profiling Islamic Suicide Terrorists
    • Taarnby, M.1
  • 28
    • 84972262953 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Islamic Groups: Methodological note and preliminary findings
    • and Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Islamic Groups: Methodological Note and Preliminary Findings," International Journal of Middle East Studies, no. 12 (1980): 423-453.
    • (1980) International Journal of Middle East Studies , vol.12 , pp. 423-453
    • Ibrahim, S.E.1
  • 29
    • 84933486878 scopus 로고
    • Political socialization in Left-Wing underground organizations: Biographies of Italian and German militants
    • Other notable attempts to quantify research on terrorists, though they are less applicable to our research on Islamist terrorism, include: Donatella della Porta, "Political Socialization in Left-Wing Underground Organizations: Biographies of Italian and German Militants," International Social Movement Research, no. 4 (1992), 259-290;
    • (1992) International Social Movement Research , vol.4 , pp. 259-290
    • Della Porta, D.1
  • 30
    • 85165322789 scopus 로고
    • The political socialization of West German terrorists
    • Peter Merkl, ed. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press)
    • Klaus Wasmund, "The Political Socialization of West German Terrorists," in Peter Merkl, ed., Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986), 191-228;
    • (1986) Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations , pp. 191-228
    • Wasmund, K.1
  • 31
    • 0003662136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • West German Left Wing terrorism
    • Crenshaw, ed. (see note 6 above)
    • and Peter Merkl, "West German Left Wing Terrorism," in Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism in Context (see note 6 above), 160-210.
    • Terrorism in Context , pp. 160-210
    • Merkl, P.1
  • 34
    • 27944497220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission), appendix C
    • and Thomas R. Eldridge et al, 9/11 and Terrorist Travel (Washington, DC: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission), 2004), appendix C.
    • (2004) 9/11 and Terrorist Travel
    • Eldridge, T.R.1
  • 36
    • 0142093448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC, February 14
    • "National Strategy for Combating Terrorism," (Washington, DC: The White House, February 14, 2003), 8. Available online at http://www. whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2003/02/20030214-7.html.
    • (2003) National Strategy for Combating Terrorism , pp. 8
  • 37
    • 33749005510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Salafi, literally the preceeders, is a descriptive term we use to refer to those Sunni Muslims who idolize the era of the rashiddun, the "rightly guided" first four caliphs. Bin Laden, Zawahiri, and Zarqawi, along with their followers, are of this type. However, the violent, terrorist salafi movement is not the only manifestation of "Salafi" Islam. There are many Salafi's who do not endorse Al Qaeda's message or their means.
  • 38
    • 33749015318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We also omitted cells and groups whose jihad exclusively targeted the governments of their home countries, such as the cell led by Abdelilah Ziyad, convicted in the mid-1990s for attempting to overthrow the Moroccan government. Even though this group was based in France and mainly compiled of French-born Moroccans, their jihad was local (directed towards Morocco) and they did not make an effort to target Westerners or Western countries (although a botched robbery killed two Spanish vacationers in Morocco).
  • 39
    • 33749006351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We do agree that Hezbollah has been implicated in a number of attacks on American citizens and targets, although we believe that it would be incorrect to classify Hezbollah as a participant in the Global Salafi Jihad. Hezbollah's command leadership is largely tied to Iranian foreign policy goals and as such is confined by strictures that do not bind the Global Salafi Jihadi. Additionally, Hezbollah's Shiite character would likely never allow more than limited cooperation on certain areas of mutual interests.
  • 40
    • 27644585068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. campaign produces few convictions on terrorism charges
    • June 12 and 13 (in two parts)
    • There is, unfortunately, no standard for conferring the designation of "terrorist" upon an individual. Legal charges and convictions are an unacceptable barometer, as the charge of "terrorism" is often jettisoned in favor of charges such as immigration violations or possession of dangerous materials, more likely to stick (and achieve the same purpose of disrupting a terrorist cell). For an analysis based solely on convictions of terrorism-related charges, see Dan Eggen and Julie Tate, "U.S. Campaign Produces Few Convictions on Terrorism Charges," The Washington Post, June 12 and 13 (in two parts), 2005. In high profile cases, charges may not even be brought by the prosecution, if one even exists. For this project, we decided that the best procedure for each case would be to consider each individually based on the available evidence rather than the actual charge(s) leveled by the prosecution. Because of this, we have removed numerous individuals from inclusion after information has emerged that called into question their individual cases.
    • (2005) The Washington Post
    • Eggen, D.1    Tate, J.2
  • 42
    • 2642571574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see note 12 above
    • Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, (see note 12 above), 18. In addition, the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center in New York by jihadi is loosely tied to and inspired by men like bin Laden and Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman (the Blind Sheikh), and marks a major operationalization of the Global Salafi Jihad ideology and thus provides a satisfactory starting point for our survey.
    • Understanding Terror Networks , pp. 18
    • Sageman1
  • 43
    • 33749022588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subsequent news articles continued with this designation, until government and UN documents added a comma and listed the name as El-Ayashi, Radi, (See, for instance the UN: http://www.unis. unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/ 2003/sc7920.html, the Bank of England: http://www.bankof england.co.uk/ pressreleases/2003/123.htm, and the U.S. Treasury: http://www.ustreas.gov/press/ releases/reports/italianalqaidacellfactsheet.htm listings of "Radi Ayashi.")
    • For instance, the common Muslim name Muhammad appears in the Matrix spelled four separate ways (Muhammad, Mohammad, Mohammed, and Mohamed). Each search permutation of "Mohammed Atta," for instance, would yield data specific to only "Mohammed Atta," not to Muhammad, Mohamed, or Mohammad Atta. Likewise, in some cases the Arabic prefix al- was sometimes given as el-, ul-, or dropped altogether. We attempted to embrace all permutations of the name in question in order to gather as much information as possible. Of course, we then had to determine if Muhammad Atta and Mohamed Atta was the same person. Another difficulty we encountered was the order of first and last names. This was particularly evident in Italian cases. For instance, Radi Ayashi was also listed as Ayashi Radi. In an initial "Statement of the Case," Italian prosecutors listed his name as "El-Ayashi Radi." (See http://www.dt.tesoro.it/Aree-Docum/Prevenzion/Comitato-di-Sicurezza-Finanziaria/ Documentaz/Comunicati/Financial-Security-Committee-Fight-a.pdf). Subsequent news articles continued with this designation, until government and UN documents added a comma and listed the name as El-Ayashi, Radi, (See, for instance the UN: http://www.unis. unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2003/sc7920.html, the Bank of England: http://www.bankof england.co.uk/pressreleases/2003/123.htm, and the U.S. Treasury: http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/reports/ italianalqaidacellfactsheet.htm listings of "Radi Ayashi.")
  • 44
    • 33749020949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Initial French law provided that anyone born of French parents was a French citizen. In 1993 this changed, and French-born children of immigrants had to apply for citizenship before age 18. In 1998 the regulation was changed again to allow children born in France of foreign parents to become citizens at age 18 if they had lived in France for five of the last seven years. Because Algeria was considered a part of France before the independence in 1962, the French law applies to the individuals whose parents were born in Algeria before 1962. Media reports often deploy the term "Franco-Algerian" when referring to these cases. Unfortunately no uniform definition of "Franco-Algerian" exists. It traditionally refers to second-generation individuals born in France to Algerian parents, though it also sometimes refers to individuals born in Algeria who were granted French nationality through the naturalization process, such as through marriage to a French citizen (such as Djamel Beghal, a key European lieutenant for Al Qaeda) or another process. Finally, the term "Franco-Algerian" has been abused to describe an Algerian-born individual who has been living in France under a definite or temporary status, without acquiring the French nationality. Thus our approach in these cases was to probe beyond the term "Franco-Algerian" and only enter that information if we could uncover additional evidence of the subject's history.
  • 45
    • 4043181222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The terrorist within
    • from June 23 to July 7
    • For the fullest reconstruction of Ahmed Ressam's peregrinations, see Hal Bernton, et al., "The Terrorist Within," The Seattle Times, from June 23 to July 7, 2002. Available online at: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/ nation-world/terroristwithin/
    • (2002) The Seattle Times
    • Bernton, H.1
  • 46
    • 33748989117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See, for example, "Il comparaissait comme témoin dans un procès aux Etats-Unis: L'enquête de la DST sur la pieuvre islamiste," Le Figaro, April 7, 2001; "Attentats USA - France; La menace des soldats d'Allah," Le Point, September 14, 2001; "Pas d'inquietude particuliere en France," Le Monde, December 30, 1999.
  • 47
    • 33749009407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This difficulty was also illustrated by members of the "Hamburg Cell," who traveled to Germany individually and then went on to the United States to carry out the 9/11 attacks.
  • 48
    • 33748991010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In the next generation of the Matrix we would like to explore more pre-9/11/2001 European cases.
  • 49
    • 2642571574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see note 12 above
    • We partly borrow this method of analysis from Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, (see note 12 above), 70-73.
    • Understanding Terror Networks , pp. 70-73
    • Sageman1
  • 50
    • 33749034021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For this chart, "remainder" refers to the countries who have contributed four or less of their nationals to the Matrix. These countries include Afghanistan, Guyana, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Bosnia, Qatar, Iraq, Somalia, Uganda, The Netherlands, UAE, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Germany, Lebanon, and four subjects of unknown nationality.
  • 55
    • 33749016341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Alejandro Portes et al., The New Second Generation (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996), 32-33;
    • (1996) The New Second Generation , pp. 32-33
    • Portes, A.1
  • 57
    • 33749004640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The links of Arab 'Diasporas' to their countries of origin
    • Geneva: International Organization for Migration
    • Abdelkader Latreche, "The Links of Arab 'Diasporas' To Their Countries of Origin," in Arab Migration in a Globalized World (Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2004), 219.
    • (2004) Arab Migration in a Globalized World , pp. 219
    • Latreche, A.1
  • 58
    • 33748994676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This data on France must be analyzed while keeping in mind our earlier discussion of the problems of French nationality, particularly regarding the Franco-Algerian case. See note 24 above.
  • 59
    • 33749009145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For figures, see the Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques-website at www.insee.fr. It should be noted that Portugese-born also account for 13.3 percent of the foreign born population, although these census numbers do not take into account the number of second or third-generation immigrants who were born in France to parents of a foreign nationality.
  • 60
    • 12144284418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paris; Haut Conseil A L'Integration
    • L'Islam dans la Republique (Paris; Haut Conseil A L'Integration, 2000): 25-26. Available online at http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/ 014000017/0000.pdf
    • (2000) L'Islam Dans la Republique , pp. 25-26
  • 62
    • 33749005775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Europe's magnetic South
    • June 24
    • "Europe's Magnetic South," The Economist, June 24 2004.
    • (2004) The Economist
  • 63
    • 84865524129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brussels: Universite Libre de Bruxelles, May
    • This percentage has been gradually falling from a high of 15.9 percent in 1992 as immigrants gain Belgian citizenship. L'Immigration en Belgique: Effectifs, Mouvements, et Marche du Travail (Brussels: Universite Libre de Bruxelles, May 2003), 48-49. Available online at http://www.meta.fgov.be/pdf/pd/ frdg10.pdf#search = 'L'immigrationpercent20en percent20Belgique'
    • (2003) L'Immigration en Belgique: Effectifs, Mouvements, et Marche du Travail , pp. 48-49
  • 64
    • 21244476502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rome: Caritas/Migrantes
    • Immigrazione: Dossier Statistico 2004 (Rome: Caritas/Migrantes, 2004), 4. Available online at http://www.db.caritas.glauco.it/caritastest/temi/ Immigrazione/Dossier 2004/ sintesi.pdf
    • (2004) Immigrazione: Dossier Statistico 2004 , pp. 4
  • 65
    • 22144431972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
    • European Social Statistics: Migration (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002), 18.
    • (2002) European Social Statistics: Migration , pp. 18
  • 66
    • 33749002110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Man convicted of role in 9/11 terror
    • February 20
    • Dirk Laabs, "Man Convicted of Role in 9/11 Terror," Los Angeles Times, February 20, 2003;
    • (2003) Los Angeles Times
    • Laabs, D.1
  • 67
    • 84903669394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How terrorists hatched a simple plan to use planes as bombs
    • September 1
    • Terry McDermott, "How Terrorists Hatched a Simple Plan to Use Planes as Bombs," The Los Angeles Times, September 1, 2002;
    • (2002) The Los Angeles Times
    • McDermott, T.1
  • 68
    • 33749032915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Director, Deutsches Orient-Institut, Hamburg, March 27
    • Personal interview with Udo Steinbach, Director, Deutsches Orient-Institut, Hamburg, March 27, 2003.
    • (2003) Personal Interview with Udo Steinbach
  • 69
    • 33749017467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Britain began to reexamine asylum rules in 2003 after asylum claimants were implicated in a terrorist plot. This culminated in July of 2004 when new asylum legislation was passed which significantly tightened the refugee process. Full text of the law is available online at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/ acts/acts2004/20040019.htm
  • 70
    • 33748992713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For this chart we utilized only the subjects we had data for. Additionally, we excepted those who did not utilize a method of entry, e.g., French nationals arrested in France. This left us with a sample size of 140 rather than the total number of subjects in the matrix, 373.
  • 71
    • 3442891527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fair Game: Al Qaeda's new soldiers
    • April 26
    • Robert S. Leiken, "Fair Game: Al Qaeda's new soldiers," The New Republic, April 26, 2004.
    • (2004) The New Republic
    • Leiken, R.S.1
  • 73
    • 31444448958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see note 12 above
    • Roy, Globalized Islam (see note 12 above), 322.
    • Globalized Islam , pp. 322
    • Roy1
  • 74
    • 33749019557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Again, these findings must be considered in the context of differing security regimes.
  • 75
    • 84903152234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • issued by the U.S. State Department to contain the best available statistics, particularly for its attempts to include estimates of both legal and illegal population. When a range was given, we utilized the mean. We found percentages by then dividing this number by 13,144,000, the sum of the Muslim populations in the eight selected European countries
    • Due to the absence of confessional categories in European censuses, these figures are deductions. We found The International Religious Freedom Report for 2004 issued by the U.S. State Department to contain the best available statistics, particularly for its attempts to include estimates of both legal and illegal population. When a range was given, we utilized the mean. We found percentages by then dividing this number by 13,144,000, the sum of the Muslim populations in the eight selected European countries. The sections used are online at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/c12783.htm
    • The International Religious Freedom Report for 2004
  • 76
    • 33749037546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Militant Imams under Scrutiny across Europe
    • January 25
    • Don Van Natta Jr. and Lowell Bergman, "Militant Imams under Scrutiny across Europe," The New York Times, January 25, 2005;
    • (2005) The New York Times
    • Van Natta Jr., D.1    Bergman, L.2
  • 79
    • 33747193345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (see note 4 above), especially chapters 6-8
    • On this issue, see Leiken, Bearers of Global Jihad, (see note 4 above), especially chapters 6-8.
    • Bearers of Global Jihad
    • Leiken1
  • 80
    • 33748991008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • U.S. v. Salim Boughader-Mucharrafille et al., Indictment, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California, August 8, 2001. Unsealed December 13, 2002.
  • 81
    • 33749031661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The North African countries of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia are experiencing significant and growing immigration to Canada, particularly in the last 10-15 years. See 2001 Canadian census figures, available online at http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/ home/index.cfm
  • 82
    • 33749035839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of the Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian immigrants to Canada, a majority of each (51 percent, 76 percent, and 64 percent, respectively) settled in Montreal. See 2001 Canadian Census figures, available online at http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/home/ index.cfm
  • 85
    • 33749000696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Challenge of terror: Authorities are still figuring out how to cope with the fact that Canada is a significant node on a global network
    • January 27
    • Steven Frank, "The Challenge of Terror: Authorities are Still Figuring out How to Cope with the Fact that Canada is a Significant Node on a Global Network," Time International, January 27, 2003.
    • (2003) Time International
    • Frank, S.1
  • 86
    • 33749006046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies
    • See Robert S. Leiken, Enchilada Lite (Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, 2003).
    • (2003) Enchilada Lite
    • Leiken, R.S.1
  • 87
    • 33749031660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We have found isolated instances of Hezbollah operatives utilizing the southern border; see U.S. v. Salim Boughader-Mucharrafille et al. (see note 55 above).
  • 95
    • 33748991562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration checks register 130,000
    • April 25
    • "Immigration checks register 130,000", The Arizona Daily Star, April 25, 2003;
    • (2003) The Arizona Daily Star
  • 96
    • 33749021487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigration law: Special registration and monitoring of certain non-immigrants
    • July 22
    • Michael D. Patrick, "Immigration Law: Special Registration and Monitoring of Certain Non-Immigrants," New York Law Journal, July 22, 2002.
    • (2002) New York Law Journal
    • Patrick, M.D.1
  • 98
    • 33748995209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • INS detentions spark protests; Debate grows over targeting of Middle Easterners
    • December 20
    • Karen Brandon, "INS detentions spark protests; Debate grows over targeting of Middle Easterners," The Chicago Tribune, December 20, 2002.
    • (2002) The Chicago Tribune
    • Brandon, K.1
  • 99
    • 33749015833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tightening border: Facing registry deadline, men from Muslim Nations Swamp Immigration Office
    • December 17
    • John M. Broder and Susan Sachs, "The Tightening Border: Facing Registry Deadline, Men From Muslim Nations Swamp Immigration Office," The New York Times, December 17, 2002.
    • (2002) The New York Times
    • Broder, J.M.1    Sachs, S.2
  • 100
    • 23944522494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thinking outside the tank
    • Winter
    • As Steven Simon and Jonathan Stevenson recently wrote, cooperation between government and the outside analytic world could be a vital part of winning the war on terrorism. Such cooperation would furnish outside researchers with access to classified materials and allow the government to benefit from outsider analyses and points of view not normally considered within the bureaucracy. See Steven Simon and Jonathan Stevenson, "Thinking Outside the Tank," The National Interest, no. 78 (Winter 2004/2005), 90-98.
    • (2004) The National Interest , vol.78 , pp. 90-98
    • Simon, S.1    Stevenson, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.