A pilot study of vaginal flora changes with randomization to cessation of douching

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Volumn 33, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 610-613

  Klebanoff, Mark A ^a   Andrews, William W ^b   Yu, Kai Fun ^a   Brotman, Rebecca M ^a   Nansel, Tonja R ^a   Zhang, Jun ^a   Cliver, Suzanne P ^b   Schwebke, Jane R ^b  

^a EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FEMALE; GRAM STAINING; HUMAN; HYGIENE; PILOT STUDY; RANDOMIZATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; VAGINA FLORA; VAGINA SMEAR; VAGINAL LAVAGE; VAGINITIS;

BACTERIA; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; PILOT PROJECTS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; STAINING AND LABELING; VAGINA; VAGINAL DOUCHING; VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL; WITHHOLDING TREATMENT;

EID: 33749015179     PISSN: 01485717     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000216050.41305.c1     Document Type: Article

References (15)

1. Hill GB. The microbiology of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169:450-454.
2. Marrazzo JM. Evolving issues in understanding and treating bacterial vaginosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004; 2:913-922.
3. Holzman CB, Leventhal JM, Qiu H, et al. Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Am J Public Health 2001; 91:1664-1670.
4. Ness RB, Hillier SL, Richter HE, et al. Douching in relation to bacterial vaginosis, lactobacilli, and facultative bacteria in the vagina. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100:765-772.
5. Zhang J, Hatch M, Zhang D, et al. Frequency of douching and bacterial vaginosis in African-American women. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104:756-760.
6. Hawes SE, Hillier SL, Benedetti J, et al. Hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli and acquisition of vaginal infections. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:1058-1063.
7. Klebanoff MA, Schwebke JR, Zhang J, et al. Vulvovaginal symptoms in women with bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104:267-272.
8. Martino JL, Vermund SH. Vaginal douching: Evidence for risks or benefits to women's health. Epidemiol Rev 2002; 24:109-124.
9. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:297-301.
10. Lehmann EL. Testing Statistical Hypotheses, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley Publishing Co, 1986:151-156.
11. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KC, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983; 74:14-22.
12. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:487-497.
13. Grimely DM, Oh MK, Desmond RA, Hook E, Vermund SH. An intervention to reduce vaginal douching among adolescent and young adult women: A randomized, controlled trial. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32:752-758.
14. Schwebke JR, Morgan SC, Weiss HL. The use of sequential selfobtained vaginal smears for detecting changes in the vaginal flora. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24:236-239.
15. Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Nugent RP, Gibbs RS. Characteristics of three vaginal flora patterns assessed by gram stain among pregnant women. Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166:938-944.