Physical linkage to drug resistance genes results in conservation of var genes among West Pacific Plasmodium falciparum isolates

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 194, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 939-948

  Fowler, Elizabeth V ^a   Chavchich, Marina ^a   Chen, Nanhua ^a   Peters, Jennifer M ^a   Kyle, Dennis E ^a,b   Gatton, Michelle L ^a   Cheng, Qin ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH   (United States)

^c AUSTRALIAN ARMY MALARIA INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; CHLOROQUINE; ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE PROTEIN 1; PARASITE ANTIGEN; PROTOZOAL PROTEIN; PYRIMETHAMINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CHROMOSOME 4; CHROMOSOME 7; GENE; GENE LOCATION; GENE MAPPING; GENETIC CONSERVATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENOTYPE; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NONHUMAN; PARASITE ISOLATION; PFCRT GENE; PFDHFR GENE; PFDHFR TS GENE; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VAR GENE; VARS1 GENE; VARS2 GENE; VARS3 GENE; VARS4 GENE; VARS5 GENE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; ANTIMALARIALS; ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; CHLOROQUINE; CHROMOSOME MAPPING; CONSERVED SEQUENCE; DRUG RESISTANCE; ELECTROPHORESIS, GEL, PULSED-FIELD; HUMANS; LINKAGE (GENETICS); PACIFIC ISLANDS; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PROTOZOAN PROTEINS; PYRIMETHAMINE;

EID: 33749008534     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/506619     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Baruch DI, Pasloske BL, Singh HB, et al. Cloning the P. falciparum gene encoding PfEMP1, a malarial variant antigen and adherence receptor on the surface of parasitized human erythrocytes. Cell 1995; 82:77-87.
2. Fried M, Duffy PE. Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta. Science 1996; 272:1502-4.
3. Smith JD, Chitnis CE, Craig AG, et al. Switches in expression of Plasmodium falciparum var genes correlate with changes in antigenic and cytoadherent phenotypes of infected erythrocytes. Cell 1995; 82:101-10.
4. Roberts DJ, Craig AG, Berendt AR, et al. Rapid switching to multiple antigenic and adhesive phenotypes in malaria. Nature 1992; 357:689-92.
5. Baruch DI, Ma XC, Singh HB, Bi X, Pasloske BL, Howard RJ. Identification of a region of PfEMP1 that mediates adherence of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes to CD36: conserved function with variant sequence. Blood 1997; 90:3766-75.
6. Buffet PA, Gamain B, Scheidig C et al. Plasmodium falciparum domain mediating adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A: a receptor for human placental infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:12743-8.
7. Smith JD, Craig AG, Kriek N, et al. Identification of a Plasmodium falciparum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 binding domain: a parasite adhesion trait implicated in cerebral malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:1766-71.
8. Smith JD, Kyes S, Craig AG, et al. Analysis of adhesive domains from the A4VAR Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 identifies a CD36 binding domain. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998; 97:133-48.
9. Chen Q, Barragan A, Fernandez V, et al. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) as the rosetting ligand of the malaria parasite P. falciparum. J Exp Med 1998; 187:15-23.
10. Rowe JA, Moulds JM, Newbold CI, Miller LH. P. falciparum rosetting mediated by a parasite-variant erythrocyte membrane protein and complement-receptor 1. Nature 1997; 388:292-5.
11. Ockenhouse CF, Tandon NN, Magowan C, Jamieson GA, Chulay JD. Identification of a platelet membrane glycoprotein as a falciparum malaria sequestration receptor. Science 1989; 243:1469-71.
12. Smith JD, Subramanian G, Gamain B, Baruch DI, Miller LH. Classification of adhesive domains in the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 family. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2000; 110:293-310.
13. Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E, et al. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 2002; 419:498-511.
14. Su XZ, Heatwole VM, Wertheimer SP, et al. The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Cell 1995; 82:89-100.
15. Fowler EV, Peters JM, Gatton ML, Chen N, Cheng Q. Genetic diversity of the DBLα region in Plasmodium falciparum var genes among Asia-Pacific isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 120:117-26.
16. Kyes S, Taylor H, Craig A, Marsh K, Newbold C. Genomic representation of var gene sequences in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from different geographic regions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 87:235-8.
17. Ward CP, Clottey GT, Dorris M, Ji DD, Arnot DE. Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP-1/var genes suggests that recombination rearranges constrained sequences. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1999; 102:167-77.
18. Khattab A, Kremsner PG, Klinkert MQ. Common surface-antigen var genes of limited diversity expressed by Plasmodium falciparum placental isolates separated by time and space. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:477-83.
19. Rowe JA, Kyes SA, Rogerson SJ, Babiker HA, Raza A. Identification of a conserved Plasmodium falciparum var gene implicated in malaria in pregnancy. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:1207-11.
20. Salanti A, Jensen AT, Zornig HD, et al. A sub-family of common and highly conserved Plasmodium falciparum var genes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 122:111-5.
21. COMMON) type var gene family is commonly expressed in non-placental Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003; 127:179-91.
22. Tuikue Ndam NG, Salanti A, Bertin G, et al. High level of var2csa transcription by Plasmodium falciparum isolated from the placenta. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:331-5.
23. Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, et al. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 2000; 6:861-71.
24. Sidhu AB, Verdier-Pinard D, Fidock DA. Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites conferred by pfcrt mutations. Science 2002; 298:210-3.
25. Cowman AF, Morry MJ, Biggs BA, Cross GA, Foote SJ. Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85:9109-15.
26. Petersen E, Hogh B, Hanson AP, Flachs H. Malaria breakthrough despite chlorproguanil chemoprophylaxis in an area without antifol resistance. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988; 82:693.
27. Wootton JC, Feng X, Ferdig MT, et al. Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 2002; 418:320-3.
28. Nair S, Williams JT, Brockman A et al. A selective sweep driven by pyrimethamine treatment in Southeast Asian malaria parasites. Mol Biol Evol 2003; 20:1526-36.
29. Roper C, Pearce R, Nair S, Sharp B, Nosten F, Anderson T. Intercontinental spread of pyrimethamine-resistant malaria. Science 2004; 305:1124.
30. Thompson JK, Rubio JP, Caruana S, Brockman A, Wickham ME, Cowman AF. The chromosomal organization of the Plasmodium falciparum var gene family is conserved. Mol Eiochem Parasitol 1997; 87:49-60.
31. Chen P, Lamont G, Elliott T, et al. Plasmodium falciparum strains from Papua New Guinea: culture characteristics and drug sensitivity. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1980; 11:435-40.
32. Chen N, Russell B, Staley J, Kotecka B, Nasveld P, Cheng Q. Sequence polymorphisms in pfcrt are strongly associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:1543-5.
33. Chen N, Kyle DE, Pasay C, et al. pfcrt allelic types with two novel amino acid mutations in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the Philippines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:3500-5.
34. Prescott N, Stowers AW, Cheng Q, Bobogare A, Rzepczyk CM, Saul A. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity can be characterised using the polymorphic merozoite surface antigen 2 (MSA-2) gene as a single locus marker. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1994; 63:203-12.
35. Chen N, Baker J, Ezard N, Burns M, Edstein MD, Cheng Q. Short report: molecular evaluation of the efficacy of chloroquine treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in East Timor. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 67:64-6.
36. Trager W, Jensen JB. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 1976; 193:673-5.
37. Culvenor JG, Langford CJ, Crewther PE, et al. Plasmodium falciparum: identification and localization of a knob protein antigen expressed by a cDNA clone. Exp Parasitol 1987; 63:58-67.
38. Oduola AM, Milhous WK, Weatherly NF, Bowdre JH, Desjardins RE. Plasmodium falciparum: induction of resistance to mefloquine in cloned strains by continuous drug exposure in vitro. Exp Parasitol 1988; 67:354-60.
39. Cheng Q, Lawrence G, Reed C, et al. Measurement of Plasmodium falciparum growth rates in vivo: a test of malaria vaccines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 57:495-500.
40. Ranford CL, Taylor J, Umasunthar T, et al. Molecular analysis of recrudescent parasites in a Plasmodium falciparum drug efficacy trial in Gabon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91:719-24.
41. Burns M, Baker J, Auliff AM, Gatton ML, Edstein MD, Cheng Q. Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in East Timor. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 74:361-6.
42. Taylor HM, Kyes SA, Harris D, Kriek N, Newbold CI. A study of var gene transcription in vitro using universal var gene primers. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2000; 105:13-23.
43. Kemp DJ, Corcoran LM, Coppel RL, et al. Size variation in chromosomes from independent cultured isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 1985; 315:347-50.
44. Taylor HM, Kyes SA, Newbold CI. Var gene diversity in Plasmodium falciparum is generated by frequent recombination events. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2000; 110:391-7.
45. Chen N, Russell B, Fowler E, Peters J, Cheng Q. Levels of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum are determined by loci other than pfcrt and pfmdr1. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:405-7.
46. Chen N, Wilson DW, Pasay C, et al. Origin and dissemination of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum with mutant pfcrt alleles in the Philippines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2102-5.
47. Kemp DJ, Thompson JK, Walliker D, Corcoran LM. Molecular karyotype of Plasmodium falciparum: conserved linkage groups and expendable histidine-rich protein genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84:7672-6.
48. Freitas-Junior LH, Bottius E, Pirrit LA, et al. Frequent ectopic recombination of virulence factor genes in telomeric chromosome clusters of P. falciparum. Nature 2000; 407:1018-22.