The political economy of identity politics

South Atlantic Quarterly

Volumn 103, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 629-656

  MacDonald, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748995124     PISSN: 00382876     EISSN: 15278026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00382876-103-4-629     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. ANC, "The State and Social Transformation," ANC Discussion Document (November 1996), section 5.20, www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/policy/s&st. html (accessed April 13, 2004)
2. ANC, "The State and Social Transformation," section 5.24
3. Hein Marais, "The Logic of Expediency: Post-Apartheid Shifts in Macroeconomic Policy," in Sean Jacobs and Richard Calland, eds., Thabo Mbeki's World: The Politics and Ideology of the South African President (London: Zed Books, 2002), 92
4. Hein Marais, South Africa: Limits to Change: The Political Economy of Transition (London: Zed Books, 1998), 160
5. See David Welsh, "Introduction: The Liberal Inheritance,"
6. and R. W. Johnson, "The Best of Enemies? Black Intellectuals and White Liberals," in R. W. Johnson and David Welsh, eds., Ironic Victory: Liberalism in Post-Liberation South Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 1-21; 307-20
7. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 86
8. R. W. Johnson, "The 1994 Election: Outcome and Analysis," in R. W. Johnson and Lawrence Schlemmer, eds., Launching Democracy in South Africa: The First Open Election, April 1994 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 319
9. The racial census hypothesis is highly controversial and has been subject to some telling objections. See, for example, Robert Mattes, Helen Taylor, and Cherrel Africa, "Public Opinion and Voter Preferences, 1994-1999,"
10. and Andrew Reynolds, "The Results," in Andrew Reynolds, ed., Election '99: South Africa from Mandela to Mbeki (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 58-62; 176-82
11. Reynolds also sees one "minor" threat to "the ANC's electoral dominance" (181-82), which is the relevant point for the purposes of this discussion
12. Nelson Mandela, "Report by the President of the ANC to the 50th National Conference of the African National Congress," 1997, 5
13. Donald L. Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California, Press, 1991), 91-100
14. Hermann Giliomee, "Liberal and Populist Democracy in South Africa: Challenges, New Threats to Liberalism," presidential address to the South African Institute of Race Relations, printed in Liberal and Populist Democracy in South Africa: Challenges, New Threats to Liberalism (Braamfontein: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1996), 15-17
15. Heribert Adam, Frederick van Zyl Slabbert, and Kogila Moodley, Comrades in Business: Post-Liberation Politics in South Africa (Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1997), 87
16. Robert Mattes, "South Africa: Democracy without the People?" Journal of Democracy 13.1 (2002): 26
17. Tom Lodge, South African Politics since 1994 (Cape Town: David Philip, 1999), 15-24
18. Farouk Chothia and Sean Jacobs, "Remaking the Presidency: The Tension between Co-Ordination and Centralisation," in Sean Jacobs and Richard Calland, Thabo Mbeki's World: The Politics and Ideology of the South African President (London: Zed Books, 2002), 151
19. According to Allister Sparks, the DP accused the Mandela government of requiring "employers to draft a plan showing how they intended to advance blacks in their work force and then submit annual progress reports to the government. In a crude bit of overstatement the DP claimed this effectively reintroduced a system of race classification and criminalized "colour-blindness," and warned that "racial legislation is a very slippery slope; apartheid, American segregation and Nazi Germany all had small beginnings" (Allister Sparks, Beyond the Mirage: Inside the New South Africa [Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2003], 12)
20. Desmond Lachman and Kenneth Bercuson, "Economic Policies for a New South Africa," Occasional Paper 91 (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1992), 1, 2, and 13
21. For more on GEAR, see "Growth, Employment and Redistribution: A Macroeconomic Strategy," www.gov.za/reports/1996/macro.htm (section 2.3)
22. Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002)
23. Fredrick A. Johnstone, Class, Race and Cold: A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976), 14
24. Avril Joffe, David Kaplan, Raphael Kaplinsky, and David Lewis, Improving Manufacturing Performance in South Africa: The Report of the Industrial Strategy Project (Cape Town: International Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town Press, 1995), 149
25. McGregor's Who Owns Whom in South Africa, 21st ed. (South Africa: Westgate, 2001), xix. The difference in the ten years is accountable mainly to the rise of ownership groups with significant black influence, which accounted for 5.6 percent of market capitalization in 2000 and a negligible amount in 1990, and institutional holders, which increased from 4.9 percent in 1990 to 11.6 percent in 2000
26. Joffe et al., Improving Manufacturing Performance, 153.
27. Hein Marais, "The Logic of Expediency: Post-Apartheid Shifts in Macroeconomic Policy," in Jacobs and Calland, Thabo Mbeki's World, 83-104
28. As quoted in John S. Saul, "Cry for the Beloved Country," in Jacobs and Calland, Thabo Mbeki's World, 43
29. South African Communist Party, "The Path to Power: Programme of the South African Communist Party" (Johannesburg: SACP, 1990), 37
30. The ANC modified its two-stage conception of revolution in 1995. See Vishwas Satgar, "Thabo Mbeki and the South African Communist Party," in Jacobs and Calland, Thabo Mbeki's World, 171
31. Sparks, Beyond the Mirage, 16
32. South African government, White Paper on Reconstruction and Development: Government's Strategy for Fundamental Transformation (November 1994), 41
33. For a similar but independent treatment of race and economic inequality, see Nicoli Nattrass and Jeremy Seekings, "'Two Nations'? Race and Economic Inequality in South Africa Today," Daedalus 130.1 (Winter 2001): 45-70
34. Anthony W. Marx, Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 20
35. "Paper Lions," The Economist, April 17, 1999
36. Patrick Laurence, "Stage Set for Mining Stoush," Australian Financial Review, June 26, 2002
37. "Mining Man Digging His Company Out of a Hole: Interview Barry Davison," Financial Times, October 10, 2002
38. Barry Davison, chair of Anglo American Platinum and president of the Chamber of Mines, quoted in Rachel L. Swarns, "Rarity of Black-Run Businesses Worries South Africa's Leaders," New York Times, November 13, 2002
39. For a good treatment of some of the means used by the NP to promote Afrikaner businesses, see Hermann Giliomee, "The Afrikaner Economic Advance," in Heribert Adam and Hermann Giliomee, Ethnic Power Mobilized: Can South Africa Change? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), 160-76
40. "ANC Strategy and Tactics as adopted by the 50th National Congress," www.anc.org .za/ancdocs/conf/conference/50/strategyamden.html (accessed May 4, 2004)
41. Z. Pallo Jordan, "The National Question in Post-1994 South Africa" (a discussion paper in preparation for the ANC's 50th National Conference), www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/discus sion/natquestion.html (accessed May 5, 2004)
42. Thabo Mbeki, "Speech at the Annual National Conference of the Black Management Forum," November 20, 1999; www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mbeki/ r999/tm1120 .html (accessed May 5, 2004)
43. Jordan, "The National Question in Post 1994 South Africa."
44. Mbeki, "Speech at the Annual National Conference."
45. Swarns, "Rarity of Black-Run Businesses."
46. The Economist, January 10, 1998, 38
47. Elke K. Zuern, "Formal Democracy and the Fate of Participatory Governance: Contentious South Africans" (paper published by the International Political Science Association, Durban, July 2, 2003, 18)
48. An excellent example of the linkage of particular grievances with the forces of global capitalism is the conflict over "cost recovery" for the provision of water and electricity. The issue is addressed comprehensively in David A. McDonald and John Pape, eds., Cost Recovery and the Crisis of Service Delivery in South Africa (Cape Town: HSRC Publisher, 2002)
49. Zuern, "Formal Democracy," provides several instances of patronage (see page 15). Also see Sakhela Buhlungu, "From 'Madiba Magic' to 'Mbeki Logic': Mbeki and the ANC's Trade Union Allies," in Jacobs and Calland, Thabo Mbeki's World, 189-96, for a discussion of the role of patronage in controlling COSATU
50. The term was coined by Patrick Bond, Against Global Apartheid: South Africa Meets the World Bank, IMF, and International Finance (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2001). Tellingly, it conceives of apartheid in terms of capital and haves and haves-not, to the exclusion of race