Written emotional disclosure following first-episode psychosis: Effects on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder

British Journal of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 403-415

  Bernard, Mark ^a   Jackson, Chris ^a   Jones, Chris ^b  

^a Early Intervention Service   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONVALESCENCE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; INTROSPECTION; MALE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; SAMPLING; STRESS; WRITTEN LANGUAGE;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; ANXIETY; AWARENESS; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SELF DISCLOSURE; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; WRITING;

EID: 33748881572     PISSN: 01446657     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/014466505X68933     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Birchwood, M. (2003). Pathways to emotional dysfunction in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 373-375.
2. Birchwood, M., Smith, J., Drury, V., et al. (1994). A self-report insight scale for psychosis: reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 62-67.
3. Brewin, C. R., & Holmes, E. A. (2003). Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 339-376.
4. Brown, E. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2001). Effects of writing about rape: Evaluating Pennebaker's paradigm with a severe trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 781-790.
5. Callcott, P., Standart, S., & Turkington, D. (2004). Trauma within psychosis: Using a CBT model for PTSD in psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 32, 239-244.
6. Creamer, M., Bell, R., & Failla, S. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Impact of Events Scale-Revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1489-1496.
7. Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2002). Stigmatisation of people with mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 4-7.
8. Deters, P. B., & Range, L. M. (2003). Does writing reduce posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms? Violence and Victims, 18, 569-580.
9. Drayton, M., Birchwood, M., & Trower, P. (1998). Early attachment experiences and recovery from psychosis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 269-284.
10. Esterling, B. A., L'Abate, L., Murray, E. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1999). Empirical foundations for writing in prevention and psychotherapy: Mental and physical health outcomes. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 79-96.
11. Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M. & Friedman, M. J. (Eds.). (2000). Effective treatments for PTSD. New York: Guildford Publications.
12. Freuh, C. B., Buckley, T. C., Cusack, K. J., et al. (2004). Cognitive-behavioural treatment for PTSD among people with severe mental illness: A proposed treatment model. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10, 26-38.
13. Gidron, Y., Peri, T., Connolly, J. F., & Shalev, A. Y. (1996). Written disclosure in posttraumatic stress disorder: Is it beneficial for the patient? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 505-507.
14. Jackson, C., & Iqbal, Z. (2000). Psychological adjustment to early psychosis. In M. Birchwood, D. Fowler, & C. Jackson (Eds.), Early intervention in psychosis (pp. 64-100). London: Wiley.
15. Jackson, C., Knott, C., Skeate, A., & Birchwood, M. (2004). The trauma of first episode psychosis: The role of cognitive mediation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 327-333.
16. Knight, M. T., Wykes, T., & Hayward, P. (2003). People don't understand: An investigation of stigma in schizophrenia using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Journal of Mental Health, 12, 209-222.
17. Kovac, S. H., & Range, L. M. (2002). Writing projects: Lessening undergraduates' unique suicidal bereavement. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, 30, 50-60.
18. McGlashan, T. H. (1987). Recovery style from mental illness and long-term outcome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 681-685.
19. McGlashan, T. H., Levy, S. T., & Carpenter, W. T. (1975). Integration and sealing over. Arcbive of General Psychiatry, 32, 1269-1272.
20. Morrison, A. P, Frame, L., & Larkin, W (2004). Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 331-352.
21. Mueser, K. T., & Rosenberg, S. D. (2003). Treating the trauma of first episode psychosis: A PTSD perspective. Journal of Mental Health, 12, 103-108.
22. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). (2002). Schizophrenia: Core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care. London: Clinical Guideline 1.
23. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
24. Pennebaker, J. W, & Beall, S. K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274-281.
25. Pennebaker, J. W, & Francis, M. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 601-626.
26. Range, L. M., Kovac, S. H., & Marion, M. S. (2000). Does writing about the bereavement lessen grief following sudden, unintentional death? Death Studies, 24, 115-134.
27. Richards, J. M., Beal, W. E., Seagal, J., & Pennebaker, J. W (2000). The effects of disclosure of traumatic events on illness behaviour among psychiatric prison inmates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 156-160.
28. Rooke, O., & Birchwood, M. (1998). Loss, humiliation, and entrapment as appraisals of schizophrenia illness: A prospective study of depressed and non depressed patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 259-268.
29. Seedat, S., Stein, M. B., Oosthuizen, P. P., et al. (2003). Linking posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosis: A look at epidemiology, phenomenology, and treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 675-681.
30. Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P (2004a). Taking pen to hand: Evaluating theories underlying the written disclosure paradigm. Clinical Psychology. Science and Practice, 12, 121-137.
31. Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P (2004b). A closer examination of the written disclosure paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 72, 165-175.
32. Sloan, D. M., Marx, B. P, & Epstein, E. M. (2004). Further examination of the exposure model underlying the efficacy of written emotional disclosure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 549-554.
33. Smith, A. B., Selby, R J., Velikova, et al. (2002). Factor analysis of the Hospital and Anxiety Depression scale from a large cancer population. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory Research and Practice, 75, 165-176.
34. Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 174-184.
35. Tait, L., Birchwood, M., & Trower, P (2003). Predicting engagement with services for psychosis: Insight, symptoms, and recovery style. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 123-128.
36. Thompson, K. N., McGorry, R D., & Harrigan, S. M. (2003). Recovery style and outcome in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 62, 31-36.
37. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measure of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,1063-1070.
38. Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The impact of event scale-revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guildford Press.
39. Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P (1983). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361-370.