Reasoning with conditionals: A test of formal models of four theories

Cognitive Psychology

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 238-283

  Oberauer, Klaus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Conditionals; Multinomial models; Reasoning

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHILD; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DECISION THEORY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; LOGIC; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROBLEM SOLVING; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SEMANTICS; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CHILD; CULTURE; DECISION THEORY; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOGIC; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, STATISTICAL; PROBABILITY LEARNING; PROBLEM SOLVING; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SEMANTICS; STATISTICS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC;

EID: 33748806616     PISSN: 00100285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.04.001     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Barrouillet P., Grosset N., and Lecas J.F. Conditional reasoning by mental models: Chronometric and developmental evidence. Cognition 75 (2000) 237-266
2. Barrouillet P., and Lecas J.F. Mental models in conditional reasoning and working memory. Thinking & Reasoning 5 (1999) 289-302
3. Braine M.D.S., and O'Brien D.P. A theory of if: A lexical entry, reasoning program, and pragmatic principles. Psychological Review 98 (1991) 182-203
4. Byrne R.M.J. Suppressing valid inferences with conditionals. Cognition 31 (1989) 61-83
5. Cheng P.W., and Novick L.R. Covariation in natural causal induction. Psychological Review 99 (1992) 365-382
6. De Neys W., Schaeken W., and d'Ydewalle G. Inference suppression and semantic memory retrieval: Every counterexample counts. Memory & Cognition 31 (2003) 581-595
7. Evans J.S.B.T. The mental model theory of conditional reasoning: Critical appraisal and revision. Cognition 48 (1993) 1-20
8. Evans J.S.B.T., Handley S.J., and Over D.E. Conditionals and conditional probabilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 29 (2003) 321-335
9. Evans J.S.B.T., Newstead S.E., and Byrne R.M.J. Human reasoning: The psychology of deduction (1993), Erlbaum, Hove
10. Evans J.S.B.T., and Over D.E. Rationality and reasoning (1996), Psychology Press, Hove
11. Evans J.S.B.T., and Over D.E. If (2004), Oxford University Press, Oxford
12. Evans J.S.B.T., and Twyman-Musgrove J. Conditional reasoning with inducements and advice. Cognition 69 (1998) B11-B16
13. Handley S., Capon A., Copp C., and Harper C. Conditional reasoning and the Tower of Hanoi: The role of spatial and verbal working memory. British Journal of Psychology 93 (2002) 501-518
14. Henle M. On the relation between logic and thinking. Psychological Review 69 (1962) 366-378
15. Hu X., and Batchelder W.H. The statistical analysis of general processing tree models with the EM algorithm. Psychometrika 59 (1994) 21-47
16. Johnson-Laird P.N., and Byrne R.M.J. Deduction (1991), Erlbaum, Hillsdale
17. Johnson-Laird P.N., and Byrne R.M.J. Conditionals: A theory of meaning, pragmatics, and inference. Psychological Review 109 (2002) 646-678
18. Johnson-Laird P.N., Byrne R.M.J., and Schaeken W. Propositional reasoning by model. Psychological Review 99 (1992) 418-439
19. Klauer K.C., and Oberauer K. Testing the mental model theory of propositional reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 48A (1995) 671-687
20. Klauer, K. C., Stahl, C., & Erdfelder, E. (2006). The abstract selection task: An almost comprehensive model. Unpublished manuscript. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
21. Markovits H., and Barrouillet P. The development of conditional reasoning. Developmental Review 22 (2002) 5-36
22. Markovits H., and Doyon C. Information processing and reasoning with premises that are empirically false: Interference, working memory, and processing speed. Memory and Cognition 32 (2004) 592-601
23. Markovits H., and Potvin F. Suppression of valid inferences and knowledge structures: The curious effect of producing alternative antecedents on reasoning with causal conditionals. Memory and Cognition 29 (2001) 736-744
24. Oaksford M., and Chater N. The probabilistic approach to human reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5 (2001) 349-357
25. Oaksford M., and Chater N. Computational levels and conditional inference: Reply to Schroyens and Schaeken (2003). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29 (2003) 150-156
26. Oaksford M., Chater N., and Larkin J. Probabilities and polarity biases in conditional inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26 (2000) 883-899
27. Oberauer K., Hörnig R., Weidenfeld A., and Wilhelm O. Effects of directionality in deductive reasoning, II: Premise integration and conclusion evaluation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 58A (2005) 1225-1247
28. Oberauer K., Weidenfeld A., and Hörnig R. Working memory capacity and the construction of spatial mental models in comprehension and deductive reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 59 (2006) 426-447
29. Oberauer K., and Wilhelm O. Effects of directionality in deductive reasoning: I. The comprehension of single relational premises. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory, and Cognition 26 (2000) 1702-1712
30. Pitt M.A., Myung I.J., and Zhang S. Toward a method of selecting among computational models of cognition. Psychological Review 109 (2002) 472-491
31. Riefer D.M., and Batchelder W.H. Multinomial modeling and the measurement of cognitive processes. Psychological Review 95 (1988) 318-339
32. Rips L.J. The psychology of proof (1994), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
33. Rips L.J. Two kinds of reasoning. Psychological Science 12 (2001) 129-134
34. Roberts S., and Pashler H. How persuasive is a good fit? A comment on theory testing. Psychological Review 107 (2000) 358-367
35. Schroyens W., and Schaeken W. A critique of Oaksford, Chater, and Larkin's (2000) conditional probability model of conditional reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29 (2003) 140-149
36. Schroyens W., Schaeken W., and d'Ydewalle G. The processing of negations in conditional reasoning: A meta-analytic case study in mental model and/or mental logic theory. Thinking and Reasoning 7 (2001) 121-172
37. Schroyens W., Schaeken W., and Handley S. In search of counter-examples: Deductive rationality in human reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 56A (2003) 1129-1145
38. Sloman S.A. The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 119 (1996) 3-22
39. Smith E.E., Langston C., and Nisbett R.E. The case for rules in reasoning. Cognitive Science 16 (1992) 1-40
40. Stanovich K.E., and West R.F. Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (2000) 645-726
41. Tuerlinckx F. The efficient computation of the cumulative distribution and probability density function in the diffusion model. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 36 (2004) 702-716
42. Vadeboncoeur I., and Markovits H. The effect of instructions and information retrieval on accepting the premises in a conditional reasoning task. Thinking and Reasoning 5 (1999) 97-113
43. Verschueren, N., Schaeken, W., & d'Ydewalle, G. (2004). Everyday conditional reasoning with working memory preload. Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Chicago, IL.
44. Verschueren N., Schaeken W., and d'Ydewalle G. A dual-process specification of causal conditional reasoning. Thinking & Reasoning 11 (2005) 278-293
45. Weidenfeld A., Oberauer K., and Hörnig R. Causal and noncausal conditionals-an integrated model of interpretation and reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 58A (2005) 1479-1513