The politics of Britain's Asian youth movements

Race and Class

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 38-60

  Ramamurthy, Anandi ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^b Tandana Glowworm ^*

Author keywords

AYMs; Black; Bradford; Political organisation; Racist violence; Secularism; Southall

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748792285     PISSN: 03063968     EISSN: 17413125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0306396806069522     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. This study is based on interviews with former Asian Youth Movement members and on material collected, for the Tandana-Glowworm digitised archive of Asian Youth Movement political ephemera. The collection, which can be viewed online at 〈 http://www.tandana.org 〉, documents material produced by the Asian Youth Movements and the campaigns with which they were involved.
2. For histories of this migration, see: Peter Fryer Staying Power: the history of black people in Britain (London, Pluto Press, 1984);
3. Ron Ramdin, Reimagining Britain: 500 years of Black and Asian history (London, Pluto Press, 1999);
4. Ron Ramdin The Making of the Black Working Class in Britain (Aldershot, Wildwood House, 1987).
5. Rozina Visram, Ayahs, Lascars and Princes (London, Pluto Press, 1986).
6. For information on IWAs, see: Sasha Josephides. 'Organisational splits and political ideology in the Indian Worker's Associations' in Pnina Werbner and Muhammad Anwar (eds), Black and Ethnic Leaderships in Britain: the cultural dimensions of political action (London, Routledge, 1991);
7. De Witt John, Indian Workers Associations in Britain (London and Oxford, Institute of Race Relations and Oxford University Press, 1969).
8. For information on the history of black organisations in Britain, see: A. Sivanandan, A Different Hunger: writings on black resistance (London, Pluto Press, 1982);
9. Kalbir Shukra The Changing Pattern of Black Politics in Britain (London, Pluto Press, 1998). Thanks are also due to A. Sivanandan and Jenny Bourne for their helpful discussions on the IWAs.
10. From the IWA (GB) constitution, quoted in John, The Changing Pattern of Black Politics in Britain op. cit., p. 46.
11. In conversation with Mushtaq Hussain, Pakistani Workers' Association.
12. A. Sivanandan, 'Race, class and the state: the black experience in Britain', Race & Class (Vol. 27, no. 4, Spring 1976);
13. A. Sivanandan, 'From immigration control to "induced repatriation"', Race & Class (Vol. 20, no. 1, Summer 1978);
14. Zig Layton Henry, The Politics of Immigration: immigration, 'race' and 'race' relations in post-war Britain (Oxford, Blackwell, 1992).
15. Tuku Mukherjee, 'The journey back', in Philip Cohen and Harwant S. Bains (eds), Multi-Racist Britain (Basingstoke, Macmillan Education, 1988), p. 214.
16. A leaflet for the demonstration is held at the Institute of Race Relations archive.
17. Kala Tara (Bradford, Asian Youth Movement, no. 1, 1979). p. 7.
18. By 1970, black power groups such as the Black Panther Movement had begun to organise in Britain and had already raised the need for such direct action. The IWA (GB) in Birmingham and its leader Jagmohan Joshi had met the Panthers at a meeting in Wolverhampton and expressed a desire to maintain links with them.
19. Mukherjee, op. cit., p. 220
20. Campaign Against Racism and Fascism, Southall: The birth of a black community (London, Institute of Race Relations and Southall Rights, 1981).
21. In conversation with Balraj Purewal, founding member of Southall Youth Movement.
22. In conversation with Tariq Mehmood, Bradford AYM and defendant in the Bradford 12 trial.
23. Ibid.
24. Herbert Blumer 'Elementary collective groupings', in A.M. Lee (ed.), New Outlines of the Principles of Sociology (New York, Barnes & Noble, 1946), p. 83.
25. In conversations with Tariq Mehmood, Bradford AYM, Matloob Hussain, Sheffield AYM, and Dilip Parmar, Bolton Asian Youth Organisation.
26. Hakim Adi and Anandi Ramamurthy, 'Fragments in the history of the visual culture of anti-colonial struggle', in Simon Faulkner and Anandi Ramamurthy (eds), Visual Culture and Decolonisation in Britain (London, Ashgate, 2006).
27. Leaflet by the Newham Youth Movement, held in the Institute of Race Relations archives.
28. In conversation with Bhopinder Bassi, Birmingham AYM.
29. Kala Tara (Bradford, Asian Youth Movement, no. 1, 1979), p. 2.
30. In conversation with Bhopinder Bassi, Birmingham AYM.
31. In conversation with Anwar Qadir, Bradford AYM.
32. Communication with Anwar Qadir, Bradford AYM.
33. In conversation with Balraj Purewal, Southall Youth Movement.
34. Communication with Anwar Qadir, Bradford AYM.
35. Ibid.
36. Campaign Against Racism and Fascism, Southall, op. cit., pp. 55-64.
37. In conversation with A. Sivanandan.
38. Kala Mazdoor (Sheffield, Asian Youth Movement, no. 1), p. 2;
39. Liberation (Manchester, Asian Youth Movement), p. 5.
40. Liberation (Manchester, Asian Youth Movement, April 1981), p. 6.
41. In conversation with Shirin Housee, Birmingham Black Sisters.
42. Harwant Bains, 'Southall Youth: an old-fashioned story', in Cohen and Bains (eds), op. cit., p. 237.
43. In conversation with Sheera Johal, Birmingham AYM.
44. In conversation with Jani Rashid, Bradford AYM.
45. In conversation with Anwar Qadir, Bradford AYM.
46. Reproduced in Self Defence is No Offence: the Bradford 12 are free (Leeds Other Paper, 1982), p. 3.
47. In conversation with Ruth Bundy.
48. In conversation with Mukhtar Dar, Sheffield AYM.
49. Bulletin of July 11 Action Committee (September 1981), p. 7.
50. A copy of this poster was reproduced in Gary Yanker Prop Art: Over 1000 contemporary political posters (London, Studio Vista, 1972) and therefore must have been in circulation.
51. Self Defence is No Offence, op. cit., p. 24.
52. A. Sivanandan, 'RAT and the degradation of black struggle', in Communities of Resistance: writings on black struggles for socialism (London, Verso, 1990), pp. 77-122.
53. Bains, 'Southall Youth', op. cit., p. 240.
54. In conversation with Nilofer Shaikh, Manchester AYM.
55. Communication with Anwar Qadir, Bradford AYM.
56. In conversation with Jani Rashid, Bradford AYM.
57. In conversation with Bhopinder Bassi, Birmingham AYM.
58. Mukherkee, op. cit., p. 221.
59. Shukra, op. cit., pp. 56-9; Mukherjee, op. cit., pp. 221-2.
60. Kobena Mercer, 'Welcome to the Jungle: identity and diversity in postmodern politics', in Jonathan Rutherford (ed.), Identity: community, culture, difference (London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1998), p. 47.
61. Communication with Mukhtar Dar, Sheffield AYM.
62. Policy Statement on religious/separate schools (Bradford, Asian Youth Movement, 1984);
63. Reading, Riting, Rithmetic, Race (Bradford, Asian Youth Movement, 1984).
64. In conversation with Matloob Hussain, Sheffield AYM.