Grown-up congenital heart disease: The problem of late arrhythmia and ventricular dysfunction

Progress in Pediatric Cardiology

Volumn 22, Issue 2 SPEC. ISS., 2006, Pages 165-173

  Capelli, Horacio ^a  

^a HOSPITAL DE PEDIATRÍA PROF DR JUAN P GARRAHAN   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Arrhythmia in congenital heart disease; Congenitally corrected transposition; Long term results in congenital heart disease; Tetralogy of Fallot; The Fontan operation; Ventricular dysfunction in congenital heart disease

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; FALLOT TETRALOGY; FONTAN PROCEDURE; GREAT VESSELS TRANSPOSITION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUDDEN DEATH; SURGICAL MORTALITY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33748741020     PISSN: 10589813     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2006.07.005     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. Perloff J.K. Late postoperative concerns in adults with congenital heart disease. Cardiovasc Clin 11 (1980) 431
2. Hoffman J.I.E. Reflections on the past, present and future of pediatric cardiology. Cardiol Young 4 (1994) 208
3. Somerville J. The problem-an overview. Congenital heart disease in adolescents and adults (1992), Kluwer Academic Publishers 1-13
4. Murphy J.G., Gersch B.J., Mair D.D., et al. Long term outcome in patients undergoing surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. N Engl J Med 329 (1993) 593-599
5. Nollert G., Fischlein T., Bouterwek S., Böhmer C., Klinner W., and Reichart B. Long term survival in patients with repair of tetralogy of Fallot: 36 years follow-up of 490 survivors of the first year after surgical repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 30 (1997) 1374-1383
6. Norgaard M.A., Lauridsen P., Helvind M., and Petterson G. Twenty to thirty seven year follow-up after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 16 (1999) 125-130
7. Nollert G., Fischlein T., Bouterwek S., et al. Long-term results of total repair of tetralogy of Fallot in adulthood: 35 years follow-up in 104 patients corrected at the age of 18 or older. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 45 (1997) 4,178-4,181
8. Mulla N., Simpson P., Sullivan N.M., and Paridon S.M. Determinants of aerobic capacity during exercise following complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot with a transannular patch. Pediatr Cardiol 18 (1997) 5,350-5,356
9. Walsh E.P., Rockenmacher S., Keane J.F., Hougen T.J., Lock J.E., and Castaneda A.R. Late results in patients with tetralogy of Fallot repaired during infancy. Circulation 77 (1988) 1062-1067
10. Di Donato R.M., Jonas R.A., Lange P., Rome J.J., Mayer J.E., and Castaneda A.R. Neonatal repair of tetralogy of Fallot with and without pulmonary atresia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 101 (1991) 126-137
11. Reddy V.M., Liddicoat J.R., Mc Elhinney D.B., Brook M.M., Stanger P., and Hanley F.L. Routine primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot in neonates and infants under three months of age. Ann Thorac Surg 60 (1995) 592-596
12. Pigula F.A., Khalil P.N., Mayer J.E., del Nido P.J., and Jonas R.A. Repair of tetralogy of Fallot in neonates and young infants. Circulation 100 Suppl II (1999) 157-161
13. Sullivan I.D., Presbitero P., Gooch V.M., Arura E., and Deanfield J.E. Is ventricular arrhythmia in repaired tetralogy of Fallot an effect of operation or a consequence of the course of the disease. A prospective study. Br Heart J 58 (1987) 40-44
14. Karl T.R., Sano S., Pornviliwan S., and Mee R.B.B. Tetralogy of Fallot: favorable outcome of nonneonatal transatrial, transpulmonary repair. Ann Thorac Surg 54 (1992) 903-907
15. March H.W., Ross J.K., Weirich W.L., and Gerbode F. The influence of the ventriculotomy site of the contraction and function of the right ventricle. Circulation 24 (1961) 572-577
16. Harrison D.A., Harris L., Siu S.C., et al. Sustained ventricular tachycardia in adult patients late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 30 5 (1997) 1368-1373
17. Garson A., Porter C.J., Gillette P.C., and McNamara D.G. Induction of ventricular tachycardia during electrophysiologic study after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 6 (1983) 1493-1502
18. Cullen S., Celermajer D.S., Franklin R., and Deanfield J.E. Prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmia after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a 12 year prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 23 (1994) 1151-1155
19. Deanfield J.E. Late ventricular arrhythmias occurring after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: do they matter?. Int J Cardiol 30 (1991) 143-150
20. Redington A.N. Determinants of short-and long-term outcome in the surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Curr Opin Pediatr 5 (1993) 619-622
21. Schamberger M.S., and Hurwitz R.A. Course of right and left ventricular function in patients with pulmonary insufficiency after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol 21 3 (2000) 244-248
22. Oechslin E.N., Harrison D.A., Harris L., et al. Reoperation in adults with repair of tetralogy of Fallot: indication and outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 118 2 (1999) 245-251
23. Gillette P.C. Ventricular arrhythmia after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 30 5 (1997) 1384
24. Deanfield J.E., Ho S.Y., Anderson R.H., McKenna W.J., Allwork S.P., and Hallide-Smith K.A. Late sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a clinicopathologic study. Circulation 67 (1983) 626
25. Garson A., Randall D.C., Gillette P.C., Smith R.T., Moak J.P., and McNamara D.G. Prevention of sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 6 (1985) 221
26. Walsh E.P., Rickenmacher S., Keane J.F., Hougen T.J., Lock J.E., and Castaneda A.R. Late results in patients with tetralogy of Fallot repaired during infancy. Circulation 77 (1988) 1062
27. Chandar Js., Wolff G.S., Garson Jr. A., et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 65 (1990) 655
28. Waien S.A., Liu P.P., Ross B.L., Williams W.G., Webb G.D., and McLaughlin P.R. Serial follow-up of adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 (1992) 295
29. Horowitz L.N., Vetter V.L., Harken A.H., and Josephson M.E. Electrophysiologic characteristics of sustained ventricular tachycardia after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 46 (1980) 446
30. Downar E., Harris L., Kimber S., et al. Ventricular tachycardia after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot: results of intraoperative mapping studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 (1992) 648
31. Kremers M.S., Wells P.J., Black W.H., and Solodyna M.A. Entrainment of ventricular tachycardia in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot. PACE 11 (1988) 1310
32. Wessel H.U., and Paul M.H. Exercise studies in tetralogy of Fallot: a review. Pediatr Cardiol 20 (1999) 39-47
33. Garson Jr. A., Nihill M.R., McNamara D.G., and Cooley D.A. Status of the adult and adolescent after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 59 (1979) 1232
34. Vaksman G., Fournier A., Davignon A., Ducharme G., Houyel I., and Fouron J.C. Frequency and prognosis of arrhythmias after operative "correction" of tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 66 (1990) 346-349
35. Gatzoulis M.A., Till J.A., Somerville J., and Redington A.N. Mechanoelectrical interaction in tetralogy of Fallot. QRS prolongation relates to right ventricular size and predicts malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Circulation 92 2 (1995) 231-237
36. Gatzoulis M.A., Till J.A., and Redington A.N. Depolarization-repolarization inhomogeneity after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The substrate for malignant ventricular tachycardia?. Circulation 95 2 (1997) 401-404
37. Daliento L., Rizzoli G., Menti L., et al. Accuracy of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic indices in predicting life threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot. Heart 81 6 (1999) 650-655
38. Sarubbi B., Pacileo G., Duccheschi V., et al. Arrhythmogenic substrate in young patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: role of an abnormal ventricular repolarization. Int J Cardiol 72 1 (1999) 73-82
39. Kavey R.E., Blackman M.S., and Sondheimer H.M. Incidence and severity of chronic ventricular dysrhythmia after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Am Heart J 103 (1982) 342
40. Chen D., and Moller J.H. Comparison of late clinical status between patients with different hemodynamic findings after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Am Heart J 113 (1987) 767
41. Dreyer W.J., Paridon S.M., Fisher D.J., and Garson Jr. A. Rapid ventricular pacing in dogs with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction: insights into the mechanism of sudden death in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 (1993) 1731
42. Zahka K.G., Horneffer P.J., Rowe S.A., et al. Long term valvular function after total repair of tetralogy of Fallot: relation to ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation 78 suppl III (1988) III-14-III-19
43. Marie P.Y., Marcon F., Brunotte F., et al. Right ventricular overload and induced sustained ventricular tachycardia in operatively "repaired" tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 69 (1992) 785-789
44. Roos Hesselink J., Perlroth M.G., McGhie J., and Spitaels S. Atrial arrhythmias in adults after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Correlations with clinical exercise and echocardiographic findings. Circulation 91 8 (1995) 2214-2219
45. Friedli B. Electrophysiological follow-up of tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol 20 5 (1999) 326-330
46. Perloff J.K., and Natterson P.D. Atrial arrhythmias in adults after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 91 8 (1995) 2118-2119
47. Graham T.P., Cordell D., Atwood G.F., et al. Right ventricular volume characteristics before and after palliative and reparative operation in tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 5 (1976) 417-423
48. Rocchini A.P., Rosenthal A., Freed M., Castaneda A.R., and Nadas A.S. Chronic congestive heart failure after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 56 (1977) 305-310
49. Kobayashi J., Kawashima Y., Matsuda H., et al. Prevalence and risk factors of tricuspid regurgitation after correction of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 102 (1991) 611-616
50. Shimazaki Y., Mori T., Beppu S., and Yokota K. Angiographic volume estimation of right ventricle: re-evaluation of the previous methods. Chest 77 (1980) 390-395
51. Fuster V., McGoon D.C., Kennedy M.A., et al. Long-term evaluation (12 to 22 years) of open heart surgery for tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 46 (1980) 635-642
52. Bove E.L., Byrum C.J., Thomas F.C., et al. The influence of pulmonary insufficiency on ventricular function following repair of tetralogy of Fallot: evaluation using radionuclide ventriculography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 85 (1983) 691
53. Yemets I.M., Williams W.J., Webb G.D., et al. Pulmonary valve replacement late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Ann Thorac Surg 64 2 (1997) 526-530
54. Redington A.N., Oldershaw P.J., Shinebourne E.A., and Rigby M.L. A new technique for assessment of pulmonary regurgitation and its application to the assessment of right ventricular function before and after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Br Heart J 60 (1988) 57-65
55. Helbing W.A., Niezen R.A., Le Cessie S., Van der Geest R.J., Ottenkamp J., and de Roos A. Right ventricular diastolic function in children with pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: volumetric evaluation by magnetic resonance velocity mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 28 7 (1996) 1827-1835
56. Nakasato M., Akiba T., Sato S., Suzuki H., and Hayasaka K. Right and left ventricular function assessed by regional wall motion analysis in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Cardiol 58 2 (1997) 127-134
57. Singh G.K., Greenberg S.B., Yap Y.S., Delany D.P., Keeton B.R., and Monro J.L. Right ventricular function and exercise performance late after primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot with the transannular patch in infancy. Am J Cardiol 81 11 (1998) 1378-1382
58. Gatzoulis M.A., Norgard G., and Redington A.N. Biventricular long axis function after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol 19 2 (1998) 128-132
59. Eroglu A.G., Sarioglu A., and Sarioglu T. Right ventricular diastolic function after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: its relationship to the insertion of a "transannular" patch. Cardiol Young 9 4 (1999) 384-391
60. Norgard G., Gatzoulis M.A., Moraes F., et al. Relationship between type of outflow tract repair and postoperative right ventricular diastolic physiology in tetralogy of Fallot. Implications for long-term outcome. Circulation 94 12 (1996) 3276-3280
61. Munkhammar P., Cullen S., Jögi P., de Leval M., Elloitt M., and Norgard G. Early age at repair prevents restrictive right ventricular (RV) physiology after surgery for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF): diastolic RV function after TOF repair in infancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 32 4 (1998) 1083-1087
62. Chang R.K., and Klitzner T.S. Repairing tetralogy of Fallot-does age matter? (letter). J Am Coll Cardiol 34 5 (1999) 1657-1658
63. Eyskens B., Reybrouck T., Bogaert J., et al. Homograft insertion for pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot improves cardiorespiratory exercise performance. Am J Cardiol 85 2 (2000) 221-225
64. Rao V., Kadletz M., Hornberger L., Freedom R.M., and Black M. Preservation of the pulmonary valve complex in tetralogy of Fallot: how small is too small?. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 176-180
65. Fontan F., and Baudet E. Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia. Thorax 26 (1971) 240-246
66. Kreutzer G., Galindez E., Bono H., et al. An operation for the correction of tricuspid atresia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 66 (1973) 613-621
67. Puga F.J., Chiavarelli M., and Hagler D.J. Modifications of the Fontan operation applicable to patients with left atrioventricular valve atresia or single atrioventricular valve. Circulation 76 suppl III (1987) III-53-III-60
68. De Leval M., Kilner P., Gewillig M., Bull C., and McGoon D.C. Total cavopulmonary connection: a logical alternative to atriopulmonary connection for complex Fontan operations. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96 (1988) 682-695
69. Jonas R.A., and Castaneda A.R. Modified Fontan procedure: atrial baffle and systemic venous to pulmonary artery anastomotic techniques. J Cardiovasc Surg 3 (1988) 91-96
70. Marcelletti C., Corno A., Giannico S., and Marino B. Inferior vena cava-pulmonary artery extracardiac conduit: a new form of right heart bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100 (1990) 228-232
71. Giannico S., Corno A., Marino B., et al. Total extracardiac right heart bypass. Circulation 86 suppl II (1992) II-110-II-117
72. Castañeda A.R. From Glenn to Fontan: a continuing evolution. Circulation 86 suppl II (1992) I-80-I-84
73. Jacobs M.L., and Norwood Jr. W.I. Fontan operation: influence of modifications on morbidity and mortality. Ann Thorac Surg 58 (1994) 945-952
74. Black M.D., van Son J.A.M., and Haas G.S. Extracardiac Fontan operation with adjustable communication. Ann Thorac Surg 60 (1995) 716-718
75. Rosenkranz E.R., and Murphy Jr. D.J. Modified Fontan procedure for left atrial isomerism: alternative technique. Pediatr Cardiol 16 (1995) 201-203
76. Van Son J.A.M., Reddy M., and Hanley F.L. Extracardiac modification of the Fontan operation without use of the prosthetic material. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110 (1995) 1766-1768
77. Laks H., Ardehali A., Grant P.W., et al. Modification of the Fontan procedure-superior vena cava to left pulmonary artery connection and inferior vena cava to right pulmonary artery connection with adjustable atrial septal defect. Circulation 91 (1995) 2943-2947
78. Weldner P.W., Myers J.L., Gleason M.M., et al. The Norwood operation and subsequent Fontan operation in infants with complex congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109 (1995) 654-662
79. Serraf A., Conte S., Lacour-Gayet F., et al. Systemic obstruction in univentricular hearts: surgical options for neonates. Ann Thorac Surg 60 (1995) 970-977
80. LeNardo D., Thompson M.D., Edwin Petrossian M.D., et al. Is it necessary to routinely fenestrate an extracardiac Fontan?. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 (1999) 539-544
81. Driscoll D.J., Offord K.P., Feldt R.H., Schaff H.V., Puga F.J., and Danielson G.K. Five- to fifteen-year follow-up after Fontan operation. Circulation 85 (1992) 469
82. Cetta F., Feldt R.H., O'Leary P.W., et al. Improved early morbidity and mortality after Fontan operation: the Mayo Clinic experience, 1987 to 1992. J Am Coll Cardiol 28 (1996) 480-486
83. Gentles T.L., Mayer J.E., Gauvreau K., et al. Fontan operation in five hundred consecutive patients: factors influencing early and late outcome. J Thorac Cardiovas Surg 114 (1997) 376-391
84. Gates R.N., Laks H., Drinkwater Jr. D.C., et al. The Fontan procedure in adults. Ann Thorac Surg 63 (1997) 1085-1090
85. Humes R.A., Mair D.D., Porter C.B., Puga F.J., Schaf H.V., and Danielson G.K. Results of the modified Fontan operation. Am J Cardiol 1 61 (1988) 602-604
86. Bando K., Turrentine M.W., Park H.J., Sharp T.G., Scavo V., and Brown J.W. Evolution of the Fontan procedure in a single center. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 1873-1879
87. Harrison D.A., Liu P., Walters J.E., et al. Cardiopulmonary function in adult patients late after Fontan repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 (1995) 1016-1021
88. Gentles T.L., Gauvreau K., Mayer J.E., et al. Functional outcome after the Fontan operation: factors influencing late morbidity. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 114 (1997) 392-403
89. Fontan F., Kirklin J.W., Fernandez G., et al. Outcome after a "perfect" Fontan operation. Circulation 81 (1990) 1520-1536
90. Peters N.S., and Somerville J. Arrhythmias after the Fontan procedure. Br Heart J 68 (1992) 199-204
91. Gewillig M., Wyse R.K.H., de Leval M.R., and Deanfield J.E. Early and late arrhythmias after the Fontan operation: predisposing factors and clinical consequences. Br Heart J 67 (1992) 72-79
92. Gelatt M., Hamilton R.M., McCrindle B.W., et al. Risk factors for atrial tachyarrhythmias after Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol 24 (1994) 1735-1741
93. Manning P.B., Mayer J.E., Wernovsky G., Fischberger S.B., and Walsh E.P. Staged operation to Fontan increases the incidence of sinoatrial node dysfunction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111 (1996) 833-839
94. Gardiner H.M., Dhillon R., Bull C., de Leval M.R., and Deanfield J.E. Prospective study of the incidence and determinants of arrhythmia after total cavopulmonary connection. Circulation 94 9suppl (1996) II 17-II 21
95. Gandhi S.K., Bromberg B.I., Rodefeld M.D., et al. Spontaneous atrial flutter in a chronic canine model of the modified Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol 30 (1997) 1095-1103
96. Feldt R.H., Driscoll D.J., Offord K.P., et al. Protein-losing enteropathy after the Fontan operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 (1996) 672-680
97. Mertens L., Hagler D.J., Sauer U., Somerville J., and Gewillig M. Protein-losing enteropathy after the Fontan operation: an international multicenter study, PLE study group. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115 (1998) 1063-1073
98. Rosenthal D.N., Friedman A.H., Kleinman C.S., Kopf G.S., Rosenfeld L.E., and Hellenbrand W.E. Thromboembolic complications after Fontan operations. Circulation 92 suppl II (1995) II 287-II 293
99. Shirai L.K., Rosenthal D.N., Reitz B.A., Robbins R.C., and Dubin A.M. Arrhythmias and thromboembolic complications after the extracardiac Fontan operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115 (1998) 499-505
100. Kanter K.R., Vincent R.N., and Raviele A.A. Importance of acquired systemic-to-pulmonary collaterals in the Fontan operation. Ann Thorac Surg 68 (1999) 969-974
101. Fogel M.A., Weinberg P.M., Fellows K.E., and Hoffman E.A. A study in ventricular-ventricular interaction. Single right ventricles compared with systemic right ventricles in a dual-chamber circulation. Circulation 92 (1995) 219-230
102. Cheung Y.F., Penny D.J., and Redington A.N. Serial assessment of left ventricular diastolic function after Fontan procedure. Heart 83 (2000) 420-424
103. McElhinney D.B., Reddy V.M., Moore P., and Hanley F.L. Revision of previous Fontan connections to extracardiac or intraatrial conduit cavopulmonary anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg 62 (1996) 1276-1283
104. Laschinger J.C., Redmond J.M., Cameron D.E., Kan J.S., and Ringel R.E. Intermediate results of the extracardiac Fontan procedure. Ann Thorac Surg 62 (1996) 1261-1267
105. Amodeo A., Galletti L., Marianeschi S., et al. Extracardiac Fontan operation for complex cardiac anomalies: seven years' experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 114 (1997) 1020-1030
106. Haas G.S., Hess H., Black M., Onnasch J., Mohr F.W., and van Son J.A. Extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure: early and intermediate results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17 (2000) 648-654
107. Cecchin F., Johnsrude C.L., Perry J.C., and Friedman R.A. Effect of age and surgical technique on symptomatic arrhythmias after the Fontan procedure. Am J Cardiol 76 (1995) 386-391
108. Knez I., Dacar D., Machler H., et al. The influence of different strategies on clinical outcome in patients undergoing total cavopulmonary connection. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47 (1999) 101-105
109. Durongpisitkul K., Porter C.J., Cetta F., et al. Predictors of early- and late-onset supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after Fontan operation. Circulation 98 (1998) 1099-1107
110. Paul T., Ziemer G., Luhmer L., Bertram H., Hecker H., and Kallfelz H.C. Early and late atrial dysrhythmias after modified Fontan operation. Pediatr Med Chir 20 (1998) 9-11
111. Cohen M.I., Wernovsky G., Vetter V.L., et al. Sinus node function after a systematically staged Fontan procedure. Circulation 98 19 suppl (1998) II-352-II-358
112. Kavey R.E.W., Gaum W.E., Byrum C.J., Smith F.C., and Kveselis D.A. Loss of sinus rhythm after total cavopulmonary connection. Circulation 92 supp III (1995) 304-308
113. Drant S.E., Klitzner T.S., Shannon K.M., Wetzel G.T., and Williams R.G. Guidance of radiofrequency catheter ablation by transesophageal echocardiography in children with palliated single ventricle. Am J Cardiol 76 (1995) 1311-1312
114. Kanter R.J., and Garson Jr. A. Atrial arrhythmias during chronic follow-up of surgery for complex congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 20 2Pt 2 (1997) 502-511
115. Liberman L., Pass R.H., Alfayyadh M.I., and Hordof A.J. Radiofrequency ablation of an accessory pathway in a surgically created atrioventricular Fontan anastomosis: case report and review of previous published cases. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 23 (2000) 914-916
116. Betts T.R., Roberts P.R., Allen S.A., et al. Electrophysiological mapping and ablation of intra-atrial reentry tachycardia after Fontan surgery with the use of a non-contact mapping system. Circulation 102 (2000) 419-425
117. Mavroudis C., Backer C.L., Deal B.J., and Johnsrude C.L. Fontan conversion to cavopulmonary connection and arrhythmia circuit cryoblation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115 (1998) 547-556
118. Conte S., Gewillig M., Eyskens B., Dumoulin M., and Daenen W. Management of late complications after classic Fontan procedure by conversion to total cavopulmonary connection. Cardiovasc Surg 7 (1999) 651-655
119. Deal B.J., Mavroudis C., Backer C.L., Johnsrude C.L., and Rocchini A.P. Impact of arrhythmia circuit cryoablation during Fontan conversion fro refractory atrial tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 83 (1999) 563-568
120. Marcelletti C.F., Hanley F.L., Mavroudis C., et al. Revision of previous Fontan connections to total extracardiac cavopulmonary anastomosis: a multicenter experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 119 (2000) 340-346
121. Gewillig M.H., Lundstrom U.R., Deanfield J.E., Bull C., Franklin R.C.G., and Wyse R.K. Impact of Fontan operation on left ventricular size and contractility. Circulation 81 (1990) 118-127
122. Parikh S.R., Hurwitz R.A., Caldwell R.L., and Girod D.A. Ventricular function in the single ventricle before and after Fontan surgery. Am J Cardiol 67 (1991) 1390-1395
123. Akagi T., Benson L.N., Green M., et al. Ventricular performance before and after Fontan repair for univentricular atrioventricular connection: angiographic and radionuclide assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 (1992) 920-926
124. Hijazi Z.M., Fahey J.T., Kleinman C.S., Kopf G.S., and Hellenbrand W.E. Hemodynamic evaluation before and after closure of fenestrated Fontan. Circulation 86 (1992) 196-202
125. Redington A.N., Knight B., Oldershaw P.J., Shinebourne E.A., and Rigby M.L. Left ventricular function in double inlet left ventricle before the Fontan operation: comparison with tricuspid atresia. Br Heart 60 (1988) 324-331
126. Sluysmans T., Sanders S.P., van der Velde M., et al. Natural history and patterns of recovery of contractile function in a single left ventricle after Fontan operation. Circulation 86 (1992) 1753-1761
127. Uemura H., Yagihara T., Kawashima Y., et al. What factors affect ventricular performance after a Fontan-type operation?. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110 (1995) 405-415
128. Cheung Y.F., Penny D.J., and Redington A.N. Serial assessment of left ventricular diastolic function after Fontan procedure. Heart 83 (2000) 420-424
129. Matsuda H., Kawashima Y., Kishimoto H., et al. Problems in the modified Fontan operation for univentricular heart of the right ventricular type. Circulation 76 3Pt 2 (1987) III 45-III 52
130. Fogel M.A., Gupta K.B., Weinberg P.M., and Hoffman E.A. Regional wall motion and strain analysis across stages of Fontan reconstruction by magnetic resonance tagging. Am J Physiol 269 3Pt 2 (1995) H 1132-H 1152
131. Fogel M.A., Weinberg P.M., Chin A.J., Fellows K.E., and Hoffman E.A. Late ventricular geometry and performance changes of functional single ventricle throughout staged Fontan reconstruction assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 28 (1996) 212-221
132. Fogel M.A., Weinberg P.M., Gupta K.B., et al. Mechanics of the single left ventricle: a study in ventricular-ventricular interaction II. Circulation 98 (1998) 330-338
133. Penny D.J., Rigby M.L., and Redington A.N. Abnormal patterns of intraventricular flow and diastolic filling after the Fontan operation: evidence for incoordinate ventricular wall motion. Br Heart J 66 (1991) 375-378
134. Penny D.J., and Redington A.N. Angiographic demonstration of incoordinate motion of the ventricular wall after the Fontan operation. Br Heart J 66 (1991) 456-459
135. Huhta J.C., Danielson G.K., Ritter D.G., and Ilstrup D.M. Survival in atrioventricular discordance. Pediatr Cardiol 6 (1985) 57-62
136. McGrath L.B., Kirklin J.W., Blackstone E.H., et al. Death and other events after cardiac repair in discordant atrioventricular connection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 90 (1985) 711-728
137. Sano T., Riesenfeld T., Karl T.R., and Wilkinson J.L. Intermediate outcome after intracardiac repair of associated cardiac defects in patients with atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial discordance. Circulation 92 suppl II (1995) II-272-II-278
138. Szufladowicz M., Horvath P., de Leval M., Elliott M., Wyse R., and Stark J. Intracardiac repair of lesions associated with atrioventricular discordance. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10 (1996) 443-448
139. Prieto L.R., Hordof A.J., Secic M., Rosenbaum M.S., and Gersony W.M. Progressive tricuspid valve disease in patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 10 (1998) 997-1005
140. Lundstrom U., Bull C., Wyse R.K., and Somerville J. The natural and "unnatural" history of congenitally corrected transposition. Am J Cardiol 65 (1990) 1222-1229
141. Presbitero P., Somerville J., Rabajoli F., Stone S., and Conte M.R. Corrected transposition of the great arteries without associated defects in adult patients: clinical profile and follow-up. Br Heart J 74 1 (1995) 57-59
142. Graham T.P., Bernard Y.D., Mellen B.G., et al. Long-term outcome in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: a multi-institutional study. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 1 (2000) 255-261
143. Fyler D.C. Nadas' pediatric cardiology (1992), Mosby-Year Book, Boston 701-708
144. Mullins C.E. Ventricular inversion. In: Garson A., Bricker J.T., and McNamara D.G. (Eds). The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology (1990), Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1233-1245
145. Daliento L., Corrado D., Buja G., John N., Nava A., and Thiene G. Rhythm and conduction disturbances in isolated congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 58 (1986) 314-318
146. Connelly M.S., Liu P.P., Williams W.G., Webb G.S., Robertson P., and McLaughlin P.R. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in the adult. Functional status and complications. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 (1996) 1238-1243
147. Warnes C.A. Congenitally corrected transposition: the uncorrected misnomer. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 (1996) 1244-1245
148. Brugada J., Valls V., Freixa R., et al. Radiofrequency ablation of a posteroseptal atrioventricular accessory pathway in a left-sided tricuspid ring with Ebsteinlike anomaly in a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 23 1 (2000) 133-136
149. Graham T.P., Parrish M.B., Boucek R.J., et al. Assessment of ventricular size and function in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 51 (1983) 244-251
150. Dimas A.P., Moodie D.S., Sterba R., and Gill C.C. Long-term function of the morphologic right ventricle in adult patients with corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am Heart J 118 (1989) 526-530
151. Anderson K.R., Danielson G.K., McGoon D.C., and Lie J.T. Ebstein's anomaly of the left-sided tricuspid valve. Pathological anatomy of the valvular malformations. Circulation 58 suppl I (1978) 87-91
152. Van Praagh R., Papagiannis J., Grünenfelder J., Bartram U., and Martanovic P. Pathologic anatomy of corrected transposition of the great arteries: medical and surgical implications. Am Heart J 135 5 (Pt1) (1998) 772-785
153. Lieberson A.D., Schumacker R., and Childress D. Corrected transposition of the great vessels in a 73-year old man. Circulation 39 (1969) 96
154. Attie F., Rijllaarsdam R., Zabal C., Vuendia A., and Vargas-Barron J. Corrected transposition of the great arteries in patients older than 65 years. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 65 (1995) 57
155. Benson L.N., Burns R., Schwaiger M., et al. Radionuclide angiograhic evaluation of ventricular function in isolated congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 58 (1986) 319-324
156. Peterson R.J., Franch R.H., Fajman W.A., and Jones R.H. Comparison of cardiac function in surgically and congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96 (1988) 227-236
157. Hornung T.S., Bernard E.J., Jaeggi E.T., Howman Giles R.B., Celermajer D.S., and Hawker R.E. Myocardial perfusion defects and associated systemic ventricular dysfunction in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Heart 80 4 (1998) 322-326
158. Acar P., Sidi D., Bonnet D., Aggoun Y., Bonhoeffer P., and Kachaner J. Maintaining tricuspid valve competence in double discordance: a challenge for the pediatric cardiologist. Heart 80 5 (1998) 479-483
159. van Son J.A., Danielson G.K., Huhta J.C., et al. Late results of systemic atrioventricular valve replacement in corrected transposition. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109 4 (1995) 642-652
160. Ilbawi M.N., DeLeon S.Y., Backer C.L., et al. An alternative approach to the surgical management of physiologically corrected transposition with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis or atresia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100 (1990) 410-415
161. Imai Y. Double-switch operation for congenitally corrected transposition. Adv Card Surg 9 (1997) 65-86
162. Karl T.R., Weintraub R.G., Brizard C.P., Cochrane A.D., and Mee R.B. Senning plus arterial switch operation for discordant (congenitally corrected) transposition. Ann Thorac Surg 64 2 (1997) 495-502
163. Reddy V.M., McElhinney D.B., Silverman N.H., and Hanley F.L. The double switch procedure for anatomical repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in infants and children. Eur Heart 18 9 (1997) 1470-1477
164. Metras D., Kreitmann B., Fraisse A., et al. Anatomic repair of corrected transposition or atrioventricular discordance: report of 8 cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 13 2 (1998) 117-123
165. Gelatt M., Hamilton R.M., McCrindle B.W., et al. Arrhythmia and mortality after the Mustard procedure: a 30 year single-center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 29 1 (1997) 194-201
166. Kreutzer C., De Vive J., Oppido G., et al. Twenty-five-year experience with Rastelli repair for transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 120 (2000) 211-223