Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction

Cardiology Clinics

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 343-365

  Atar, Shaul ^a   Barbagelata, Alejandro ^a   Birnbaum, Yochai ^a  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; STREPTOKINASE;

BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL VIABILITY; DISEASE COURSE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE NECROSIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION;

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIUM; NECROSIS; PROGNOSIS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 33748619516     PISSN: 07338651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2006.04.008     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Keeley E.C., Boura J.A., and Grines C.L. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 361 9351 (2003) 13-20
2. Antman E.M., Anbe D.T., Armstrong P.W., et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation 110 5 (2004) 588-636
3. Braunwald E., Antman E.M., Beasley J.W., et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-2002: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). Circulation 106 14 (2002) 1893-1900
4. Arnold A.E.R., and Simoons M.L. "Expected infarct size without thrombolysis", a concept that predicts immediate and long-term benefit from thrombolysis for evolving myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 18 (1997) 1736-1748
5. Wang K., Asinger R.W., and Marriott H.J. ST-segment elevation in conditions other than acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 349 22 (2003) 2128-2135
6. Hiss R.G., Lamb L.E., and Allen M.F. Electrocardiographic findings in 67,375 asymptomatic subjects. X. Normal values. Am J Cardiol 6 (1960) 200-231
7. Surawicz B., and Parikh S.R. Prevalence of male and female patterns of early ventricular repolarization in the normal ECG of males and females from childhood to old age. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 10 (2002) 1870-1876
8. Dowdy L., Wagner G.S., Birnbaum Y., et al. Aborted infarction: the ultimate myocardial salvage. Am Heart J 147 3 (2004) 390-394
9. Wong C.K., French J.K., Aylward P.E., et al. Patients with prolonged ischemic chest pain and presumed-new left bundle branch block have heterogeneous outcomes depending on the presence of ST-segment changes. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 1 (2005) 29-38
10. Moshkovitz Y., Sclarovsky S., Behar S., et al. Infarct site-related mortality in patients with recurrent myocardial infarction. SPRINT Study Group. Am J Med 94 (1993) 388-394
11. Strasberg B., Pinchas A., Barbash G.I., et al. Importance of reciprocal ST segment depression in leads V5 and V6 as an indicator of disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 63 (1990) 339-341
12. Birnbaum Y., Sclarovsky S., and Strasberg B. Critical left main stenosis. [letter]. Am Heart J 127 (1994) 1662-1663
13. Birnbaum Y., Wagner G.S., Barbash G.I., et al. Correlation of angiographic findings and right (V1 to V3) versus left (V4 to V6) precordial ST-segment depression in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 83 2 (1999) 143-148
14. Habib G.B., Heibig J., Forman S.A., et al. Influence of coronary collateral vessels on myocardial infarct size in humans. Results of phase I Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial. Circulation 83 (1991) 739-746
15. Haider A.W., Andreotti F., Hackett D.R., et al. Early spontaneous intermittent myocardial reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction is associated with augmented thrombogenic activity and less myocardial damage. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 (1995) 662-667
16. Kloner R.A., and Yellon D. Does ischemic preconditioning occur in patients?. J Am Coll Cardiol 24 4 (1994) 1133-1142
17. Sclarovsky S., Mager A., Kusniec J., et al. Electrocardiographic classification of acute myocardial ischemia. Isr J Med Sc 26 (1990) 525-533
18. Sclarovsky S. Electrocardiography of acute myocardial ischaemic syndromes (1999), Martin Dunitz Ltd., London p. 48-72
19. Birnbaum Y., and Wagner G.S. The Initial electrocardiographic pattern in acute myocardial infarction: correlation with infarct size. J Electrocardiol 32 Suppl (1999) 122-128
20. Spekhorst H., SippensGroenewegen A., David G., et al. Body surface mapping during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. QRS changes indicating regional myocardial conduction delay. Circulation 81 (1990) 840-849
21. Wagner N., Sevilla D., Krucoff M., et al. Transient alterations of the QRS complex and ST segment during percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Am J Cardiol 62 (1988) 1038-1042
22. DeHaan R. Differentiation of the atrioventricular conducting system of the heart. Circulation 24 (1961) 458-470
23. Feldman T., Chua K., and Childres R. R wave of the surface and intracoronary electrogram during acute coronary artery occlusion. Am J Cardiol 58 (1986) 885-890
24. Birnbaum Y., Sclarovsky S., Blum A., et al. Prognostic significance of the initial electrocardiographic pattern in a first acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. Chest 103 (1993) 1681-1687
25. Birnbaum Y., Herz I., Sclarovsky S., et al. Prognostic significance of the admission electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 (1996) 1128-1132
26. Birnbaum Y., Kloner R., Sclarovsky S., et al. Distortion of the terminal portion of the QRS on the admission electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction and correlation with infarct size and long term prognosis (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 4 Trial). Am J Cardiol 78 (1996) 396-403
27. Birnbaum Y., Maynard C., Wolfe S., et al. Terminal QRS distortion on admission is better than ST-segment measurements in predicting final infarct size and assessing the potential effect of thrombolytic therapy in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 84 5 (1999) 530-534
28. Garcia-Rubira J.C., Perez-Leal I., Garcia-Martinez J.T., et al. The initial electrocardiographic pattern is a strong predictor of outcome in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 51 (1995) 301-305
29. Rude R.F., Poole K.W., Muller J.E., et al. Electrocardiographic and clinical criteria for recognition of acute myocardial infarction based on analysis of 3,697 patients. Am J Cardiol 52 (1983) 936-942
30. Lee T.H., Rouan G.W., Weisberg M.C., et al. Sensitivity of routine clinical criteria for diagnosing myocardial infarction within 24 hours of hospitalization. Ann Intern Med 106 2 (1987) 181-186
31. Gibler W.B., Young G.P., Hedges J.R., et al. Acute myocardial infarction in chest pain patients with nondiagnostic ECGs: serial CK-MB sampling in the emergency department. The Emergency Medicine Cardiac Research Group. Ann Emerg Med 21 5 (1992) 504-512
32. Hedges J.R., Young G.P., Henkel G.F., et al. Serial ECGs are less accurate than serial CK-MB results for emergency department diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Ann Emerg Med 21 12 (1992) 1445-1450
33. Menown I.B., Mackenzie G., and Adgey A.A. Optimizing the initial 12-lead electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 21 4 (2000) 275-283
34. Birnbaum Y., and Kloner R.A. Clinical aspects of myocardial stunning. Coron Artery Dis 6 8 (1995) 606-612
35. Kaul S. There may be more to myocardial viability than meets the eye!. Circulation 92 (1995) 2790-2793
36. Aldrich H., Wagner N., Boswick J., et al. Use of initial ST-segment deviation for prediction of final electrocardiographic size of acute myocardial infarcts. Am J Cardiol 61 (1988) 749-753
37. Clemmensen P., Grande P., Aldrich H., et al. Evaluation of formulas for estimating the final size of acute myocardial infarcts from quantitative ST-segment elevation on the initial standard 12-lead ECG. J Electrocardiol 24 (1991) 77-83
38. Christian T., Gibbons R., Clements I., et al. Estimates of myocardium at risk and collateral flow in acute myocardial infarction using electrocardiographic indexes with comparison to radionuclide and angiographic measures. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 (1995) 388-393
39. Clements I., Kaufmann P., Bailey K., et al. Electrocardiographic prediction of myocardial area at risk. Mayo Clin Proc 66 (1991) 985-990
40. Willems J.L., Willems R.J., Willems G.M., et al. Significance of initial ST segment elevation and depression for the management of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 82 (1990) 1147-1158
41. Vermeer F., Simoons M.L., Bar F.W., et al. Which patients benefit most from early thrombolytic therapy with intracoronary streptokinase?. Circulation 74 6 (1986) 1379-1389
42. Birnbaum Y., Criger D.A., Strasberg B., et al. Prediction of the extent and severity of left ventricular dysfunction in anterior acute myocardial infarction by the admission electrocardiogram. Am Heart J 141 (2001) 915-924
43. Roberts W.C., and Gardin J.M. Location of myocardial infarcts: a confusion of terms and definitions. Am J Cardiol 42 (1978) 868-872
44. Huey B.L., Beller G.A., Kaiser D.L., et al. A comprehensive analysis of myocardial infarction due to left circumflex artery occlusion: comparison with infarction due to right coronary artery and left anterior descending artery occlusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 12 (1988) 1156-1166
45. Sclarovsky S., Topaz O., Rechavia E., et al. Ischemic ST segment depression in leads V2-V3 as the presenting electrocardiographic feature of posterolateral wall myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 113 (1987) 1085-1090
46. Geft I.L., Shah P.K., Rodriguez L., et al. ST elevation in lead V1 to V5 may be caused by right coronary artery occlusion and acute right ventricular infarction. Am J Cardiol 53 (1984) 991-996
47. Juergens C.P., Fernandes C., Hasche E.T., et al. Electrocardiographic measurement of infarct size after thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 (1996) 617-624
48. Hasche E.T., Fernandes C., Freedman S.B., et al. Relation between ischemia time, infarct size, and left ventricular function in humans. Circulation 92 (1995) 710-719
49. Wong C.K., French J.K., Andrews J., et al. Usefulness of the presenting electrocardiogram in predicting myocardial salvage with thrombolytic therapy in patients with a first acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 23 5 (2002) 399-404
50. Birnbaum Y., Mahaffey K.W., Criger D.A., et al. Grade III ischemia on presentation with acute myocardial infarction predicts rapid progression of necrosis and less myocardial salvage with thrombolysis. Cardiology 97 3 (2002) 166-174
51. Billgren T., Maynard C., Christian T.F., et al. Grade 3 ischemia on the admission electrocardiogram predicts rapid progression of necrosis over time and less myocardial salvage by primary angioplasty. J Electrocardiol 38 3 (2005) 187-194
52. Shah P.K., Pichler M., Berman D.S., et al. Noninvasive identification of a high risk subset of patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 46 (1980) 915-921
53. Gibson R.S., Crampton R.S., Watson D.D., et al. Precordial ST-segment depression during acute inferior myocardial infarction: clinical, scintigraphic and angiographic correlations. Circulation 66 (1982) 732-741
54. Roubin G.S., Shen W.F., Nicholson M., Dunn R.F., et al. Anterolateral ST segment depression in acute inferior myocardial infarction: angiographic and clinical implications. Am Heart J 107 (1984) 1177-1182
55. Ruddy T.D., Yasuda T., Gold H.K., et al. Anterior ST segment depression in acute inferior myocardial infarction as a marker of greater inferior, apical, and posterolateral damage. Am Heart J 112 (1986) 1210-1216
56. Ong L., Valdellon B., Coromilas J., et al. Precordial S-T segment depression in inferior myocardial infarction: evaluation by quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy and technetium-99m ventriculography. Am J Cardiol 51 (1983) 734-739
57. Birnbaum Y., Herz I., Sclarovsky S., et al. Prognostic significance of precordial ST segment depression on admission electrocardiogram in patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 28 (1996) 313-318
58. Tsuka Y., Sugiura T., Hatada K., et al. Clinical characteristics of ST-segment elevation in lead V6 in patients with Q-wave acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Coron Artery Dis 10 7 (1999) 465-469
59. Matetzky S., Freimark D., Chouraqui P., et al. Significance of ST segment elevations in posterior chest leads (V7 to V9) in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction: application for thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 31 3 (1998) 506-511
60. Fisch C. Electrocardiography. In: Braunwald E. (Ed). Heart disease. A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 5th edition (1997), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia 109-152
61. Raitt M., Maynard C., Wagner G., et al. Appearance of abnormal Q waves early in the course of acute myocardial infarction: implications for efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 25 (1995) 1084-1088
62. Goldberg S., Urban P., Greenspon A., et al. Limitation of infarct size with thrombolytic agents-electrocardiographic indexes. Circulation 68 Suppl I (1983) I-77-I-82
63. Rechavia E., Blum A., Mager A., et al. Electrocardiographic Q-waves inconstancy during thrombolysis in acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. Cardiology 80 (1992) 392-398
64. Bateman T.M., Czer L.S.C., Gray R.J., et al. Transient pathologic Q waves during acute ischemic events: an electrocardiographic correlate of stunned but viable myocardium. Am Heart J 106 (1983) 1421-1426
65. Gross H., Rubin I.L., Laufer H., et al. Transient abnormal Q waves in the dog without myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 14 (1964) 669-674
66. Bar F.W., Vermeer F., de Zwaan C., et al. Value of admission electrocardiogram in predicting outcome of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. A randomized trial conducted by The Netherlands Interuniversity Cardiology Institute. Am J Cardiol 59 (1987) 6-13
67. Timmis G. Electrocardiographic effects of reperfusion. Cardiol Clin 5 (1987) 427-445
68. Wong C.K., French J.K., Aylward P.E., et al. Usefulness of the presenting electrocardiogram in predicting successful reperfusion with streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 83 2 (1999) 164-168
69. Birnbaum Y., Chetrit A., Sclarovsky S., et al. Abnormal Q waves on the admission electrocardiogram of patients with first acute myocardial infarction: prognostic implications. Clin Cardiol 20 5 (1997) 477-481
70. Matetzky S., Barabash G.I., Shahar A., et al. Early T wave inversion after thrombolytic therapy predicts better coronary perfusion: clinical and angiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 24 2 (1994) 378-383
71. Herz I., Birnbaum Y., Zlotikamien B., et al. The prognostic implications of negative T waves in the leads with ST segment elevation on admission in acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology 92 2 (1999) 121-127
72. Becker R., and Alpert J. Electrocardiographic ST segment depression in coronary heart disease. Am Heart J 115 (1988) 862-868
73. Cribier A., Korsatz L., Koning R., et al. Improved myocardial ischemic response and enhanced collateral circulation with long repetitive coronary occlusion during angioplasty: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 (1992) 578-586
74. Birnbaum Y., Hale S.L., and Kloner R.A. Progressive decrease in the ST segment elevation during ischemic preconditioning: is it related to recruitment of collateral vessels?. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28 7 (1996) 1493-1499
75. Sagie A., Sclarovsky S., Strasberg B., et al. Acute anterior wall myocardial infarction presenting with positive T waves and without ST segment shift. Electrocardiographic features and angiographic correlation. Chest 95 (1989) 1211-1215
76. Birnbaum Y., Solodky A., Herz I., et al. Implication of inferior ST segment depression in anterior acute myocardial infarction: electrocardiographic and angiographic correlation. Am Heart J 127 (1994) 1467-1473
77. Sclarovsky S., Birnbaum Y., Solodky A., et al. Isolated mid-anterior myocardial infarction: a special electrocardiographic sub-type of acute myocardial infarction consisting of ST-elevation in non-consecutive leads and two different morphologic types of ST-depression. Int J Cardiol 46 (1994) 37-47
78. Birnbaum Y., Sclarovsky S., Mager A., et al. ST segment depression in aVL: a sensitive marker for acute inferior myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 14 (1993) 4-7
79. Hasdai D., Birnbaum Y., Porter A., et al. Maximal precordial ST-segment depression in leads V4-V6 in patients with inferior wall acute myocardial infarction indicates coronary artery disease involving the left anterior descending coronary artery system. Int J Cardiol 58 (1997) 273-278
80. Boden W.E., Kleiger R.E., Gibson R.S., et al. Electrocardiographic evolution of posterior acute myocardial infarction: importance of early precordial ST-segment depression. Am J Cardiol 59 8 (1987) 782-787
81. Porter A., Vaturi M., Adler Y., et al. Are there differences among patients with inferior acute myocardial infarction with ST depression in leads V2 and V3 and positive versus negative T waves in these leads on admission?. Cardiology 90 4 (1998) 295-298
82. Blanke H., Cohen M., Schlueter G.U., et al. Electrocardiographic and coronary arteriographic correlations during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 54 (1984) 249-255
83. Aldrich H.R., Hindman N.B., Hinohara T., et al. Identification of the optimal electrocardiographic leads for detecting acute epicardial injury in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 59 1 (1987) 20-23
84. Coma-Canella I., Lopez-Sendon J., Alcasena S., et al. Electrocardiographic alterations in leads V1 to V3 in the diagnosis of right and left ventricular infarction. Am Heart J 112 (1986) 940-946
85. Porter A., Herz I., and Strasberg B. Isolated right ventricular infarction presenting as anterior wall myocardial infarction on electrocardiography. Clin Cardiol 20 (1997) 971-973
86. Ben-Gal T., Herz I., Solodky A., et al. Acute anterior wall myocardial infarction entailing ST-segment elevation in lead V1: electrocardiographic and angiographic correlations. Clin Cardiol 21 6 (1998) 399-404
87. Birnbaum Y., Hasdai D., Sclarovsky S., et al. Acute myocardial infarction entailing ST segment elevation in lead aVL: electrocardiographic differentiation among occlusion of the left anterior descending, first diagonal, and first obtuse marginal coronary arteries. Am Heart J 131 (1996) 38-42
88. Birnbaum Y., Sclarovsky S., Solodky A., et al. Prediction of the level of left anterior coronary artery obstruction during acute anterior wall myocardial infarction by the admission electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 72 (1993) 823-826
89. Arbane M., and Goy J.J. Prediction of the site of total occlusion in the left anterior descending coronary artery using admission electrocardiogram in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 85 4 (2000) 487-491
90. Engelen D.J., Gorgels A.P., Cheriex E.C., et al. Value of the electrocardiogram in localizing the occlusion site in the left anterior descending coronary artery in acute anterior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 2 (1999) 389-395
91. Sasaki K., Yotsukura M., Sakata K., et al. Relation of ST-segment changes in inferior leads during anterior wall acute myocardial infarction to length and occlusion site of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Am J Cardiol 87 12 (2001) 1340-1345
92. Vasudevan K., Manjunath C.N., Srinivas K.H., et al. Electrocardiographic localization of the occlusion site in left anterior descending coronary artery in acute anterior myocardial infarction. Indian Heart J 56 4 (2004) 315-319
93. Birnbaum Y., Herz I., Solodky A., et al. Can we differentiate by the admission ECG between anterior wall acute myocardial infarction due to a left anterior descending artery occlusion proximal to the origin of the first septal branch and a postseptal occlusion?. American Journal of Noninvasive Cardiology 8 (1994) 115-119
94. Ben-Gal T., Sclarovsky S., Herz I., et al. Importance of the conal branch of the right coronary artery in patients with acute anterior wall myocardial infarction: electrocardiographic and angiographic correlation. J Am Coll Cardiol 29 3 (1997) 506-511
95. Shalev Y., Fogelman R., Oettinger M., et al. Does the electrocardiographic pattern of "anteroseptal" myocardial infarction correlate with the anatomic location of myocardial injury?. Am J Cardiol 75 (1995) 763-766
96. Porter A., Wyshelesky A., Strasberg B., et al. Correlation between the admission electrocardiogram and regional wall motion abnormalities as detected by echocardiography in anterior acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology 94 2 (2000) 118-126
97. Sapin P.M., Musselman D.R., Dehmer G.J., et al. Implications of inferior ST-segment elevation accompanying anterior wall acute myocardial infarction for the angiographic morphology of the left anterior descending coronary artery morphology and site of occlusion. Am J Cardiol 69 9 (1992) 860-865
98. Tamura A., Kataoka H., Nagase K., et al. Clinical significance of inferior ST elevation during acute anterior myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 74 (1995) 611-614
99. Fletcher W.O., Gibbons R.J., and Clements I.P. The relationship of inferior ST depression, lateral ST elevation, and left precordial ST elevation to myocardium at risk in acute anterior myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 126 3 Pt 1 (1993) 526-535
100. Haraphongse M., Tanomsup S., and Jugdutt B.I. Inferior ST segment depression during acute anterior myocardial infarction: clinical and angiographic correlations. J Am Coll Cardiol 4 3 (1984) 467-476
101. Braat S.H., Brugada P., den Dulk K., et al. Value of lead V4R for recognition of the infarct coronary artery in acute inferior myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 53 11 (1984) 1538-1541
102. Kontos M.C., Desai P.V., Jesse R.L., et al. Usefulness of the admission electrocardiogram for identifying the infarct-related artery in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 79 (1997) 182-184
103. Bairey C.N., Shah P.K., Lew A.S., et al. Electrocardiographic differentiation of occlusion of the left circumflex versus the right coronary artery as a cause of inferior acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 60 (1987) 456-459
104. Herz I., Assali A.R., Adler Y., et al. New electrocardiographic criteria for predicting either the right or left circumflex artery as the culprit coronary artery in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 80 (1997) 1343-1345
105. Hasdai D., Birnbaum Y., Herz I., et al. ST segment depression in lateral limb leads in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Implications regarding the culprit artery and the site of obstruction. Eur Heart J 16 11 (1995) 1549-1553
106. Kosuge M., Kimura K., Ishikawa T., et al. New electrocardiographic criteria for predicting the site of coronary artery occlusion in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 82 11 (1998) 1318-1322
107. Assali A.R., Herz I., Vaturi M., et al. Electrocardiographic criteria for predicting the culprit artery in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 84 1 (1999) 87-89
108. Zimetbaum P.J., Krishnan S., Gold A., et al. Usefulness of ST-segment elevation in lead III exceeding that of lead II for identifying the location of the totally occluded coronary artery in inferior wall myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 81 7 (1998) 918-919
109. Birnbaum Y., Hale S.L., and Kloner R.A. Changes in R wave amplitude: ECG differentiation between episodes of reocclusion and reperfusion associated with ST-segment elevation. J Electrocardiol 30 3 (1997) 211-216
110. Fiol M., Cygankiewicz I., Carrillo A., et al. Value of electrocardiographic algorithm based on "ups and downs" of ST in assessment of a culprit artery in evolving inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 94 6 (2004) 709-714
111. Kopelman H.A., Forman M.B., Wilson B.H., et al. Right ventricular myocardial infarction in patients with chronic lung disease: possible role of right ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 5 6 (1985) 1302-1307
112. Erhardt L.R., Sjogren A., and Wahlberg I. Single right-sided precordial lead in the diagnosis of right ventricular involvement in inferior myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 91 5 (1976) 571-576
113. Zehender M., Kasper W., Kauder E., et al. Right ventricular infarction as an independent predictor of prognosis after acute inferior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 328 14 (1993) 981-988
114. Lopez-Sendon J., Coma-Canella I., Alcasena S., et al. Electrocardiographic findings in acute right ventricular infarction: sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic alterations in right precordial leads V4R, V3R, V1, V2, and V3. J Am Coll Cardiol 6 6 (1985) 1273-1279
115. Sadanandan S., Hochman J.S., Kolodziej A., et al. Clinical and angiographic characteristics of patients with combined anterior and inferior ST-segment elevation on the initial electrocardiogram during acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 146 4 (2003) 653-661
116. Assali A.R., Sclarobsky S., Herz I., et al. Comparison of patients with inferior wall acute myocardial infarction with versus without ST-segment elevation in leads V5 and V6. Am J Cardiol 81 (1998) 81-83
117. Golovchiner G., Matz I., Iakobishvili Z., et al. Correlation between the electrocardiogram and regional wall motion abnormalities as detected by echocardiography in first inferior acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology 98 1-2 (2002) 81-91
118. Ruddy T.D., Yasuda T., Gold H.K., et al. Correlations of regional wall motion and myocardial perfusion in patients with and without anterior precordial ST segment depression during acute inferior myocardial infarction. American Journal of Noninvasive Cardiology 1 (1987) 81-87
119. Boden W.E., Bough E.W., Korr K.S., et al. Inferoseptal myocardial infarction: another cause of precordial ST-segment depression in transmural inferior wall myocardial infarction?. Am J Cardiol 54 10 (1984) 1216-1223
120. Haraphongse M., Jugdutt B.I., and Rossall R.E. Significance of precordial ST-segment depression in acute transmural inferior infarction: coronary angiographic findings. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 9 2 (1983) 143-151
121. Hasdai D., Sclarovsky S., Solodky A., et al. Prognostic significance of maximal precordial ST-segment depression in right (V1 to V3) versus left (V4 to V6) leads in patients with inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 74 (1994) 1081-1084
122. Lew A.S., Maddahi J., Shah P.K., et al. Factors that determine the direction and magnitude of precordial ST-segment deviations during inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 55 8 (1985) 883-888
123. Salcedo J.R., Baird M.G., Chambers R.J., et al. Significance of reciprocal S-T segment depression in anterior precordial leads in acute inferior myocardial infarction: concomitant left anterior descending coronary artery disease?. Am J Cardiol 48 6 (1981) 1003-1008
124. Agarwal J.B., Khaw K., Aurignac F., et al. Importance of posterior chest leads in patients with suspected myocardial infarction, but nondiagnostic, routine 12-lead electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 83 3 (1999) 323-326
125. Casas R.E., Marriott H.J., and Glancy D.L. Value of leads V7-V9 in diagnosing posterior wall acute myocardial infarction and other causes of tall R waves in V1-V2. Am J Cardiol 80 4 (1997) 508-509
126. Matetzky S., Freimark D., Feinberg M.S., et al. Acute myocardial infarction with isolated ST-segment elevation in posterior chest leads V7-9: "hidden" ST-segment elevations revealing acute posterior infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 3 (1999) 748-753
127. Wung S.F., and Drew B.J. New electrocardiographic criteria for posterior wall acute myocardial ischemia validated by a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty model of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 87 8 (2001) 970-974
128. Mager A., Sclarovsky S., Herz I., et al. Value of the initial electrocardiogram in patients with inferior-wall acute myocardial infarction for prediction of multivessel coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 11 5 (2000) 415-420
129. Yamaji H., Iwasaki K., Kusachi S., et al. Prediction of acute left main coronary artery obstruction by 12-lead electrocardiography. ST segment elevation in lead aVR with less ST segment elevation in lead V(1). J Am Coll Cardiol 38 5 (2001) 1348-1354
130. Birnbaum Y., Goodman S., Barr A., et al. Comparison of primary coronary angioplasty versus thrombolysis in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and grade II and grade III myocardial ischemia on the enrollment electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 88 8 (2001) 842-847
131. Lee C.W., Hong M.-K., Yang H.-S., et al. Determinants and prognostic implications of terminal QRS complex distortion in patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 88 (2001) 210-213
132. Birnbaum Y., Herz I., Sclarovsky S., et al. Admission clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics predicting an increased risk for early reinfarction after thrombolytic therapy. Am Heart J 135 5 Pt 1 (1998) 805-812
133. Sejersten M., Birnbaum Y., Ripa R.S., et al. Electrocardiographic identification of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardium infarction benefiting most from primary angioplasty versus fibrinolysis: results from the DANAMI-2 Trial. Circulation 110 (2004) III-409