메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue , 1999, Pages 225-238

Habitat security for Alaskan black bears at key foraging sites: Are there thresholds for human disturbance?

Author keywords

Anthropogenic disturbance; Black bear; Habituation; Regression quantiles; Southeast alaska; Ursus americanus; Wildlife viewing

Indexed keywords


EID: 33748554958     PISSN: 15376176     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0016235113 scopus 로고
    • Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods
    • ALTMANN, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour 49:227-267.
    • (1974) Behaviour , vol.49 , pp. 227-267
    • Altmann, J.1
  • 5
    • 0001768180 scopus 로고
    • Amethod of estimating the slope of upper bounds of plots of body size and abundance in natural animal assemblages
    • BLACKBURN, T.M., J.H. LAWTON, AND J.N. PERRY. 1992. Amethod of estimating the slope of upper bounds of plots of body size and abundance in natural animal assemblages. Oikos 65:107-112.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.65 , pp. 107-112
    • Blackburn, T.M.1    Lawton, J.H.2    Perry, J.N.3
  • 7
    • 0029819777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permutation tests for least absolute deviation regression
    • CADE, B.S., AND J.D. RICHARDS. 1996. Permutation tests for least absolute deviation regression. Biometrics 52:886-902.
    • (1996) Biometrics , vol.52 , pp. 886-902
    • Cade, B.S.1    Richards, J.D.2
  • 8
    • 0032923250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating effects of limiting factors with regression quantiles
    • -, J.W. TERRELL, AND R.L. SCHROEDER. 1999. Estimating effects of limiting factors with regression quantiles. Ecology 80:311-323.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 311-323
    • Terrell, J.W.1    Schroeder, R.L.2
  • 9
    • 75849157835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Final report: Human-bear interactions at Anan Creek
    • Alaska. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Wrangell, Alaska, USA
    • CHI D.K., AND B.K. GILBERT. 1996. Final report: Human-bear interactions at Anan Creek, Tongass National Forest, Alaska. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Wrangell, Alaska, USA.
    • (1996) Tongass National Forest
    • Chi, D.K.1    Gilbert, B.K.2
  • 10
    • 0343653120 scopus 로고
    • Grizzly bear-man relationships in Yellowstone National Park
    • CRAIGHEAD, J.J., AND F.C CRAIGHEAD JR. 1971. Grizzly bear-man relationships in Yellowstone National Park. Bioscience 21:845-857.
    • (1971) Bioscience , vol.21 , pp. 845-857
    • Craighead, J.J.1    Craighead Jr., F.C.2
  • 14
    • 0028141069 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between wildlife viewers and habituated brown bears, 1987-1992
    • FAGEN J.M., AND R. FAGEN. 1992. Interactions between wildlife viewers and habituated brown bears, 1987-1992. Natural Areas Journal 14:159-164.
    • (1992) Natural Areas Journal , vol.14 , pp. 159-164
    • Fagen, J.M.1    Fagen, R.2
  • 15
    • 75849156303 scopus 로고
    • Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management
    • -, AND-. 1994. Bear-human interactions at Pack Creek, Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9(1):109-114.
    • (1994) Bear-human Interactions at Pack Creek , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 109-114
  • 16
    • 0002639873 scopus 로고
    • Outdoor recreation: Historical and anticipated trends
    • R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller, editors, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • FLATHER, C.H., AND H.K. CORDELL. 1995. Outdoor recreation: historical and anticipated trends. Pages 3-16 in R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller, editors. Wildlife and recreationalists: coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1995) Wildlife and Recreationalists: Coexistence Through Management and Research , pp. 3-16
    • Flather, C.H.1    Cordell, H.K.2
  • 18
    • 0031848441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From star charts to stoneflies: Detecting relationships in continuos bivariate data
    • GARVEY, J.E., E.A. MARSCIIALL, AND R.A. WRIGHT. 1998. From star charts to stoneflies: detecting relationships in continuos bivariate data. Ecology 79:442-447.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 442-447
    • Garvey, J.E.1    Marsciiall, E.A.2    Wright, R.A.3
  • 19
    • 0002199901 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural plasticity and bear-human conflicts
    • M. Bromley, editor, Department of Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
    • GILBERT, B.K. 1989. Behavioural plasticity and bear-human conflicts. Pages 1-8 in M. Bromley, editor. Bear-people conflicts: proceedings of a symposium on management strategies. Department of Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.
    • (1989) Bear-people Conflicts: Proceedings of a Symposium on Management Strategies , pp. 1-8
    • Gilbert, B.K.1
  • 22
    • 0001083136 scopus 로고
    • Regression rank scores and regression quantiles
    • GUTENBRUNNER, C., AND J. JURECKOVA. 1992. Regression rank scores and regression quantiles. The Annals of Statistics 20:305-330.
    • (1992) The Annals of Statistics , vol.20 , pp. 305-330
    • Gutenbrunner, C.1    Jureckova, J.2
  • 23
    • 0001386895 scopus 로고
    • Tests of linear hypotheses based on regression rank scores
    • -,-, R. KOENKER, AND S. PORTNOY. 1993. Tests of linear hypotheses based on regression rank scores. Nonparametric Statistics 2:307-331.
    • (1993) Nonparametric Statistics , vol.2 , pp. 307-331
    • Koenker, R.1    Portnoy, S.2
  • 25
    • 0011955592 scopus 로고
    • Nature tourism: Impacts and management
    • HI R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller, editors, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • HAYSMITH, L., AND J.D. HUNT. 1995. Nature tourism: impacts and management. Pages 203-219 HI R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller, editors. Wildlife and recreationalists: coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1995) Wildlife and Recreationalists: Coexistence Through Management and Research , pp. 203-219
    • Haysmith, L.1    Hunt, J.D.2
  • 26
  • 27
    • 75849116509 scopus 로고
    • Anan Creek facilities and visitor use: Comments and recommendations regarding planning, management, and facilities design
    • Wrangell, Alaska, USA
    • -, AND L. WIGGLN'S. 1994. Anan Creek facilities and visitor use: comments and recommendations regarding planning, management, and facilities design. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Wrangell, Alaska, USA.
    • (1994) U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service
    • Wiggln's, L.1
  • 28
    • 84940952512 scopus 로고
    • Demography and phenology of gray whales and evaluation of whalewatching activities in Laguna San Ignacio, Baja California Sur, Mexico
    • M.L. Jones, S.L. Swartz, and S. Leatherwood, editors, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA
    • JONES, M.L., AND S.L. SWARTZ. 1984. Demography and phenology of gray whales and evaluation of whalewatching activities in Laguna San Ignacio, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Pages 309-374 in M.L. Jones, S.L. Swartz, and S. Leatherwood, editors. The gray whale, Escliriclituis robustus. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA.
    • (1984) The Gray Whale, Escliriclituis Robustus , pp. 309-374
    • Jones, M.L.1    Swartz, S.L.2
  • 29
    • 0002050682 scopus 로고
    • Implications of grizzly bear habituation to hikers
    • JOPE, K.L. 1985. Implications of grizzly bear habituation to hikers. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:32-37.
    • (1985) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.13 , pp. 32-37
    • Jope, K.L.1
  • 32
    • 0037919630 scopus 로고
    • Adult black bear reproduction, survival, and mortality sources in northwest Montana
    • -, AND T.J. THEIR. 1994. Adult black bear reproduction, survival, and mortality sources in northwest Montana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9(1):223-230.
    • (1994) International Conference on Bear Research and Management , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 223-230
    • Their, T.J.1
  • 33
    • 33646552879 scopus 로고
    • The polar bear alert program at Churchhill, Manitoba
    • M. Bromley, editor, Department of Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
    • KEARNEY, S.R. 1989. The polar bear alert program at Churchhill, Manitoba. Pages 83-92 in M. Bromley, editor. Bear-people conflicts: proceedings of a symposium on management strategies. Department of Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.
    • (1989) Bear-people Conflicts: Proceedings of a Symposium On Management Strategies , pp. 83-92
    • Kearney, S.R.1
  • 35
    • 0000106364 scopus 로고
    • Wildlife and recreationists: Coexistence through management
    • R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller, editors, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • KNIGHT, R.L., AND S.A. TEMPLE. 1995. Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management. Pages 327-333 in R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller, editors. Wildlife and recreationalists: coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1995) Wildlife and Recreationalists: Coexistence Through Management and Research , pp. 327-333
    • Knight, R.L.1    Temple, S.A.2
  • 36
    • 0000393882 scopus 로고
    • Confidence intervals for regression quantiles
    • P. Mankl and M. Huskova, editors, Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany
    • KOENKER, R. 1994. Confidence intervals for regression quantiles. Pages 349-360 in P. Mankl and M. Huskova, editors. Asymptotic statistics: proceedings of the 5th Prague Symposium. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
    • (1994) Asymptotic Statistics: Proceedings of the 5th Prague Symposium , pp. 349-360
    • Koenker, R.1
  • 37
    • 0000273843 scopus 로고
    • Regression quantiles
    • -, AND G. BASSETT, JR. 1978. Regression quantiles. Econometrics 46:33-50.
    • (1978) Econometrics , vol.46 , pp. 33-50
    • Bassett Jr., G.1
  • 39
    • 0011931353 scopus 로고
    • Balancing wildlife viewing with wildlife impacts: A case study
    • R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller, editors, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • LARSON, R.A. 1995. Balancing wildlife viewing with wildlife impacts: a case study. Pages 257-270 in R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller, editors. Wildlife and recreationalists: coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1995) Wildlife and recreationalists: Coexistence Through Management and Research , pp. 257-270
    • Larson, R.A.1
  • 42
    • 0012237406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal and spatial activity patterns among coastal bear populations
    • MACHUTCHON, A.G., S. HIMMER, H. DAVIS, AND M. GALLAGHER. 1998. Temporal and spatial activity patterns among coastal bear populations. Ursus 10:539-546.
    • (1998) Ursus , vol.10 , pp. 539-546
    • Machutchon, A.G.1    Himmer, S.2    Davis, H.3    Gallagher, M.4
  • 43
    • 0020917060 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the maximum foregut volume of western rock lobsers (Panulints cygnus) from field data
    • MALLER, R.A., E.S. DE BOER, L.M. JOLL, D.A. ANDERSON, AND J.P. HINDE. 1983. Determination of the maximum foregut volume of western rock lobsers (Panulints cygnus) from field data. Biometrics 39:543-551.
    • (1983) Biometrics , vol.39 , pp. 543-551
    • Maller, R.A.1    De Boer, E.S.2    Joll, L.M.3    Anderson, D.A.4    Hinde, J.P.5
  • 44
    • 0027067413 scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone grizzly bear mortality, human habituation, and whitebark pine seed crops
    • MATTSON, D.J., B.M. BLANCHARD, AND R.R. KNIGHT. 1992. Yellowstone grizzly bear mortality, human habituation, and whitebark pine seed crops. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:432-442.
    • (1992) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.56 , pp. 432-442
    • Mattson, D.J.1    Blanchard, B.M.2    Knight, R.R.3
  • 45
    • 0342443011 scopus 로고
    • Cryptic behavior of black bears (Ursus americamtś) in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
    • MCCUTCHEN, H.E. 1990. Cryptic behavior of black bears (Ursus americamtś) in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:65-72.
    • (1990) International Conference on Bear Research and Management , vol.8 , pp. 65-72
    • Mccutchen, H.E.1
  • 47
    • 0006435069 scopus 로고
    • An observation of inter-and intra-specific aggression involving brown bear, black bear, and moose in Southcentral Alaska
    • MILLER, S.D. 1985. An observation of inter-and intra-specific aggression involving brown bear, black bear, and moose in Southcentral Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 66:805-806.
    • (1985) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.66 , pp. 805-806
    • Miller, S.D.1
  • 48
    • 1842372732 scopus 로고
    • Black bear reproduction and cub survivorship in south-central Alaska
    • -. 1994. Black bear reproduction and cub survivorship in south-central Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9(1):263-273.
    • (1994) International Conference on Bear Research and Management , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 263-273
  • 49
    • 0006230394 scopus 로고
    • Movements of grizzly bears near a campground in Glacier National Park. Pages
    • M. Bromley, editor, Department of Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
    • NADEAU, S.M. 1989. Movements of grizzly bears near a campground in Glacier National Park. Pages 27-33 in M. Bromley, editor. Bear-people conflicts: proceedings of a symposium on management strategies. Department of Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.
    • (1989) Bear-people Conflicts: Proceedings of a Symposium on Management Strategies , pp. 27-33
    • Nadeau, S.M.1
  • 50
    • 0002249535 scopus 로고
    • Body size and blood characteristics as indicators of condition and reproductive performance in black bears
    • NOYCE, K.V., AND D.L. GARSHELIS. 1994. Body size and blood characteristics as indicators of condition and reproductive performance in black bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9(1):481-496.
    • (1994) International Conference on Bear Research and Management , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 481-496
    • Noyce, K.V.1    Garshelis, D.L.2
  • 53
    • 0030858573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of increasing human activity on brown bear use of an Alaskan river
    • -,-, AND R.C. SQUIBB. 1997. The effects of increasing human activity on brown bear use of an Alaskan river. Biological Conservation 82:95-99.
    • (1997) Biological Conservation , vol.82 , pp. 95-99
    • Squibb, R.C.1
  • 54
    • 0346193221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brown bear diurnal activity and human use: A comparison of two salmon streams
    • -, SQUIBB, R.C., AND B.K. GILBERT. 1998. Brown bear diurnal activity and human use: a comparison of two salmon streams. Ursus 10:547-555.
    • (1998) Ursus , vol.10 , pp. 547-555
    • Squibb, R.C.1    Gilbert, B.K.2
  • 56
    • 0023483689 scopus 로고
    • Effects of food supply and kinship on social behavior, movements, and population growth of black bears in northeastern Minnesota
    • ROGERS, L.L. 1987. Effects of food supply and kinship on social behavior, movements, and population growth of black bears in northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 87:1-72.
    • (1987) Wildlife Monographs , vol.87 , pp. 1-72
    • Rogers, L.L.1
  • 57
    • 0006196188 scopus 로고
    • Black bears, people, and garbage dumps in Minnesota
    • in M. Bromley, editor, Department of Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
    • -. 1989. Black bears, people, and garbage dumps in Minnesota. Pages 43-46 in M. Bromley, editor. Bear-people conflicts: proceedings of a symposium on management strategies. Department of Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.
    • (1989) Bear-people Conflicts: Proceedings of a Symposium on Management Strategies , pp. 43-46
  • 59
    • 75849137836 scopus 로고
    • How to obtain behavioral and ecological data from free ranging, researcher habituated black bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:321-327. Ross, P.I., G.E. HORNBECK, AND B.L. HOREISI. 1988. Late denning black bears killed by grizzly bear
    • -, AND G.W. WILKERS. 1990. How to obtain behavioral and ecological data from free ranging, researcher habituated black bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:321-327. Ross, P.I., G.E. HORNBECK, AND B.L. HOREISI. 1988. Late denning black bears killed by grizzly bear. Journal of Mammalogy 69:818-820.
    • (1990) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.69 , pp. 818-820
    • Wilkers, G.W.1
  • 60
    • 0031818959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferring ecological relationships from the edges of scatter diagrams: Comparison of regression techniques
    • SCHARF, F.S., F. JUANES, AND M. SUTHERLAND. 1998. Inferring ecological relationships from the edges of scatter diagrams: comparison of regression techniques. Ecology 79:448-460.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 448-460
    • Scharf, F.S.1    Juanes, F.2    Sutherland, M.3
  • 62
    • 75849136017 scopus 로고
    • The total value of the McNeil River State Game Sanctuary
    • G.L. Peterson, C.S. Swanson, D.W. McCollum, and M.H. Thomas, editors, Westview Press, San Francisco, California, USA
    • SWANSON, C.S., J.C. BERSTROM, AND J.N. TRENT. 1992. The total value of the McNeil River State Game Sanctuary. Pages 337-357 in G.L. Peterson, C.S. Swanson, D.W. McCollum, and M.H. Thomas, editors. Valuing wildlife resources in Alaska. Westview Press, San Francisco, California, USA.
    • (1992) Valuing Wildlife Resources in Alaska , pp. 337-357
    • Swanson, C.S.1    Berstrom, J.C.2    Trent, J.N.3
  • 64
    • 0030435306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Untangling multiple factors in spatial distributions: Lilies, gophers, and rocks
    • THOMSON, J.D, B. WEIBLEN, B.A. THOMSON, S. ALFARO, AND P.LEGENDRE. 1996. Untangling multiple factors in spatial distributions: lilies, gophers, and rocks. Ecology 77:1698-1715.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1698-1715
    • Thomson, J.D.1    Weiblen, B.2    Thomson, B.A.3    Alfaro, S.4    Legendre, P.5
  • 68
    • 3342923482 scopus 로고
    • Visitor impact on brown bears, Admiralty Island, Alaska
    • -. 1987. Visitor impact on brown bears, Admiralty Island, Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7:377-382.
    • (1987) International Conference on Bear Research and Management , vol.7 , pp. 377-382
  • 69
    • 0028166217 scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation and female grizzly bear avoidance of males
    • WIELGUS, R.B., AND F.L. BUNNELL. 1994a. Sexual segregation and female grizzly bear avoidance of males. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:405-413.
    • (1994) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.58 , pp. 405-413
    • Wielgus, R.B.1    Bunnell, F.L.2
  • 70
    • 0028177387 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of a small, hunted brown bear Ursus arctos population in Southwest Alberta, Canada
    • -, AND-. 1994b. Dynamics of a small, hunted brown bear Ursus arctos population in Southwest Alberta, Canada. Biological Conservation 67:161-166.
    • (1994) Biological Conservation , vol.67 , pp. 161-166


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.